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Biomedical subjects

P Satz

Publications and source records attributed to P Satz.

At least 91 records · Page 5Linked to original sources
PubMed1991

Behavioral, health and psychosocial factors and risk for HIV infection among sexually active homosexual men: the Multicenter AIDS Cohort Study.

We examined whether 644 homosexual men who engaged in receptive anal intercourse were at particularly elevated risk for seroconversion if they also possessed specific behavioral, health or psychosocial vulnerability characteristics. Of 11 potential factors examined, heavy drinking, moderate to heavy drug use, and younger age were significantly related to seroconversion. These variables were also associated with an increased number of sexual partners, anonymous sex, and failure to use condoms.

Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome↗
PubMed1991

Changes in cognitive functioning associated with normal aging.

The present study explores age-related changes in cognitive functioning in a cohort of 122 healthy elderly volunteer subjects over a 3-year period. The sample was partitioned into four age groups: 57-65, 66-70, 71-75, 76-85 years. The results suggested high stability of factor structure over three testing probes, as well as selective attrition effect with significantly lower performance in those subjects, who dropped out from the study on the tests of verbal memory and mental speed. The results of repeated measures MANOVA on raw scores and univariate ANOVAs on factor scores comparing four age groups at each testing probe revealed a differential pattern of changes in verbal and nonverbal perception/memory versus mental speed/mental flexibility. Implications of these findings in clinical diagnostics were considered.

Journal Article↗
PubMed1990

An examination of the crowding hypothesis in epileptic patients who have undergone the carotid amytal test.

Epileptic patients who had undergone the carotid amytal test were assessed on a variety of measures of verbal and non-verbal ability. All patients had left hemisphere dysfunction of early onset. Patients with atypical speech patterns performed as well as patients with left hemisphere speech on most, though not all, measures of language function. Transfer of language to the right hemisphere, however, occurred at a heavy cost. Patients with atypical speech patterns performed more poorly than their left hemisphere speech counterparts on a wide variety of non-verbal tests. These results are discussed in terms of the "crowding" hypothesis.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1990

Immune and autoimmune diseases in dyslexic children.

One hundred and five dyslexic and 105 control children were compared for frequency of immune diseases, autoimmune diseases, and non-right-handedness in the light of the Geschwind-Behan (1982) "testosterone hypothesis". The results showed significantly more immune- and autoimmune-diseases int he dyslexic group. There were no differences between the groups in the frequency of non-right-handedness. There were no interactions with gender, although there were more non-right-handed boys than girls in the total sample. Mothers of children who were dyslexic experienced significantly more negative life-events during pregnancy, they also experienced the pregnancy as more difficult, and they had more spontaneous abortions. In conclusion, the results support some aspects of the "testosterone hypothesis", but they also point to a more complex pattern of interaction between the factors that still remain unanswered.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1990

The ontogeny of hemispheric specialization: some old hypotheses revisited.

This paper re-examines two hypotheses on the ontogeny of hemispheric specialization that long ago fell into disfavor in neuropsychology. It is argued that these hypotheses, equipotentiality and progressive lateralization, may have suffered from misinterpretation that fostered premature acceptance of the developmental invariance view of hemispheric specialization. An alternative view is presented that incorporates both hypotheses within a neurodevelopmental context using anatomical (postmortem) and childhood aphasia data.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1990

A WAIS-R marker for accelerated aging and dementia, Alzheimer's type? Base rates of the Fuld formula in the WAIS-R standardization sample.

Recent reports have provided evidence that a WAIS-R marker for dementia of the Alzheimer's type (DAT) may have value in differential clinical diagnosis. Using the Fuld (1984) formula, this study investigated the prevalence of the WAIS-R marker in the WAIS-R standardization sample (N = 1,880), whose members range in age from 16 to 74 years. The results from the WAIS-R sample suggest no significant age differences in the occurrence of this marker when age-corrected scaled scores are employed. Across age, the occurrence of this marker is about 6.2%. Although there were no significant effects according to race, there were significant sex (males = 7.34%; females = 5.11%) and education effects. For individuals aged 65-74 with some post high school education, the base rate was about 14%. These findings are discussed as they relate to the potential clinical usefulness of this marker in the differential diagnosis of DAT.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1990

Incidence of the WAIS-R Fuld profile in HIV-1 infection.

