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Biomedical subjects

P Lynch

Publications and source records attributed to P Lynch.

At least 127 records · Page 7Linked to original sources
PubMed1984

A national task analysis of infection control practitioners, 1982. Part Two: Tasks, knowledge, and abilities for practice.

Respondents (N = 473) from a randomized stratified sample (N = 600) of U.S. hospital ICPs in a national survey sponsored by the Certification Board of Infection Control were asked to rate specific task, knowledge, and ability statements related to infection control for frequency and importance. The questions included 175 items, of which 99 were for specific tasks and 76 were for knowledge and abilities for practice. Areas covered included patient care practices, infectious diseases, epidemiology and statistics, microbiologic practices, sterilization and disinfection, education, employee health services, and management and communications. A "profile respondent" group (N = 317) was defined as persons most likely to be practicing the full scope of infection control practice and was used to identify key tasks, knowledge, and abilities for practice. Results showed that patient care practices (i.e., suctioning, dressing changes, and catheterization) were rarely performed. The development of infection control policies and procedures were key tasks. Knowledge of microbiology and infectious diseases in order to interpret laboratory reports and other patient data was rated as essential; however, few respondents actually performed laboratory procedures. Epidemiologic principles were frequently used for surveillance and problem investigation. Although presentation of epidemiologic data was rated as important, analytic statistics were rarely used. Assessment of educational needs and teaching were large components of ICPs' activities.

Certification↗
PubMed1984

A national task analysis of infection control practitioners, 1982. Part Three: The relationship between hospital size and tasks performed.

One aspect of the Certification Board of Infection Control's (CBIC) task analysis survey was to determine those tasks done most frequently and considered most important by ICPs. A randomized stratified sample of ICPs was taken from U.S. hospitals of various bed-size categories. There were 473 responses (78.8%) from a targeted sample of 600 ICPs. Statistical analyses were done to find if a relationship existed between hospital size and the tasks performed. The frequency of performance and importance of the majority of infection control tasks studied were found to vary in relation to hospital size. Some tasks were found to be both important and frequently performed by the majority of ICPs in all hospital bed-size categories. These included performing and reporting epidemiologic surveillance, educating personnel, developing infection control policies and procedures, and consulting with hospital personnel. Other tasks were found to be relatively less important and infrequently performed by the majority of ICPs in all hospital bed-size categories. These included performing bedside patient care procedures, recommending specific antimicrobial therapy, and using statistical methods. The greatest differences in the performance of tasks were found in the subsample of the ICPs from hospitals with less than or equal to 100 beds.

Communicable Disease Control↗
PubMed1984

Di(2-ethylhexyl)phthalate but not phenobarbital promotes N-nitrosodiethylamine-initiated hepatocellular proliferative lesions after short-term exposure in male B6C3F1 mice.

The differential effects of short- or long-term exposure to the liver tumor promoters di(2-ethylhexyl)phthalate (DEHP) or phenobarbital (PB) were studied in male B6C3F1 mice. Mice were injected intraperitoneally (i.p.) at 4 weeks of age with N-nitrosodiethylamine (DEN) at a dosage of 80 mg/kg. At 5 weeks of age, the mice were fed diets containing PB or DEHP for periods of from 1 to 168 days and killed at 168 or 252 days. When DEHP was fed at a dietary level of 3000 ppm for 28, 84, or 168 days, or PB was fed in the water at 500 ppm for 168 days, there were significantly increased incidences of mice with focal hepatocellular proliferative lesions (FHPL) as compared with those in mice receiving DEN alone. There was no significant promotion of FHPL when DEHP was fed for 1 or 7 days or when PB was fed for 1, 7, 28, or 84 days. Thus, DEHP was an effective promoter after only 28, 84, or 168 days exposure whereas PB required 168 days of continuous exposure for a promotive effect to be evident.

Animals↗
PubMed1983

Dissimilar patterns of promotion by di(2-ethylhexyl)phthalate and phenobarbital of hepatocellular neoplasia initiated by diethylnitrosamine in B6C3F1 mice.

