Intestinal and systemic immune responses in rats to dietary lectins.
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Administration, Oral↗
Biomedical subjects
R Campos
Publications and source records attributed to R Campos.
Response of foot-and-mouth disease virus C3 Resende to immunological pressure exerted in vitro by antiviral polyclonal sera.
The foot-and-mouth disease virus (FMDV) shows a remarkable antigenic variability. Like other RNA viruses, FMDV has a high mutation rate and it has been proposed that selection exerted by antibodies of the host could play a major role in its evolution. In this work, antiserum-resistant variants of FMDV (Nr variants) were selected upon 25 serial passages of a cloned C3 Resende strain on secondary monolayers of fetal bovine kidney (FBK-2) cells in the presence of subneutralizing levels of antiviral polyclonal sera (APS). After serial passage under immune selective pressure, the five Nr variant populations selected from five independent serial passages--their controls remaining unmodified--acquired the following characteristics: (i) increased resistance to neutralization by APS; (ii) five different antigenic specificities detected by enzyme-linked and neutralization assays using monoclonal antibodies; (iii) the same modification (residue 146, S to L) at the major antigenic site of VP1 (G-H loop, the 135-160 region); and (iv) specific changes for each Nr population outside the major antigenic site of VP1 at residues 46, 48 and 49 of the 40-60 region of VP1 (B-C loop). These results extend our previous work on selection of Nr variants using polyclonal sera, and add new information with regard to antigenic variation, mainly concerning the involvement of the 40-60 region of VP1 in the process of immune selection.
Amino Acid Sequence↗
HIV-related knowledge and risk behaviors of street youth in Belo Horizonte, Brazil. The Street Youth Study Group.
Individual interviews were conducted with 379 youth who work and/or live on the streets of a large Brazilian city to assess HIV-related knowledge, sources of information, risk behaviors, and prevention beliefs and strategies. Respondents demonstrated high levels of factual knowledge about HIV transmission (84% correct) coupled with high levels of misconceptions about casual transmission (53% correct) and intermediate levels of knowledge about prevention (64% correct). Only 54% of the respondents had heard about AIDS recently, and 37.5% said they talked to someone about AIDS. The most common sources of information about HIV/AIDS were the mass-media and friends. Over half the sample reported taking precautions to reduce their risk of HIV infection; however, the proportion of youth taking effective precautions was low. Among the 247 youth (65% of the sample) who had initiated sexual activity, lifetime condom use was reported by 18%, and condom use at last intercourse by 10%. Youth with higher levels of knowledge were more likely to report behavior changes to avoid HIV infection. These findings underscore the urgent need for prevention programs tailored to street youth in developing countries.
Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome↗
[Detection and characterization of pre-core mutants of hepatitis B virus (HBV) in chronically infected patients].
Hepatitis B virus infection is responsible of an important number of world morbimortality. This is associated to severe liver outcome such as cirrhosis and hepatocellular carcinoma. Diverse factors influence the severity of liver injury produced by Hepatitis B Virus (HBV): the emergence of HBV mutants unable to secrete "e" antigen (pre-core mutants), the virus and host genetic heterogenicity and immune system competence. Particularly, the presence of pre-core mutants in chronic carriers is associated a low response to interferon therapy. We present paper is to present evidence as to the presence of these mutants in chronically infected, HBeAg negative patients (HBsAg positive) in Argentina. Viral DNAs were extracted from sera of nine patients, amplified by PCR and characterized by restriction enzyme assay. All of them appear to be pre-core mutants according with serological markers and a very low level of viral DNA detected in serum. Further genetic characterization of one of them by nucleotide sequence analysis of the pre-core region let allowed us to show modifications at codon 15 and 28 both of them previously described for pre-core mutants.
Base Sequence↗
Low flow veno-venous ECMO: an experimental study.
Clinical use of extracorporeal membrane oxygenation (ECMO) and carbon dioxide removal (ECCO 2R) have become well established techniques for the treatment of severe respiratory failure; however they require full cardiopulmonary bypass, representing major procedures with high morbidity. We theorized the possibility of an efficient low flow veno-venous extracorporeal membrane gas exchange method. Four mongrel 12 kg dogs were submitted to veno-venous extracorporeal membrane gas exchange via a jugular dialysis catheter using a low flow (10 ml/min) roller pump and a membrane oxygenator for a period of four hours. Respiratory rate was set at 4 breaths/min with a FiO 2 of 21% and ventilatory dead space was increased. Adequate gas exchange was obtained (pO 2139, pCO 224, Sat 99.4%), without major hemodynamic changes or hematuria. Our results demonstrate the feasibility of a low flow, less aggressive system. Further research should be considered.
Animals↗
Social networks and daily activities of street youth in Belo Horizonte, Brazil. Street Youth Study Group.
