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Biomedical subjects

P Graham

Publications and source records attributed to P Graham.

At least 145 records · Page 8Linked to original sources
PubMed1983

Long-term effects of treatment in a pre-school day centre: a controlled study.

A five-year follow-up of 25 children who attended a psychiatric day centre for pre-school children is described. This group was compared at eight years of age with two matched control groups who had not received intensive treatment. There were few differences between the treated and untreated groups. Possible reasons for the findings are discussed and some methodological issues involved in carrying out evaluation studies are raised.

Attitude↗
PubMed1983

The effects of lead exposure on urban children: the Institute of Child Health/Southampton Study.

A study of the associations between level of tooth lead, behaviour, intelligence and a variety of other psychological skills was carried out in the child population aged six to seven years in three London boroughs. Tooth lead was estimated from the chemical analysis of shed teeth donated by children. 2663 (62.4 per cent) of the eligible children donated teeth. A study of the total population was carried out to see if those who donated teeth were representative of that population. There were small but consistent and statistically significant differences--tooth-givers being of slightly higher intelligence and showing fewer behaviour problems. 403 children, selected on the basis of their tooth-lead levels and social class, were studied more intensively. They were classified into six pre-arranged groups--high, medium and low tooth-lead levels, with each lead group divided into two social groups, manual and non-manual. The parents of these children were intensively interviewed in their homes regarding parental interest and attitudes to education, family characteristics and relationships, the early history of the child and the child's physical environment. The intelligence of the mother was measured. The child was then studied in school using tests of intelligence, educational attainment and other cognitive tasks. Teachers and parents completed standardised behaviour questionnaires. The results showed that intelligence and other psychological measures were strongly related to social factors, especially social grouping. Lead level was linked to a variety of factors in the home, especially the level of cleanliness, and to a lesser extent, maternal smoking. There was no significant link between lead level and behaviour, though when rated by teachers, but not by parents, there were small and reasonably consistent non-significant tendencies for high-lead children to show more difficult behaviour. Before social factors were controlled for, there were significant differences between the lead groups in measures of intelligence and two other psychological tests, the children in the high-lead groups performing worse. Once a number of social factors had been taken into account, the differences between the three lead groups (high, medium and low) became small and statistically nonsignificant, although they remained in the same direction.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)

Child↗
PubMed1982

Temperament: a consideration of concepts and methods.

This paper discusses conceptual issues and begins with a consideration of definitions of temperament. It is suggested that the purposes for which temperament has been studied have, to some degree, dictated methods used and inferences drawn. Those psychopathologists interested in the relationship between temperament and psychiatric disorder, or emotional and behavioural disturbance, have tended to use different methods from those more concerned with delineating the structure of personality. Some issues and problems are common to both approaches, e.g. the definition of behaviour reflecting temperament in terms of style rather than content. Other issues, such as the difficulty involved in drawing a clear distinction between temperamental attributes and mental disorders, are restricted to one approach. The relative contribution of gentic and environmental effects is of interest to both psychopathologists (who wish to examine this issue in relation to the development of the individual), and to psychologists (who are usually more concerned with populations or aggregate effects). The application of biometric genetic models might clarify this issue, and various suggestions are made regarding steps that need to be taken if such models are to be successfully applied.

Biometry↗
PubMed1982

Evaluation of CSF shunt patency by means of technetium-99m DTPA.

Evaluation of 192 cerebrospinal fluid shunts was performed using 1 mCi of technetium-99m DTPA which was injected into the shunt tubing. This was found to be a safe, simple method of evaluating shunt patency. No complications were noted with this procedure, nor was there any documented case of infection related to the injection of the isotope. The sensitivity of the test for evaluation of patency was 97%, specificity 90%, and accuracy 93%. Various patterns of tracer clearance are noted and discussed. The role on this test as an aid in making management decisions is detailed.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1981

Glycosylation of apolipoproteins by cultured rat hepatocytes. Effect of tunicamycin on lipoprotein secretion.

Cultured rat hepatocytes were used to measure hepatic synthesis of rat plasma glycoproteins. [3H]Glucosamine was progressively incorporated into the protein of hepatocyte culture media very-low-density lipoprotein, low-density lipoprotein, high-density lipoprotein and the p greater than 1.21 g/ml fraction after 3.5 and 6.5 h incubation. Apolipoproteins B, E and C, as well as transferrin, were identified as glycoproteins. The association of radioactivity with apolipoprotein C of hepatocyte very-low-density and high-density lipoproteins suggests that apolipoprotein C-III-3, the only C apoglycoprotein in the rat, is synthesized de novo by the hepatocytes. Treatment of hepatocytes with tunicamycin, a specific inhibitor of protein glycosylation, resulted in a substantial decrease in [3H]glucosamine incorporation into hepatocyte very-low-density, low-density and high-density lipoproteins and p greater than 1.21 g/ml protein, but had little or no effect on secretion. In the rat, hepatic secretion of lipoproteins and transferrin does not appear to be dependent on prior protein glycosylation.

Animals↗
PubMed1978

A controlled evaluation of the therapeutic effectiveness of a psychiatric day centre for pre-school children.

The progress over one year of 25 children aged 2 1/2 to 3 1/2 years attending a psychiatric day centre was compared with that of 25 similarly disturbed 3-year-old children identified in a total population study. There were few differences in outcome, and thost that were found did not particularly favour either group. Implications for the organization of treatment servides are discussed in terms of the need to lay down clear objectives and to pursue systematic controlled evaluation.

Adult↗
PubMed1978

How much child psychiatry does a general practitioner do?

Eleven general practitioners recorded information on relevant psychological and social factors on 1,127 consecutive attendances of children and adolescents under the age of 18 years. The proportion of 'pure' psychological problems was low (3.5 per cent of all attendances), but in 25.7 per cent of attendances a psychological component to the presenting problem existed. Non-specific 'emotional' problems were the most frequent psychological symptoms noted, but management problems in infancy and early childhood were also common. There were significant differences between practitioners in the proportion of 'purely physical' diagnoses made and in action taken at the time of attendance. The findings suggest that paediatric training of general practitioners should contain a considerable child psychiatric component.

Adolescent↗