Biomedical subjects
Publications and source records attributed to R A Cartwright.
The influence of urinary malignant cell cytology screening has been explored in an industrial population. Survival was prolonged in the screened group partly because a greater proportion of early stages disease was being diagnosed, and partly because of other differences in the screened group which have yet to be defined.
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An alternative means of investigating atherosclerosis is suggested in the hope that this will lead to preventative and therapeutic measures more successful than current approaches. A putative link between arterial atherosclerotic lesions and neoplasia, suggesting that arterial plaques are monoclonal in origin, is discussed. If plaques do minic a neoplastic process, it is possible to look at many conventially accepted aspects of arterial disease in a new light. This is particularly the case with the role of diet, smoking and how the disease might be prevented or treated at an early stage or how the process might be reversed.
The survival of all cases of bladder cancer presenting in residents of the Huddersfield and Bradford Health Districts has been computed. Cases arising in the 2 districts have been contrasted using a sequential log rank survival method and an excess of deaths in early stage tumours is noted to have occurred in Huddersfield. The reasons for this are discussed.
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A series of 101 cases of transitional cell carcinoma (TCC) was contrasted with a control series for several genetic parameters. Three genetic associations were demonstrated with the TCC patients having A gene frequencies, HLA B5 and HLA CW4 genes all higher than might be expected by chance. A classification of the natural history of the disease is used to show that the HLA frequencies vary with the more or the less severe forms of the disease.
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Results are reported for the Esterase D polymorphism in a sample of the general population from the Durham area. Gene frequencies agree well with those previously reported from the north of England. No differences are revealed when the sample is subdivided on the basis of age. No significant differences are observed between this sample and two disease series from the same region, one with diabetes, the other with carcinoma of the bladder. This holds true when the disease groups are considered with regard to current age, age at diagnosis, and in the case of the diabetic, current treatment.
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Several regional series from Britain and 3 Asian series were typed for the Esterase D polymorphism. It was found that haemolysates up to 5 years old could be reliably typed when prepared from washed anticoagulated red blood cells. Lysates prepared from blood clots do not retain Esterase D activity quite as well. The Manx population has higher Esterase D 2 gene frequencies than neighbouring populations. A Nepalese population exhibits the highest Esterase D 2 gene frequency so far recorded. The other series presented supplement or confirm results already published.
Blood donor specimens from South-west Scotland were analysed for the following polymorphisms: ABO, Rhesus (D), Haptoglobin, Transferrin, Immunoglobulin (GM), RBC acid phophatase, RBC phosphoglucomutase and RBC adenylate kinase. Genetic differences exist between the regions in S.W. Scotland and between S.W. Scotland and other Irish and Irish Sea regions. This variability is detailed and discussed. The results are mapped by converting the data into distance values and by using a nonmetrical scaling technique. Overall the present S.W. Scotland data are similar to Cumbrian and Manx results and dissimilar to the Irish data.
Isle of Mull natives differ from an immigrant group in their ABO distributions, particularly in their high r gene frequencies. The results are compared with those of nearby populations.
The genetic polymorphisms of the Holy Island population show some differences from a mainland series. The significance of the results is discussed in terms of specialized gene flow and population size. Some interactions between the polymorphic systems are discussed.
Serum samples from 197 individuals belonging to the caste groups of Brahmin (37), Bania (39), Khatri (73) and Jat (48) were electrophoretically examined for the haptoglobin and transferrin systems. Intercaste variation was considered and comparisons made between these North Indian populations and those in other parts of the Indian subcontinent. A single Khatri individual was typed CB.
The skin reflectance values at three EEL filters: 601, 605, and 609 of 100 inhabitants of Holy Island, Northumberland, are reported. They show no sex differences but a significant age difference and a marked regional difference. A method for examining regional differences in skin colour is introduced.
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