Potentially preneoplastic hepatocellular hyperplastic foci and hepatocellular neoplasms were studied in weanling male B6C3F1 mice that received a single i.p. injection (80 mg/kg) of diethylnitrosamine (DEN) at 4 weeks of age, followed by oral administration of phenobarbital (PB) or di(2-ethylhexyl)-phthalate (DEHP) that began 2 weeks after DEN injection and continued for up to 6 months. PB was administered in drinking water at 500 p.p.m. and DEHP in the feed at 3000, 6000 or 12 000 p.p.m. Groups of mice were sacrificed at 2, 4 and 6 months after DEN exposure; formalin-fixed liver samples were evaluated histologically. Hepatocellular neoplasms and foci of hyperplasia were quantified with the aid of an image analysis computer. Few foci were seen at 2, 4 or 6 months in mice exposed to DEN, PB or DEHP alone, while numerous foci and neoplasms were seen in mice given DEHP or PB after DEN. Area-perimeter measurements for each hepatocellular focus or neoplasm transection revealed that foci and neoplasms in PB-exposed mice increased both in size (area and volume) and in number throughout the study. In DEHP-exposed mice the pattern of response was different in that the numbers of foci did not increase between 4 and 6 months, but the foci increased in mean diameter and volume throughout the experiment. Foci and tumors appeared earlier in mice given higher dietary levels of DEHP than in those given lower doses. By the end of the study the number of foci per unit volume of liver was similar in mice given any dose of DEHP, but their volume was dose-related. Hepatocellular foci and neoplasms in PB-exposed mice were composed predominantly of eosinophilic hepatocytes, while in DEHP-exposed mice, basophilic foci and neoplasms predominated; the latter were more malignant in appearance than neoplasms in PB-exposed mice. At 6 months, the neoplasms in high dose DEHP-exposed mice were significantly larger than those in PB exposed mice. Histochemistry, however, revealed similarities between lesions in mice exposed to PB or DEHP. PB given continuously for 6 months revealed no initiating activity of DEHP given once by gavage and followed by PB in drinking water. Both morphology and biology of hepatocellular foci and neoplasms, which develop in mice after a single exposure to a carcinogen with initiating activity, thus depend, in part, on the subsequent promoting agent. More than one process of tumor promotion, as characterized by a specific sequence of morphologic and biochemical changes, is possible for the mouse hepatocyte.

Adenoma↗
PubMed1982

Influence of dietary disaccharides on mouth microorganisms and experimental dental caries in rats.

Osborne-Mendel rats were inoculated with Streptococcus mutans at weaning, divided into 5 groups and fed cariogenic diets containing 56 per cent sugar either as sucrose, maltose, lactose or combinations of sucrose/maltose and sucrose/lactose. The number of Strep. mutans on molar teeth of rats fed the diet high in maltose was much lower than for any other group of rats (p less than 0.01). Although Strep. mutans levels were low for rats fed maltose, the incidence of carious lesions was similar to rats fed sucrose when the textures of the two sugars were similar. Although maltose does not support plaque formation, it is a fermentable carbohydrate which can provide, if microorganisms are present, an environment conducive to dental decay. The incidence of carious lesions was highest among rats fed lactose.

Animals↗
PubMed1981

Mortality from coronary heart disease in the British army compared with the civil population.

A study was carried out in which mortality from coronary heart disease during 1973-7 in men aged under 55 years in the British army was compared with that in men in the civilian population. An inverse relation was found between mortality from coronary heart disease and rank in the army similar to that seen among the civilian social classes, but soldiers aged under 40 years had a significantly higher mortality than their civilian counterparts irrespective of the civilians' social class. Correspondingly, officers had a significantly lower mortality, which suggests that strenuous exercise and other exigencies of military life per se, with the possible exception of cigarette consumption, are not to blame. Possibly the extremes of risk in the army are due mainly to factors associated with the identification of subgroups of high and low risk within the social classes and to the higher prevalence of cigarette smoking among soldiers.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1980

Objective assessment of antianginal treatment: a double-blind comparison of propranolol, nifedipine, and their combination.

In a double-blind clinical trial the antianginal effects of nifedipine (30 and 60 mg/day) and propranolol 240 and 480 mg/day) and a combination of both drugs were compared with those of placebo in 16 patients with severe exertional angina pectoris. Response to treatment was assessed by the objective criteria of 16-point precordial exercise mapping and 48-hour ambulatory electrocardiographic monitoring and subjectively by analysis of patients' daily diaries of episodes of angina and consumption of glyceryl trintrate. The incidence of pain and consumption of glyceryl trinitrate were significantly decreased by each drug compared with placebo, and the combination produced a further significant improvement. Objectively the total area and amount of ST depression on the precordial exercise map and the total number of episodes of ST depression detected on ambulatory monitoring confirmed the efficacy of each treatment regimen; the combination was significantly better than either drug alone (p <0.005). The objective methods permitted greater separation of treatment efficacy and showed reliably that the combination of propranolol and nifedipine was significantly better than either drug alone. Thus this combination is a safe and effective form of treatment for angina.

Adult↗