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Biomedical subjects

R Cooper

Publications and source records attributed to R Cooper.

At least 271 records · Page 15Linked to original sources
PubMed1987

C-kinase activity in normal B cells treated with Staphylococcus aureus, Cowan strain I, and phorbol ester: response differences in a patient with prolymphocytic leukaemia.

Ca+2/phospholipid-dependent kinase (C-kinase) activity is intimately involved with the B-cell response after ligation of its mIg receptor. Here, we extend previous findings with anti-mIg by showing that polyclonal stimulation with Staphylococcus aureus, Cowan strain I (SAC), could also translocate C-kinase from the cytosol of intact, normal human B lymphocytes. This stimulus could not, however, induce redistribution of enzyme in a prolymphocytic leukaemia (PLL) B-cell population. Despite a normal density of mIg receptors on the latter cell type, PPL cells could not be stimulated to proliferate, express interleukin-2 (IL-2) receptors, and differentiate under the influence of SAC, even in the presence of exogenous IL-2. Normal B cells could respond appropriately to the same stimuli. PLL cells had a normal content of C-kinase activity and the enzyme could be translocated under the influence of the specific agonist, 12-0-tetradecanoyl phorbol-13-acetate (TPA). The same agent could induce cellular proliferation and differentiation in PLL cells, showing that its terminal C-kinase dependent pathways were intact. We conclude that the mIg receptor mechanism of this PLL population could not activate C-kinase appropriately.

Adult↗
PubMed1986

Evidence for the existence of multiple alpha 1-acid glycoprotein genes in the mouse.

Three alpha 1-acid glycoprotein (AGP) cDNA clones have been isolated from a mouse liver library. Restriction enzyme mapping and sequencing of these cDNAs have shown that two, pMAGP2 and pMAGP3, are virtually identical, whereas the third, pMAGP4, differs significantly both in sequence and restriction enzyme sites. The sequences are 91% identical and differ from each other by single base differences exclusively. No frameshifts are observed, and no termination codons are generated by the single base differences. We interpret these data to indicate that there are at least two distinct AGP genes in the mouse and that two species of AGP mRNA are formed by the transcription of these genes in the liver. Based on the large number of single amino acid substitutions previously observed in human AGP (Schmid, K., Kaufmann, H., Isemura, S., Bauer, F., Emura, J., Motoyama, T., Ishiguro, M., and Nanno, S. (1973) Biochemistry 12, 2711-2724), we propose that at least two functional AGP genes may also exist in humans.

Amino Acid Sequence↗
PubMed1986

The use of telemarketing in the community-wide prevention of heart disease: the Pawtucket Heart Health Program.

The marketing of preventive health behaviors is typically accomplished through various broadcast, print, and other mass media channels. By making randomly-dialed telephone calls to 4,000 residents of Pawtucket, RI, volunteers of the Pawtucket Heart Health Program succeeded in registering nearly 400 individuals for risk factor reduction groups or self-help behavior change kits. Additionally, community awareness of the program was an indirect benefit of this "telemarketing." Telemarketing is an interactive and inexpensive approach to marketing preventive health behaviors.

Heart Diseases↗
PubMed1986

Serum lipids of Indian physicians living in the U.S. compared to U.S.-born physicians.

Reports of increased susceptibility of persons from the Indian subcontinent to coronary heart disease led us to examine serum lipids and apolipoproteins in a group of physicians born in India now living in the U.S. A matched sample of U.S.-born physicians working at the same institution was recruited as controls. Fasting triglyceride (TG) levels were twice as high among the Indians (174 vs 86 mg/dl, P = 0.002), total cholesterol modestly increased (193 vs 177 mg/dl, P less than or equal to 0.01) and high density lipoprotein-cholesterol (HDL-C) fraction depressed 36 vs 40 mg/dl, P = 0.006). Both TG and HDL-C were strongly determined by relative obesity in the Americans, but not among the immigrants. Calculated values of low density lipoprotein-cholesterol (LDL-C) were similar in the two groups. Apolipoprotein A-I was significantly lower in a subsample of the Indians, while Apo B was higher. Minor differences between the groups in body mass index, food frequency intake, smoking patterns, alcohol intake and exercise did not significantly influence the results. Hereditary differences in lipid metabolism may have a role in these findings, however, the delayed effects of adaptation to U.S. lifestyle cannot be ruled out.

Adult↗
PubMed1986

DC potential shift preceding repetitive perceptually relevant stimuli and its possible origin.