The incidence of a WAIS-R subtest "marker" sensitive to cholinergic dysfunction was assessed in a sample 116 homosexual males infected with HIV (Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome [AIDS] N = 40; AIDS Related Complex [ARC], N = 76). The incidence of positive profiles was low in the overall sample (11/116, 9%), and significantly lower than incidence rates reported for known cholinergic deficient groups (Alzheimer's disease; scopolamine). However, significantly more AIDS patients (8/40, 20%) than ARC patients (3/76, 4%) demonstrated positive profiles. These results suggest that, as a group, persons with ARC or AIDS do not show an increased incidence of the Fuld profile associated with cholinergic disruption, and offer continued support for diagnostic specificity of the Fuld formula for Alzheimer's disease.

AIDS Dementia Complex↗
PubMed1990

Neuropsychological performance in HIV-1-infected homosexual men: The Multicenter AIDS Cohort Study (MACS)

We administered a battery of standardized neuropsychological measures to assess cognitive functions in a group of 769 HIV-1 seronegative, 727 asymptomatic HIV-1 seropositive (CDC Groups 2 and 3), and 84 symptomatic HIV-1 seropositive (CDC Group 4) homosexual/bisexual men enrolled in the Multicenter AIDS Cohort Study (MACS). Measures included tests of attention, memory, and psychomotor speed. Comparison of group means revealed significant differences in performance between HIV-1 seronegative and symptomatic HIV-1 seropositive subjects on measures of memory and on measures with strong motor and psychomotor timed components. These findings support the sensitivity of these neuropsychological instruments for detecting cognitive changes that may be related to HIV-1, and are consistent with other reports of neuropsychological abnormalities in symptomatic HIV-1-infected individuals. Asymptomatic seropositive men, on the other hand, did not differ significantly from seronegative subjects on any of the neuropsychological measures. Only 5.5% of the asymptomatic HIV-1 seropositive men showed abnormal performance on individual tests. This proportion did not differ significantly from that of seronegative controls. Further, among asymptomatic seropositive subjects, we found no statistically significant differences as a function of duration of HIV infection or level of immune system functioning. Thus, results from this study support the hypothesis that the frequency of neuropsychological abnormalities in asymptomatic HIV-1-infected homosexual men is low, and not statistically different from that of seronegative controls.

Adult↗
PubMed1989

Ambiguous-handedness: incidence in a non-clinical sample.

Using a handedness demonstration preference test under simple and complex task conditions, incidence rates for right, left, and mixed hand preferences were identified in a non-clinical sample. A relatively low incidence rate of ambiguous-handedness was also demonstrated, supporting earlier hypotheses that this subtype is rare among normals.

Adult↗
PubMed1989

Is there atypical handedness in schizophrenia?

Ninety-three schizophrenic patients and 105 normal controls were tested in a single session on an 8-item repeat-administration handedness test. The schizophrenic group, in contrast to the normal controls, showed a shift in the distribution away from right-handedness, which was due to an increase in the proportion of mixed-handers. Additional analyses revealed that the increase in mixed-handedness was largely due to an increase of within-item variability in the schizophrenic group, which we refer to as ambiguous handedness. Nearly 20% of the schizophrenic patients were inconsistent on 3 or more items compared with 3.8% of the normal controls. This increased incidence of atypical handedness is discussed within the context of disorders of attention and neurodevelopment.

Adult↗
PubMed1989

Wechsler Memory Scale: a critical appraisal of the normative studies.

Numerous reports are available providing normative data for the original Wechsler Memory Scale (WMS) for the greater part of the life span. However, large differences in reported scores across studies examining the same age group, as well as often vague descriptions of subject and procedural variables make the task of choosing appropriate comparison data difficult. Although the long awaited revision of the Wechsler Memory Scale (WMS-R) is now available, at least for the short term, it is likely that investigators will continue to use the original WMS and make inferences based on available normative data. The present paper reviews the strengths and weaknesses of the available normative reports for both the WMS and WMS-R. This determination was based on a set of criteria against which to assess the adequacy of the normative studies. Recommendations are offered for the potential applications and misapplications in research and clinical practice.