Social networks and daily activities of children and adolescents living and/or working on the streets of a large Brazilian city were examined. Drawing on data collected through structured surveys, in-depth interviews, focus group discussions, and field observations, we described street youths' family situation, social resources, institutional experiences, survival activities, and problem behaviors and investigated differences attributable to age, gender, and living situation (at home or on the street). Youngsters who lived at home and worked on the street appeared to be experiencing orderly development despite their impoverished circumstances. Youngsters who lived on the street showed hallmarks of psychological and physical risk, including parental loss, diminished social support, substance abuse, and early onset of sexual activity. Possible implications of these contextual differences for development are discussed, and directions for future research are suggested.
Activities of Daily Living↗
[Anxiety scales and Goldberg's depression: an efficient interview guide for the detection of psychologic distress].
OBJECTIVES: Validation of Goldberg's Anxiety and Depression scales in our settings. DESIGN: Transverse study. Two phases screening at population previously stratified and randomly allocated. SITE. National Health Institute's Primary Care Centres at the city of Zaragoza. PATIENTS AND OTHER PARTICIPANTS: 444 patients, aged 19 and older, who attend their general practitioner for a new episode of illness. The sample has been previously stratified by sex and age. MEASUREMENTS AND MAIN RESULTS: At the first stage the sample has been studied with a Health Survey consisting of a variety of sound validity (General Health Questionnaire-28 items version, spanish version of Folstein's mini Mental Status Examination, CAGE and another drug and over the counter products screening questionnaire) and the new scales, that we attempt to validate. At the second stage "the possible cases" chosen at the first phase and 10% of possible non cases are assessed with a comprehensive Psychiatric Interview: EPEP (Standardized Polyvalent Psychiatric Interview). CONCLUSIONS: The new scales E.A.D.G. have supported their validity for the screening of the most prevalent psychiatric disturbances in primary care settings. Their validity for the screening of the most prevalent psychiatric disturbances in primary care settings. They have outstanding and promising advantages when compared to traditional methods: brevity, simplicity, discriminatory ability between anxiety and depression and usefulness as an interview guideline.
Adult↗
[Treatment of hypotension in patients with psychiatric symptoms: basis for a controversy].
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Humans↗
Sexual practices and attitudes of street youth in Belo Horizonte, Brazil. Street Youth Study Group.
Street youth are at risk of HIV infection worldwide. To develop effective prevention strategies, information about the meanings and functions of sexual activity for street youth is needed. In this paper, data from structured questionnaires, focus group discussions, in-depth interviews and field observations are used to build up a picture of the sexual culture of 9-to-18-year-olds living and/or working on the streets of a large Brazilian city. The findings reveal that these children and adolescents engage in sexual behavior that puts them at risk of sexually transmitted diseases, including HIV/AIDS, and reinforce that sex is a multi-determined and entrenched behavior in this population. Interventions must take into account the fact that for street youth, sex is used as a means of ensuring survival, seeking comfort, finding pleasure, and dealing with psychological issues that arise during adolescence.
Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome↗
Different glutathione redox status and lipid peroxidation in the cortex and the medulla of the rat kidney subjected to ischemia-reperfusion stress.
When the rat kidney is subjected to ischemia and reperfusion, changes in glutathione content and in lipid peroxidation are produced in the cortex and in the medulla. The cortex shows a decrease in the glutathione content and a higher sensitivity to development of lipid peroxidation, the medulla being less affected. Reperfusion restores the glutathione concentration of the cortex during the first hours of reflow. The lipid peroxidation observed in the cortex and the medulla during reperfusion is higher than in ischemia. The protective role of glutathione and the response of the cortex and the medulla to ischemia-reperfusion injury are discussed.
Animals↗
A new interview for the multiaxial assessment of psychiatric morbidity in medical settings.
A new semistructured instrument, the Standardized Polyvalent Psychiatric Interview or SPPI has been developed primarily for assessing medical patients. It has been built on the Clinical Interview Schedule and is intended to evaluate individuals in a multiaxial schema: psychopathology, including duration and severity of disorder; somatic disturbance; social problems and social supports: and pre-morbid personality, with special emphasis on 'neuroticism'. The SPPI generates enough information to allow the use of different research diagnostic criteria, including DSM-III-R, ICD-10 and Goldberg's criteria of 'attribution' of somatic symptoms and 'relationships between psychiatric and physical disorder'. It also includes a section related to recommended treatment. The new interview fulfils standards of feasibility, face and content validity. An incomplete block design, inter-rater reliability study was carried out with a consecutive sample of 48 out-patients referred to the Psychosomatic-Liaison Service of the University Hospital of Zaragoza. A broad range of agreement coefficients were calculated, the results being quite acceptable (most kappas are in the range from 0.7 to 0.9) and tending to support the procedural validity of the interview.
Adolescent↗
An unusual source of gastrointestinal bleeding from the esophagus: two new cases of esophageal visible vessel.
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Adolescent↗
Evaluation of the clinical usefulness of APACHE II and SAPS systems in the initial prognostic classification of acute pancreatitis: a multicenter study.
