Search PubMed⌕ Search

Biomedical subjects

R Cooper

Publications and source records attributed to R Cooper.

At least 253 records · Page 14Linked to original sources
PubMed1988

Divergence of the recent trends in coronary mortality for the four major race-sex groups in the United States.

Since 1976 there has been a leveling off or slowdown in the rate of decline in coronary heart disease (CHD) mortality. The age-adjusted absolute annual rate of decline in CHD mortality rates during 1968-75 (delta rate/100,000 population/year) was virtually identical for White males (-7.54), Black males (-7.85), and Black females (-7.20), and somewhat lower for White females (-4.25). During 1976-85, however, the secular trends diverged considerably. Age-adjusted rates continued to decline at the same annual rate for White males, while the decline was approximately half as steep for the other three race-sex groups. During 1976-85 there was also a leveling off in the average annual per cent change in age-adjusted CHD mortality for Black males and females and White females when compared to 1968-75, while there was no change for White males. As a result, more than 40,000 White and Black females and Black males died of CHD in 1985 than would have died if CHD rates would have continued to decline at the 1968-75 trends. All comparisons were based on a reclassification of cause-of-death codes to maximize comparability between the 8th and 9th Revisions of the International Classification of Disease. These results suggest that the factors which have led to the continued decline in coronary heart disease may not have influenced all the demographic groups in this country equally over the last decade.

Adult↗
PubMed1988

Sch 37137, a novel antifungal compound produced by a Micromonospora sp. Taxonomy, fermentation, isolation, structure and biological properties.

A new antifungal compound, Sch 37137, was isolated from the cultured broth of a Micromonospora sp., SCC 1792. Sch 37137 is structurally related to A 19009, a dipeptide previously discovered from a Streptomyces sp. The compound was weakly active against species of Candida and dermatophytes (mean MICs greater than or equal to 128 micrograms/ml) in Sabouraud dextrose, yeast-nitrogen and modified Eagles minimum essential media; however activity against Candida sp. (mean MICs greater than or equal to 12 micrograms/ml) and dermatophytes (mean MICs greater than or equal to 0.8 microgram/ml) significantly improved in MA medium.

Amino Acids, Diamino↗
PubMed1988

Sch 36605, a novel anti-inflammatory compound. Taxonomy, fermentation, isolation and biological properties.

A novel anti-inflammatory compound, Sch 36605, belonging to the blasticidin family of nucleoside compounds was isolated from the fermentation filtrate of a Streptomyces sp. Sch 36605, as well as blasticidin S, demonstrated anti-inflammatory activity in the reverse passive Arthus reaction and the adjuvant arthritic rat at doses ranging between 1-10 mg/kg and 0.3-6.0 mg/kg, respectively. A minor component, Sch 366606, co-produced in the in the fermentation was isolated and identified as a known compound in the blasticidin family of compounds.

Animals↗
PubMed1988

Precipitating factors leading to decompensation of heart failure. Traits among urban blacks.

Potential precipitating factors that led to cardiac decompensation and subsequent hospital admission for heart failure were examined in 101 patients in a large public hospital serving a predominantly working-class minority population. Ninety-seven percent of patients were black; their age was 59 +/- 14 years (mean +/- SD); on average, they were hospitalized three times in the preceding year for problems related to their heart failure. Potential precipitating factors for decompensated heart failure were identified in 93% of patients. Lack of adherence to the prescribed medical regimen was the most commonly identified causative factor and was noted in 64% of the cases; noncompliance with diet amounted to 22%, with drugs to 6%, and with the combination of drugs and diet to 37%. Other factors also related to hospitalization were cardiac arrhythmias (29%), emotional/environmental issues (26%), inadequately conceived drug therapy (17%), pulmonary infections (12%), and thyrotoxicosis (1%). Thus, the key preventive measure necessary in at least two thirds of patients centered around better adherence to drug and/or diet regimen, highlighting the precept that better patient education is mandatory if we are to minimize the number of hospital admissions for decompensated heart failure.

Aged↗
PubMed1987

A comparative study of dibromomannitol and busulfan in the treatment of chronic myeloid leukemia. A study of cancer and leukemia group B.

In a prospective, randomized trial the effectiveness of dibromomannitol (DBM), a brominated sugar alcohol derivative, was compared to busulfan in previously untreated patients. One hundred thirty-one patients were evaluated for response and survival. The effective dose of DBM was 4 mg/kg. The persistence of sensitivity to either DBM or busulfan was shown in a quantified fashion. Despite initial reports of the alleged unique effectiveness of DBM in treating chronic myeloid leukemia (CML), this study did not disclose any advantage of DBM over busulfan. Multivariate analysis investigating the importance of prognostic factors in CML indicated that age, sex, splenomegaly, and initial platelet count were important for predicting survival. Determination of such factors in CML are valuable in deciding those patients who could benefit from alternative forms of therapy. It also insures that study results are related to treatment rather than selection of patients with favorable or unfavorable prognostic factors.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1987

A physical-chemical model for cellular uptake of fatty acids: prediction of intracellular pool sizes.

