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Biomedical subjects

P Kallio

Publications and source records attributed to P Kallio.

At least 37 records · Page 2Linked to original sources
PubMed1994

Self-reported gingivitis and bleeding gums among adolescents in Helsinki.

The purpose of this descriptive cross-sectional community based investigation was to analyze the relationship between professionally measured and perceived gingival health in a sample of 1217 adolescents (age 14.0 +/- 0.7 yr). The responses to two questionnaire items relating to self-reporting of "gingivitis" ("inflammation of gums" in Finnish) and "bleeding from gums" are reported along with Community Periodontal Index of Treatment Needs (CPITN), percentage of bleeding sites (BOP%) and modified Papillary Bleeding Index (PBI) scores. It was found that current or past "gingivitis" was less often reported than "bleeding from gums" by this sample and that responses to both items exhibited low levels of agreement with the clinical measures. The results suggest that the self-reporting of gingival health may be useful in monitoring the gingival health of populations but does not have sufficient validity for screening individuals for gingivitis as defined by dental professionals. Furthermore, it is suggested that the term "bleeding from gums" rather than "gingivitis" should be used during clinical or group oral health promotion.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1994

Soluble CD antigen (cytokine) expression in various hyperthyroid states and use in the assessment of propylthiouracil treatment.

The soluble CD antigens sCD8, sCD23, and sCD25 are increased in untreated Graves' hyperthyroidism. These levels remain elevated when euthyroidism is established in response to propylthiouracil (PTU) therapy but decrease to control values after PTU treatment is discontinued, when euthyroidism has been established and maintained. Neither sCD8 nor sCD23 are elevated in patients with euthyroid Graves' ophthalmopathy nor in the hyperthyroid phase of subacute thyroiditis. sCD25 is increased to an intermediate degree in these disorders. Soluble CD8 > or = 450 U/ml is sensitive, specific, and predictive of PTU success as sole therapy or need for definitive therapy in untreated and PTU-treated Graves' hyperthyroidism, exceeding the predictive values of thyroid-stimulating hormone receptor antibody, thyroid peroxidase antibody, and T3 radioimmunoassay.

Adult↗
PubMed1993

Comparability and discriminating power of 4 plaque quantifications.

This study was designed for analysis of the discriminating power of 4 different quantifications of supragingival plaque: (1) plaque wet weight (PWW); (2) the plaque index (PlI); (3) the PLQ index measuring the coronal extension of plaque; (4) the area % of stained plaque. Different quantities of plaque were produced by adding chlorhexidine acetate (CHX), hydrogen peroxide (H2O2), or sucrose to experimental chewing gums. Total mean scores of 12 subjects in each of 3 test groups revealed that chewing of CHX gum resulted in the lowest plaque scores with all 4 quantifications and that the highest scores were recorded for the PWW or PlI of the sucrose gum users. Chewing of the H2O2 gum produced as much plaque as the sucrose gum when evaluated according to the PLQ index and exceeded the sucrose gum scores when evaluated according to the area % index. The PWW discriminated best between low, medium and high plaque scores after chewing of both CHX, H2O2 and sucrose gums. PlI scores 1 and 3 remained stable whereas the frequency of PlI score 0 strongly decreased and that of score 2 strongly increased when going from gums producing low (CHX) and medium (H2O2) to large (sucrose) amounts of plaque. The PLQ index discriminated well between low and medium but poorly between medium and large amounts of plaque. The area % index functioned well when subjects with low (CHX) and medium (H2O2) plaque scores were subgrouped into those with < 30%, 30-70% or > 70% of their tooth surfaces covered with stained plaque.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

Chewing Gum↗
PubMed1993

Androgen receptor and mechanism of androgen action.

Androgen receptor is the intracellular protein that mediates biological actions of physiological androgens (testosterone and 5 alpha-dihydrotestosterone). Androgen receptor belongs to a large family of ligand-dependent proteins whose function is to modulate expression of genes and gene networks in a cell- and tissue-specific manner. The present overview describes the structurally important domains of the receptor protein, and discusses several aspects in the structure-function relationship, using naturally occurring receptor mutants in androgen insensitivity patients or experimental animals as examples. In addition, characteristics of androgen receptor expressed in a heterologous system are described, and their potential usefulness in specific molecular studies discussed.