The Necker cube pattern was flashed repetitively with regular, 5.12 s interstimulus intervals and EEG activity was recorded by means of non-polarizable Ag/AgCl electrodes and averaged. The subjects reported the actual subjective interpretation of the pattern by pushing one of two buttons, i.e. they were motivated to interpret each stimulus. A negative potential shift (lasting about 2.5 s increasing in a more or less linear way and, reaching the final amplitude of about 11 mV), developed gradually before the stimulus onset. Positive correlation was found between the duration and amplitude of DC shift. The phenomenon described might reflect cortical processes related to expectation of a regularly repeated perceptually relevant stimulus and may be considered a version of CNV. A hypothesis interpreting the DC shift as the consequence of neuroglial processes is presented.

Adult↗
PubMed1986

Nuclear magnetic resonance imaging in evaluation and follow-up of children treated for coarctation of the aorta.

Electrocardiographic-gated nuclear magnetic resonance imaging was used to evaluate 10 patients, aged 2.5 to 18 years, with coarctation of the aorta. Six patients had balloon dilation angioplasty, one had surgical repair and three are awaiting treatment. Imaging studies were performed before and after therapy in three patients. In all pretreatment studies, the sagittal and 60 degrees left anterior oblique imaging planes adequately revealed the anatomy of the coarctation. Post-treatment imaging studies demonstrated effective relief of the coarctation in all cases. In three of the six patients who had balloon angioplasty, there was a variable degree of dilation of the aorta at the site of the previous coarctation. Nuclear magnetic resonance imaging is an effective noninvasive imaging method for visualizing coarctation of the aorta and for follow-up after treatment.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1986

Polymorphonuclear leucocyte function in rheumatoid arthritis.

Controversy exists over the function of polymorphonuclear leucocytes (PMN) in rheumatoid arthritis (RA). We found no difference in the phagocytic and migratory ability of PMN from 45 patients with RA, when compared with PMN from 19 RA patients who had a history of recurrent infection, and 40 normal healthy age- and sex-matched controls. We conclude that the increased incidence of bacterial infection reported in RA is not the consequence of an intrinsic defect in PMN function.

Aged↗
PubMed1986

A comparison of primidone, propranolol, and placebo in essential tremor, using quantitative analysis.

The effects of placebo, propranolol and primidone were compared in 14 patients with essential tremor in a double blind, randomised, crossover study. Objective measures of tremor were obtained using an accelerometer with subsequent spectral analysis. Both propranolol (p less than 0.01) and primidone (p less than 0.01) gave significant improvement in tremor, but there was no significant difference in improvement between these drugs. Patients with higher dominant frequencies of tremor tended to respond to both drugs, while those with lower frequencies improved on one or other. There was no differential effect between the drugs with the frequency of tremor.

Clinical Trials as Topic↗
PubMed1986

Arterial trauma: diagnostic and therapeutic angiography.

Between 1978 and 1982, 1,200 patients underwent angiography following acute traumatic injury, and arterial injuries were detected in 182 cases (15.2%). Two-thirds of the cases were associated with penetrating trauma; half the injuries occurred in the pelvis or lower extremities. The most common and reliable sign of arterial injury was the presence of extraluminal contrast media. Other signs included occlusion, laceration, transection, arteriovenous fistula, intimal flap, and intraluminal thrombus. Luminal narrowing was difficult to interpret and resulted from a variety of causes, some of which do not require surgical intervention. Embolotherapy to control arterial bleeding was attempted in 79 patients (43%), and hemostasis was achieved in 69 of them (87%). Transcatheter closure was attempted in 19 of 34 arteriovenous fistulas, resulting in complete success in 15 cases and partial success in two.

Angiography↗
PubMed1986

Dietary calcium and blood pressure in National Health and Nutrition Examination Surveys I and II.

It has recently been reported that a low intake of calcium may be a risk factor for hypertension. In view of the contradictory results, even when the same survey data base has been used by different researchers, an in-depth analysis was undertaken of the data provided by the two cycles of the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES). Both surveys, conducted in consecutive 4-year intervals during the 1970s, were designed to examine representative samples of the U.S. civilian noninstitutionalized population. The overall descriptive findings in relation to mean blood pressure and calcium intake were virtually identical in the two surveys. Based on "quantile" analysis, neither mean levels of blood pressure nor the prevalence of hypertension was related to calcium intake. Only among black men in NHANES I was a relationship between calcium intake and blood pressure noted. This finding was not apparent among black men in NHANES II or among any of the other sex-race groups in either survey. We conclude that the data of NHANES I and II do not show an association between low calcium intake and blood pressure.

Adult↗
PubMed1986

The biological concept of race and its application to public health and epidemiology.