If the uptake of fatty acids by liver is a physical, not a biological, process, then the size and location of the intrahepatic pool of fatty acids can be predicted from uptake rates and thermodynamic data. The purpose of the experiments in this paper was to test the accuracy of this idea. Rat livers were perfused with palmitate bound to albumin, and the total amounts of palmitate removed from the perfusate were measured at 3-s intervals. The intrahepatic pools of palmitate calculated from these data were 13.8 and 23.0 nmol/g of liver at ratios of palmitate/albumin (mol/mol) (afferent side) of 2/1 and 4/1, respectively, in the steady state. The intrahepatic pools of palmitate calculated from the distributions of palmitate between membranes, H2O, albumin, and fatty acid binding protein and the measured first-order rate constants for acyl-CoA ligases in mitochondria and microsomes were 12.1 and 34.6 nmol/g for perfusate ratios of palmitate/albumin of 2/1 and 4/1, in the steady state. Intrahepatic pools of palmitate measured after establishment of a steady-state rate of uptake were 15.0 and 31.8 nmol/g for these ratios of palmitate/albumin of 2/1 and 4/1.

Animals↗
PubMed1987

Nucleotide sequence of the mouse alpha 1-acid glycoprotein gene 1.

In a previous paper we presented evidence for the existence of at least two alpha 1-acid glycoprotein (AGP) genes in the mouse. One of the cDNA clones characterized in those studies was used to isolate several unique AGP genomic clones. In these studies we present the complete sequence of one of the mouse AGP genes. The sequence analysis includes 595 base pairs (bp) 5' to the site of initiation of transcription and 135 bp 3' to the polyadenylation signal. This mouse AGP gene, designated AGP-1, has six exons, a structure similar to those of the AGP genes in rats and humans. Analysis of the sequence has revealed a number of potential regulatory sites. These include a run of alternating purine-pyrimidine bases [(GT)N] at +2890 to +2945, flanked by three potential glucocorticoid receptor binding sites within intron 5. Two of these TGTTCT at +3069 to +3074 and +3082 to +3087 flank the (GT)n track at its 3' end, and one, which is oriented in the opposite direction (AGAACA), at +2771 to +2776 flanks the track at its 5' end. A longer version of the glucocorticoid receptor site, GGGTACAATGTGTCCT, has been located in the 5' flanking region of the gene (-94 to -79); the sequence AGAACA is another potential glucocorticoid receptor site oriented in the opposite direction and located at -127 to -122. This entire region, from -146 to -42, in the mouse has a strong homology (approximately 85%) to the 5' flanking region of the rat AGP gene, which contains a 78-bp fragment (-120 to -42) that represents the minimal sequence required for glucocorticoid regulation.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

Amino Acid Sequence↗
PubMed1987

Outcome of coronary artery bypass grafting in black persons.

Relatively little attention has been given to coronary artery disease in black persons in the United States. During 31 months, 73 consecutive black patients drawn from an urban working class inner city population who had undergone coronary artery bypass grafting were studied. In the total series of elective and emergency operations, 3 patients (4%) died within the first 30 days and 3 more died by the end of the first year of follow-up. Functional capacity was assessed by interviews and a questionnaire in a subset (n = 39) at least 6 months after operation. Although 79% of the patients felt that the operation had resulted in improvement of symptoms, half of them continued to report angina. Only one-third of the patients were working in the period immediately before the operation; 13% were working postoperatively. Coronary artery bypass grafting had an acceptable mortality risk in these patients, although the functional outcome was disappointing.

Adult↗
PubMed1987

The superior mesenteric artery fat plane: is obliteration pathognomonic of pancreatic carcinoma?