Aged↗
PubMed1989

Neuropsychological performance in HIV-1 immunocompromised patients: a preliminary report.

This study examined the pattern of neuropsychologic abnormalities in three groups of subjects: 20 patients diagnosed with Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome (AIDS); 14 patients diagnosed with AIDS Related Complex (ARC); and 13 seronegative controls. Subjects with past history of chronic substance abuse, neurologic disease, or focal findings on MRI or CT were excluded. All subjects were administered a comprehensive neuropsychological battery. Results revealed a pattern of preserved attention and concentration, language skills, and most visuospatial construction abilities in the presence of more notable deficits in nonverbal memory and speeded psychomotor tasks. Practical implications for the early detection of HIV-1 related cognitive dysfunction are addressed.

AIDS-Related Complex↗
PubMed1989

Minor physical anomalies in schizophrenia.

This study was conducted to investigate the value of using physical anomalies (PAs) to evaluate early prenatal injury in schizophrenia. PAs are minor abnormalities in development of the head, hands, and feet that are presumably associated with insult during the first trimester. Sixty-seven schizophrenic inpatients and 88 normal controls were evaluated for PAs. The schizophrenic patients showed significantly more anomalies than the controls. The difference remained significant even when patients were compared to controls of low socioeconomic status. Both male and female patients showed a high incidence of mouth abnormalities, and female patients showed a high incidence of abnormalities in head circumference. Patients with early age of onset (less than or equal to 18 years) had more physical anomalies than did later onset patients. This relationship was most noticeable for males. Physical anomalies were not associated with deficits on measures of vigilance, selective attention, or orientation.

Adult↗
PubMed1989

The relationship of symptomatology and medication to electrodermal activity in schizophrenia.

An electrodermal assessment procedure using mild innocuous tones, task-relevant tones, and loud white noise was administered to a sample of schizophrenic patients (n = 77). The present study investigated the relationship of schizophrenic symptomatology and anticholinergic level of neuroleptic medication to electrodermal variables. Each patient was evaluated for positive (florid) and negative (defect) symptoms. The neuroleptics that patients received were rated according to their anticholinergic effect. No significant differences in symptomatology were observed between electrodermal responders and nonresponders; however, nonresponders showed a nonsignificant tendency to have more positive and negative symptoms than responders. Both negative symptoms and anticholinergic levels were significant predictors of lower tonic levels of skin conductance. Patients receiving high anticholinergic neuroleptics showed significantly reduced measures of electrodermal responsivity and tonic levels. Thus, both symptomatology and type of neuroleptic are related to electrodermal measures, with the anticholinergic effect of neuroleptic medication being more pronounced.

Adult↗
PubMed1989

Some putative cognitive precursors in subjects hypothesized to be at-risk for dementia.

Virtually no data exists on the early cognitive precursors of dementia, primarily SDAT. This paper presents preliminary cross-sectional data on two elderly groups hypothesized to be at risk for SDAT and a well group matched individually on age, education and gender. The neuropsychological results, based on factor scores and individual t-test comparisons, revealed significant differences between the well group and the two at risk groups, each of which revealed a different pattern of cognitive impairment (specific vs. general). These results stimulated a number of hypotheses concerning the early precursors of SDAT that will be tested in the annual follow-up investigation of these subjects.

Journal Article↗
PubMed1989

The neuropsychological aspects of HIV-1 spectrum disease.

A relatively high prevalence of neuropsychological impairment has been reported among individuals within the spectrum of HIV-1 disease. These deficits range from mild motoric slowness to a severe dementia characterized by forgetfulness, psychomotor slowing, impaired performance on "frontal systems" tasks, and frequently, dysphoric affect. This paper reviews the preliminary evidence to date on the prevalence and pattern of neuropsychological deficits within the spectrum of HIV-1 infection. Common methodologic pitfalls in this research arena are reviewed. Finally, implications for clinical practice are discussed, with emphasis on construction of screening and more comprehensive neuropsychological test batteries specifically for this population.

Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome↗