The category of race is widely used in public health. Although its significance may be clear-cut in some practical situations, an adequate theoretical construct for the concept of race does not exist. Public health appears to lag far behind the other biological sciences in the effort to grapple with the idea of race and its implications for the nature-nurture question. This paper outlines the current anthropological and social perspective on race, and applies this view to problems of disease epidemiology. It is proposed that uncritical use of the traditional biological concept of race has distorted etiological thinking in public health and has proven an obstacle in the development of effective intervention strategies. The pragmatism of medicine and its isolation from social science may account for much of this backwardness.

Cultural Characteristics↗
PubMed1986

Prevalence of "compressed" and asymmetric lateral ventricles in healthy full-term neonates: sonographic study.

The premature infant brain has been thoroughly studied by sonography, and normal standards for ventricular size have been established. Whether these apply to normal full-term infants is uncertain. Fifty-three healthy full-term infants were electively examined by real-time sonography through the anterior fontanelle on the first to sixth days of life. Nine had asymmetric lateral ventricles; two of these had unexpected evidence of intracranial hemorrhage, while a third had a ventricular cyst. Forty-four infants had symmetric ventricles, but in 36 the ventricles had little or no cerebrospinal fluid. Vaginal delivery had a statistically significant association with these "compressed' lateral ventricles. This study indicates that seemingly healthy infants may have unsuspected intracranial hemorrhage, that asymmetric ventricular size may be normal, and that shortly after birth most healthy infants have "compressed" lateral ventricles that should not be interpreted as cerebral edema.

Brain Diseases↗
PubMed1986

Extended aortic arch anastomosis for repair of coarctation in infancy.

Surgical repair of coarctation of the aorta was performed in 17 infants, median age 14 days, median weight 3.5 kg. Extended end-to-end aortic arch anastomosis was used. A long incision was made in the inferior aspect of the aortic isthmus and arch, which was then anastomosed to the obliquely trimmed distal aorta. The aortic arch was hypoplastic in eight patients. Mean cross-clamp time was 17.1 min. Pulmonary artery bands were placed in five patients. Follow-up two-dimensional echocardiographic and Doppler studies on 13 patients 1 to 56 months after surgery demonstrated normal distal aortic flow in 10, slightly decreased flow in two, and diminished flow in one. Patients with abnormal Doppler flow showed no gradient in one case and a 30 mm Hg gradient in two. Extended aortic arch anastomosis is safe in infancy, leaves no native coarctation shelf tissue in the repaired segment, does not sacrifice the subclavian artery, is useful in hypoplastic isthmus, and is at low risk to develop aneurysm or recoarctation.

Aorta, Thoracic↗
PubMed1985

A nosocomial outbreak of Crimean-Congo haemorrhagic fever at Tygerberg Hospital. Part III. Clinical pathology and pathogenesis.

Crimean-Congo haemorrhagic fever (CCHF) was diagnosed in 8 patients; 7 were staff members at Tygerberg Hospital who had been infected by a patient in whom the disease had not initially been diagnosed. Two patients, the initial case and a staff member, died and 4 became seriously ill. The immunopathogenesis of CCHF appears to be multifactorial. Certain features were common to all patients--leucopenia, thrombocytopenia, elevated liver enzyme values and low serum total protein levels. Ultrastructural changes in and around skin capillaries, including intracytoplasmic endothelial tuboreticulated bodies, were found. Virus-like particles were found on electron microscopy. Important individual factors related to prognosis were identified. The patients who survived all mounted a good antibody response, and manifested no coagulation defect extensive enough to explain the haemorrhagic tendency. In the patients who died no evidence of antibody production was detected; both developed diffuse intravascular coagulation and in 1 evidence of immune complex formation and complement consumption was found. Hepatorenal failure and cardiovascular collapse characterized the terminal period. Early clinical recognition of CCHF with specific attention to factors amenable to treatment may vastly improve the prognosis.

Adult↗
PubMed1985

The diagnosis of personality disorder: a comparison of MMPI profile, Million Inventory, and clinical judgment in a Workers' Compensation population.

This study investigated information derived from a group of 100 Workers' Compensation cases and used clinical opinion and psychological testing to determine the presence and nature of personality disorder diagnosis. Tests used were the MMPI and the Millon Clinical Multiaxial Inventory. Patients were divided according to categories of presenting complaint. Significant differences were found on both the MMPI and the Millon among the diagnostic groups of personality disorders. The authors cautioned about the use of the Millon Test because of the extremely high numbers of personality disorders suggested by that test. In the discussion, attention was called to the complexities of personality disorder diagnosis when Axis I and Axis II diagnoses are present.

Adult↗