Androgens↗
PubMed1993

Production of recombinant androgen receptor in a heterologous expression system.

To facilitate detailed studies of androgen receptor, we have produced a full-length receptor protein and some of its deletion mutants in Spodoptera frugiperda (Sf9) insect cells, using the baculovirus expression system. Recombinant baculovirus DNA-infected Sf9 cells expressed these proteins in very high quantities, which represented as much as 30-40% of total insect cell protein at 72 h after infection. Only < 1% of the recombinant protein was soluble in low-salt buffers; the majority formed electron-dense cytoplasmic aggregates 30-40 nm in diameter. These aggregates could be solubilized in 6 mol/L guanidine HCl, and biologically active receptor was generated by diluting the guanidine HCl preparation 20- to 50-fold. The full-length receptor, expressed either in a soluble or aggregated form, had characteristics typical of a native receptor: it bound steroids with high affinity and specificity, interacted with DNA in a sequence-specific fashion, and was recognized by domain-specific receptor antibodies. Androgen-receptor protein purified to homogeneity in guanidine HCl required the presence of Zn2+ ions during the refolding to reconstitute its DNA-binding form; ZnCl2 was not, however, needed to restore the receptor's steroid-binding activity.

Animals↗
PubMed1992

Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) genomes and c-myc oncogene in oral Burkitt's lymphomas.

In addition to Burkitt's lymphomas, tentative evidence suggests the involvement of Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) in malignant lymphomas of T-cell origin. The c-myc proto-oncogene is strongly associated with the development of lymphoid neoplasias. In the present study, a series of 38 biopsies of oral lymphomas (29 Burkitt's lymphomas, 9 malignant lymphomas of other type) obtained from patients in Tanzania were studied using in situ hybridization (ISH) and polymerase chain reaction (PCR) for detection of EBV DNA and c-myc oncogene. In ISH applied on formalin-fixed, paraffin wax-embedded biopsies, the Bam HI W fragment of EBV DNA was used as the probe. Amplification of c-myc oncogene was studied by PCR with a primer set from Exon II area. As an internal standard beta-globin gene was simultaneously amplified. EBV DNA was disclosed by ISH in five Burkitt's lymphomas only. Using the PCR, 20 of the 29 cases (70%) of Burkitt's lymphomas showed amplification for EBV DNA. Of the other EBV-positive lymphomas, two were of the lymphocytic type (large non-cleaved cell), one histiocytic and one Burkitt's-like lymphoma. All EBV-positive cases found on the agarose gel were positive also with the dot blot, when hybridized with the 32P-labeled EBV Bam HI W-fragment probe. All lymphomas showed similar bands on the gel for c-myc and beta-globin indicating that no amplification of c-myc was present.

Burkitt Lymphoma↗
PubMed1991

A simple method for isolation of DNA from formalin-fixed paraffin-embedded samples for PCR.

A simple method of processing formalin-fixed, paraffin-embedded tissue sections for DNA amplification by polymerase chain reaction (PCR) is described. In this procedure, deparaffinized sections are readily subjected to DNA isolation simply by boiling and the released DNA can be directly employed for PCR. The method allows analysis of single-copy genes or viral sequences at least up to 300 base pairs long in one working day. This method is particularly useful in analysing retrospective materials when the simplicity and low cost of the assay are preferable. Furthermore, the simplicity of the procedure reduces the risk of contamination.

Base Sequence↗
PubMed1990

C-reactive protein in tibial fractures. Natural response to the injury and operative treatment.

Serial serum C-reactive protein (CRP) measurements were made, for three weeks, in 42 consecutive patients with solitary tibial fractures. The CRP response was related to the treatment: lower values were observed in 27 patients treated conservatively than in 15 operated patients. Open reduction and plating resulted in a greater response than closed intramedullary nailing. The timing of the CRP response was related to the timing of the treatment: the highest values were usually recorded two days after admission or operation. The timing of the operation did not affect the degree of CRP response. Neither the site, nor the type of fracture, nor the age of the patient played any role. Awareness of these natural CRP responses after fractures may help in the diagnosis of early post-traumatic and postoperative complications, especially infections.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1990

Self-assessment of gingival bleeding.