Obliteration of the fat plane surrounding the superior mesenteric artery has been described as characteristic of pancreatic carcinoma. To determine the specificity of this and other computed tomography findings in the pancreas and peripancreatic region, scans of 86 patients were reviewed without clinical history. Diagnoses included pancreatitis (26 patients); pancreatic adenocarcinoma (14 patients); lymphoma (17 patients); metastatic nonpancreatic carcinoma (14 patients); and normal findings (15 patients). Confluent adenopathy could not be reliably differentiated from a pancreatic mass except when adenopathy separated the common bile duct from the duodenum. Retrocrural adenopathy was unusual with pancreatic carcinoma. The fat plane surrounding the superior mesenteric artery was obliterated with pancreatic carcinoma (36%), nonpancreatic carcinoma (29%), and lymphoma (24%), but not with pancreatitis, although perivascular edema was seen in 19%. Evaluation of the celiac axis was less rewarding. Obliteration of the superior mesenteric artery fat plane is a sign of malignancy, but it is not specific for pancreatic carcinoma. We propose that the superior mesenteric artery origin be considered within a paraaortic space, separate from the anterior pararenal space. This explains its characteristic lack of involvement by pancreatitis.

Adipose Tissue↗
PubMed1987

Pediatric AIDS.

Explore the source record for details and available documents.

Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome↗
PubMed1987

In-hospital mortality rates from acute myocardial infarction by race in U.S. hospitals: findings from the National Hospital Discharge Survey.

Mortality rates in the United States from coronary artery disease are higher among blacks than whites at younger ages, with a crossover to lower rates above the age of 70. The factors that determine this crossover of age-specific death rates have not been elucidated. Selection from the black population of younger individuals who are sicker by virtue of being more coronary prone might leave a relatively healthier group of older persons. Support for this hypothesis would consist in part of evidence that coronary artery disease has an earlier onset in the black population. We examined data from the National Hospital Discharge Survey for the years 1973-1984 to determine if age-related differences in case-fatality rates existed between whites and nonwhites. In-hospital case fatality rates were 10% to 70% higher for each of the 10 year age groups for nonwhites up to age 70, at which time a crossover occurred. The median age at death from myocardial infarction was approximately 5 years younger in nonwhites compared with whites. National estimates of hospitalization rates for myocardial infarction from these data likewise suggest that nonwhites receive less health care for coronary artery disease than whites relative to recorded fatal events. The age-specific trends in case-fatality support the hypothesis that a cohort selection effect in part determines the black/white differentials in coronary artery disease. Relative susceptibility of the black and white population is thus not appropriately estimated by age-adjusted rates, but should be examined on an age-specific basis within the framework of selection effects on a cohort.

Adult↗
PubMed1987

Epidemiological studies of sodium transport and hypertension.

Red blood cell membrane cation transport was measured in five population-based surveys and two randomized, controlled, dietary intervention studies to examine its associations with demographic, biological, and dietary variables in free-living individuals. A total of 508 individuals, 255 with high blood pressure, were studied. Both sexes, blacks and whites, and several age groups were represented. The intervention studies included short-term dietary sodium restriction in normotensive adolescents, and a 4-year multifactorial trial on weight, sodium, and alcohol in hypertensive adults. The findings from these surveys and intervention studies are summarized in this report. Sodium-stimulated lithium countertransport was significantly related to diastolic blood pressure in white adults (r = 0.28, p less than 0.001), and to systolic blood pressure in black children (r = 0.50, p less than 0.005) and white adolescents (r = 0.31, p less than 0.05). Lithium countertransport was related to sex and race, but not age. Body mass index had an independent relationship with lithium countertransport in some age groups. Lithium countertransport was lower in normotensive adults than in both younger and older hypertensive adults. Lithium countertransport did not differ significantly between subjects with hypertension treated with antihypertensive medications and those with untreated hypertension. Short-term dietary sodium restriction did not influence lithium countertransport in normotensive adolescents. Long-term dietary intervention was associated with low lithium countertransport in hypertensive adults able to maintain blood pressure control without medication. These findings indicate that lithium countertransport is related to blood pressure and hypertension among free-living individuals.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1987

Determination of bile acid pool size, turnover time, and distribution of male broiler chicks during the first 6 weeks posthatch using SEHCAT, a gamma ray-emitting bile acid analogue.

A bile acid analogue, SEHCAT (tauro-23-75SE-selena-homocholic acid), was used to determine bile acid pool size, turnover time, and distribution in the developing broiler chick. Bile acid pool size was significantly affected by age and followed a quintic trend (a fifth degree polynomial). It remained steady until 30 days of age when it decreased significantly and then rose significantly at 37 days of age. The bile acid pool half-life remained constant until 28 days of age when it increased significantly and then held steady until it increased again at 8 wk of age following a quartic trend. The distribution of bile acids was affected by age with the amount in the gizzard, duodenum, cloaca, liver, and gall bladder varying significantly with age. Jejunal, ileal, and cecal bile acids did not vary significantly with age. Liver bile acid levels followed a quintic trend, rising until 23 days of age and dropping sharply at 30 days of age and holding steady.

Animals↗