The clinical usefulness of the APACHE II and SAPS systems in the early prognostic classification of patients with acute pancreatitis has been evaluated in a prospective multicenter study. We aimed to identify early those patients with acute pancreatitis who should be monitored closely to expedite the detection and treatment of complications. One hundred eighty-two patients with acute pancreatitis were included; 28 were classified as severe, having developed at least one major complication of the disease. The scores obtained through the APACHE II and SAPS systems in these severe cases were significantly higher than the scores in the mild cases of acute pancreatitis (p < 0.001). The sensitivity of these systems in the prognostic classification of acute pancreatitis was 70.4% for APACHE II and 66.7% for SAPS, and the specificity was 79.1% for both. When applying APACHE II and SAPS systems in the early phase of acute pancreatitis, the possibility of misdiagnosing the severity exists, thus limiting the application of these systems in the initial assessment of prognostic classification. In conclusion, APACHE II and SAPS systems are of limited clinical utility in the early prognostic evaluation of acute pancreatitis because of their low positive predictive value.
Acute Disease↗
[Belgian law on the Régime de l'alcool of 1919: from the individual measures to social well-being].
There was a tightening up of the fight against alcoholism in various European countries and the United States during the first world war. The individual and private initiatives were relegated to second place in Belgium during the period 1914-1918, and the state took the reins in the fight against alcoholism on behalf of the general interests of the health interests and general well-being of the population. The promulgation of "La loi sur le Régime de l'alcool" and "La loi concernant les débits des Boissons Fermentés" on August 29 1919 was the final step in this change in opinion. There were three factors which coincided during the armed conflict and which played a definitive part in the preparation of these laws: 1) the legislation against alcohol which the Belgian authorities promulgated during the war in order to keep order and discipline in the army; 2) the problems of national reconstruction and 3) the influence that Emile Vandervelde, the leader of the Belgian Workers Party had on his entry into the government of the "Union Sacreé".
Alcoholism↗
Sonographic features of arterioportal fistula.
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Adult↗
Modification of foot-and-mouth disease virus O1 Caseros after serial passages in the presence of antiviral polyclonal sera.
Foot-and-mouth disease virus (FMDV) shows a remarkable antigenic variability and, like other RNA viruses, presents a high rate of mutation. It has been proposed that selection exerted by antibodies of the host could play a major role in the rapid evolution of FMDV. The present work reports the selection of FMDV antibody-resistant (Nr) populations after serial passages of a cloned FMDV O1 Caseros strain on secondary monolayers of bovine kidney cells in the presence of subneutralizing antiviral polyclonal sera (APS). After a limited number of passages, i.e., 29, under selective pressure, the virus population showed the following characteristics: (i) increased resistance to neutralization by APS (Nr), (ii) altered electrophoretic mobility of its structural viral proteins (VP1), and (iii) alterations at the RNA nucleotide sequence that codes for the major antigenic site of VP1. These acquired characteristics were detected at passage 15 and remained unmodified throughout successive passages. These results document a rapid selection and fixation of specific mutations in response to immunological pressure. In addition, the findings that (i) mutations not related to APS selection were not detected and (ii) after 29 passages at a high multiplicity of infection without immunological pressure, the RNA sequence that codes for VP1 remained unmodified clearly demonstrated that FMDV O1 Caseros presents in vitro a remarkable unexpected genetic stability.
Amino Acid Sequence↗
[Nutritional changes caused by the germination of legumes commonly eaten in Chile].
The changes promoted by germination on phytates, oligosaccharides, crude protein, amino acids and riboflavin contents of black and white cultivars of beans, lentils, chicken-pea and peas, were studied. Seeds germination was carried out in darkness at 25 degrees C and 85% RH during 72 hours, previously soaked overnight in a solution of sodium hypochlorite at a concentration of 50 ppm. Germination capacity was assessed by determining hypocotyl and epicotyl lengths and percent of sprouted seed. The seeds were milled and freeze-dried for the chemical analysis. Germination promoted a significant increase in crude protein content and reduction also significant in phytates levels. These changes were attributed to an increase of proteases and phytase activities. In fact, this enzyme would make a solubilization of phytates and would release soluble protein and minerals. A significant reduction of flatulence oligosaccharides took place, which was also explained by an increase of alpha-galactosidase concentration. Sprouted seeds showed a higher content of almost all amino acid than crude legumes, although this change was variable. Significant increase of riboflavin was also found. Finally, germination decreased ashes and fat contents. These findings were determined in all legumes, although both cultivars of beans showed a higher response to the biochemical changes.
Amino Acids↗
Changes in the xanthine dehydrogenase/xanthine oxidase ratio in the rat kidney subjected to ischemia-reperfusion stress: preventive effect of some flavonoids.
The enzyme xanthine oxidase has been implicated in the tissue oxidative injury after ischemia-reperfusion. This enzyme, which is a source of oxygen free radicals, is formed from a dehydrogenase form during ischemia. The ratio dehydrogenase/oxidase of rat kidney homogenates decreases during the ischemia and the reperfusion. Two flavonoids, quercetin and silybin, characterized as free radical scavengers, exert a protective effect preventing the decrease in the dehydrogenase/oxidase ratio observed during ischemia-reperfusion. The mechanism of this effect and the role of flavonoids in the ischemia-reperfusion tissue damage is discussed.
Animals↗