The benefit obtained from the use of a manual for self-assessment of gingival bleeding was evaluated among a group of Finnish army conscripts. After the baseline examination, performed by a dentist, three test groups self-assessed bleeding from their gums during toothbrushing and when cleaning between their teeth with a toothpick. The dentist re-examined the first test group 1 month, the second group 3 months and the third group 6 months after the self-assessment. Gingival bleeding among the test group subjects was compared with that of control group subjects who had been matched for number of bleeding sites at baseline. The self-assessed gingival bleeding was found to correlate with the clinical findings of bleeding. One and 3 months after the self-assessment the test groups had better gingival health than their respective control groups. Six months after the self-assessment, no difference in gingival health was found between the test and control groups. Observed gingival bleeding during the original self-assessment was found to be a positive predictive factor for the subsequent improvement in gingival health.

Dental Devices, Home Care↗
PubMed1988

Suppression of lymphocyte function with breast carcinoma I-active glycopeptides.

Patients with metastatic breast carcinoma (BCa) have defective peripheral blood lymphocyte (PBL) responsiveness to mitogenic and antigenic stimulation. In the following experiments, glycopeptides were isolated from the pronase digests of breast carcinoma tissue. After elution from Sephadex G-50, glycopeptides from BCa inhibited PBL responsiveness to mitogenic (PHA) stimulation. The glycopeptides contained blood group I-antigenic determinants. These experiments demonstrate the presence of blood group I-active peptides in breast carcinoma that suppress peripheral blood lymphocyte functions. Further studies are in progress.

Blood Group Antigens↗
PubMed1987

Clinical signs and laboratory tests in the differential diagnosis of arthritis in children.

To develop a scheme for primary diagnosis, we analyzed the clinical findings and laboratory test results in 278 children with arthritis by using univariate analysis and multivariate logistic regression analysis. An elevated C-reactive protein (CRP) value, a temperature above 38.5 degrees C, and a high white blood cell count were independent predictors for the diagnosis of septic joint infection in patients with acute monoarthritis. The presence of either of the first two signs had a sensitivity of 100% and a specificity of 87% for septic arthritis. Sixty-seven percent of all patients with arthritis were cured within two weeks from the onset of joint symptoms. In patients whose disease duration exceeded two weeks, a low CRP value, the absence of fever, and an elevated IgG value were independent predictors for the diagnosis of juvenile arthritis. Antinuclear antibodies had a specificity of 100% and a sensitivity of 25% for juvenile arthritis or other connective tissue diseases. We recommend that laboratory tests indicated for all children with joint symptoms include determinations of the erythrocyte sedimentation rate and the CRP value, both total and differential leukocyte counts, urinalysis, and a bacterial culture of a throat smear. When arthritis is prolonged or when enteroarthritis is suspected, tests for antinuclear antibodies and serum immunoglobulins, serologic tests for Yersinia and Salmonella, and stool bacterial cultures should be included.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1987

An immunosorbent assay for blood group I antigens in breast carcinoma.

Tumor cells elaborate and release into the circulation a variety of glycoproteins. An enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) was developed to monitor carbohydrate structures secreted into the circulation. Among these antigens are the structures specific for the blood group I antigens, which are incompletely converted to ABH antigens on the membranes of tumor cells. The I antigens in the sera of 67 women with breast carcinoma (BCa), 58 with benign breast disease (BBD), and 47 controls were measured by the ELISA. In this assay, I antigen from ovarian cyst mucin was bound to the wells of polystyrene microtiter plates. The monoclonal human anti-I antibody (Hy) was added to the wells along with perchloric acid extracts of patient and control sera at five different dilutions. The anti-I binding to the solid-phase I antigen was determined after incubation steps with peroxidase-labeled anti-human IgM and substrate. The amount of sera extracts giving 50% inhibition of anti-I (Hy) binding was determined from the inhibition curves which were corrected by integrating the slope values into that of the standard curve obtained with extracts of normal sera. The I antigens were significantly higher in pathologic stage (PS) IV sera (P less than 0.001), and comparable in PS I, PS II, and PS III and BBD sera to those in control sera. The anti-I (Hy) binds strongly Gal 1,4 GlcNAc 1,6 Gal (alpha GalNAc); Gal 1,4 GlcNAc 1,6 (Gal 1,4 GlcNAc 1,3) Gal; and to a lesser extent Gal 1,4 GlcNAc 1,3 Gal 1,4 GlcNAc (0.06, 0.09, and 0.35 mM, giving 50% inhibition, respectively). It was concluded that similar or related structures may be expressed on the membrane of metastatic BCa cells.

Antibodies, Neoplasm↗
PubMed1987

Use of CPITN cross-tabulations--a research perspective.

In earlier years, studies on the epidemiology of periodontal disease were often reported in the form of mean scores for the population studied. Use of the WHO recommended Community Periodontal Index of Treatment Needs (CPITN) has given important additional information, particularly about the distribution of indicators of current periodontal disease within various age groups of the population. In the analysis of survey data, the use of CPITN cross-tabulations has been found particularly promising for the assessment of both preventive and therapeutic needs. For example, in Finnish schoolchildren the proportion of subjects with two or more sextants scoring Code 2 for calculus increased from 0 per cent at age 7 to 5 per cent at age 12 and 9 per cent at age 17 years. In the same population, 0 per cent at 7, 1 per cent at 12, and 4 per cent at 17 years of age had one or more pockets measuring more than 3 mm. In another population, comprising dentate adults from rural Finland, the prevalence of Code 4 for 6 mm or deeper pockets increased from 1 per cent at age 25 to 6 per cent at age 35, 18 per cent at age 50, and 27 per cent at 65 years of age. An important additional observation was that a total of 58 per cent of those who had one or more Code 4's, had their advanced periodontal disease confined to only one sextant. The latter finding may prove useful when deciding between partial and full mouth examinations in future epidemiological studies.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1986

The effect of the inverted repeat structure on the production of the cloned Bacillus amyloliquefaciens alpha-amylase.

An inverted repeat structure from Bacillus natto preceding the Bacillus subtilis alpha-amylase gene has been suggested to be responsible for the enhancement of alpha-amylase production [Yamazaki et al. (1983) J. Bacteriol. 156, 327-337]. A similar inverted repeat region has also been found upstream from the Bacillus amyloliquefaciens alpha-amylase gene and shown to function as a transcription termination signal of an upstream operon of 2.2 X 10(3) bases (2.2 kb) (Kallio et al., following paper in this journal). The removal of this DNA region reduced the level of alpha-amylase production by 70% and led to concomitant formation of a readthrough transcript arising from the promoter of the 2.2-kb operon. To test whether the readthrough transcript affected the alpha-amylase production, the promoter of the 2.2-kb operon was removed from plasmid constructions carrying either intact or deleted inverted repeat sequences. When cultures carrying the above plasmids were assayed for alpha-amylase activity, both constructions produced equal amounts of alpha-amylase. Thus, the inverted repeat structure preceding the alpha-amylase promoter does not, as such, enhance the alpha-amylase production. Instead, its presence prevents the inhibition of alpha-amylase expression caused by the readthrough transcripts from the upstream promoter.

Bacillus↗
PubMed1986

Isolation and characterization of a 2.2-kb operon preceding the alpha-amylase gene of Bacillus amyloliquefaciens.

A DNA region of 2.8 X 10(3) base pairs (2.8 kb) upstream of the Bacillus amyloliquefaciens alpha-amylase gene has been isolated. This DNA gave rise to a 2.2-kb transcript. The 3' end of the transcript was mapped with S1 nuclease and shown to terminate 49 base pairs upstream of the -35 region of the alpha-amylase promoter. In B. subtilis minicells this 2.2-kb transcript coded for three different polypeptides, thus indicating a polycistronic operon-type structure. The location and the order of the polypeptides were established using DNA deletions. The joining of the 2.2-kb operon to the downstream alpha-amylase gene in the plasmid pUB110 did not have any significant effect on the level of expression of the alpha-amylase.

Bacillus↗