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Biomedical subjects

P Graham

Publications and source records attributed to P Graham.

At least 127 records · Page 7Linked to original sources
PubMed1987

Temperament and psychiatric disorder: the genetic contribution to behaviour in childhood.

The studies stemming from the New York longitudinal study of temperament in childhood are summarised and conceptual difficulties and problems arising from them are described. An alternative model of temperament provided by Buss and Plomin is also considered. Finally, a new typology of temperament is proposed. It is based on the suggestion that ordinary, non-pathological behaviours, in extreme form, can be viewed as manifestations of emotional disorder, hyperactivity and antisocial disorder. Empirical evidence derived both from twin studies and from epidemiological investigations is put forward to support this view.

Child↗
PubMed1987

A twin study of genetic influences on reading and spelling ability and disability.

The reading skills of 285 pairs of 13-year-old twins drawn from the general population were studied. The twins were independently tested using standardized measures of intelligence, reading and spelling ability. The genetic contribution to reading ability was assessed by examination of correlations in monozygotic (MZ) and same-sex dizygotic (DZ) twins, and by analysing differences between MZ and DZ twins in concordance of reading disability rates. The results suggested that, at this age, genetic factors play only a moderate role in general reading backwardness or specific reading retardation. However, when spelling ability was investigated, a heritability of 0.53 was obtained, increasing to 0.75 when intelligence was controlled. Strong genetic influences on spelling were also found when concordance rates for spelling disability were compared for MZ and DZ pairs.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1987

Operationalizing a nursing philosophy.

A traditional philosophy statement can be transformed into a positioning statement that articulates a "vision" for a department of nursing and provides a framework when planning to thrive rather than merely survive in today's changing and competitive health care environment. Internal and external forces appropriately assessed enable nurse executives to empower staff to respond proactively to change and prepare for the future.

Hospital Bed Capacity, 100 to 299↗
PubMed1986

Flap wounds.

Explore the source record for details and available documents.

Graft Survival↗
PubMed1985

Research issues in child abuse.

Research into child abuse and its interpretation has been bedevilled by controversy over questions of definition and appropriate approaches. It is suggested in this paper that different questions require different approaches, and that the use of both sociological and medical models may be justified depending on the nature of the research issue. Possible future social science research activity based on this distinction is described in relation to definition, the acceptability of violence in society, the perception of punishment, the establishment of standards of care and decision-making by professionals. Specific recommendations concerning future research into prevention and treatment using a more medical approach are also outlined.

Child↗
PubMed1985

Topical sodium cromoglycate in the management of atopic eczema--a controlled trial.

A double-blind, group comparison trial of a topical cream containing 4% sodium cromoglycate (SCG) was undertaken in forty-six patients with chronic atopic eczema. A statistically significant improvement was seen after 9 weeks in the actively treated patients compared with the placebo group. However, in general, no benefit was observed in severe eczema, perhaps due in some part to the seemingly late onset of action of SCG. Measurement of total serum IgE before and after the trial showed an increase in levels which was apparently unrelated to treatment with SCG or placebo or to a change in severity of the eczema. The amount of SCG in the urine was small and very variable, indicating low percutaneous absorption. The calculated bioavailability ranged from 0.01% to 2.75% of the applied dose. These results together with follow-up studies suggest that topical SCG as a long-term measure may be useful in the management of mild or moderately severe eczema, reducing the frequency of acute exacerbations.

Administration, Topical↗
PubMed1985

Psychology and the health of children.

Inappropriate behaviour and adverse social circumstances in childhood are responsible for a high proportion of physical morbidity and mortality not only in childhood itself but also in later life. Evidence is provided to support this statement, and the processes whereby social adversity in childhood lead to later ill health are considered. Recent evidence suggesting that, contrary to popular belief, health promotion in childhood could substantially reduce the prevalence of physical morbidity is reviewed. Emphasis is placed on the part played by techniques based on cognitive-behavioural approaches in the recent more successful examples of health promotion.

Accident Prevention↗
PubMed1985

Behaviour problems and language abilities at three years and behavioural deviance at eight years.

A representative sample of 535 children were followed up from their third to their eighth birthday using measures of language ability and behaviour. At age 8 yr it was found that there were significantly more boys with behavioural deviance than girls, and that children from manual social class backgrounds also showed more behavioural deviance. The only difference between the immigrant and non-immigrant children was a less frequent occurrence of neurotic deviance in the immigrant group. It was found that behaviour problems at age 3 yr were strongly related to behavioural deviance at school at age 8 yr, particularly for boys. This medium-term stability in behaviour problems had not been found in previous studies looking at younger children. A low score on a measure of language structure at age 3 yr was found to be related to a high rate of neurotic deviance at age 8 yr even when behaviour at age 3 yr was controlled. The implications of these findings for the early identification and intervention with children at risk for later behaviour deviance are discussed.

Antisocial Personality Disorder↗
PubMed1984

A study of hypoallergenic diets and oral sodium cromoglycate in the management of atopic eczema.

Twenty-nine atopic children aged 3-12 years were given elimination diets for 3 weeks, individual groups of foods being then reintroduced over 6 weeks. Most children improved whilst dieting and relapsed on return to normal food intake. In all but 4 cases some food group which caused exacerbation of symptoms was identified, fruits and colourings proving more of a problem than milk and eggs. Taking into account these suspected food allergens, tailored diets were designed for each child. Using these diets the group participated in a double-blind crossover trial of oral sodium cromoglycate (SCG) versus placebo. Twenty-two patients completed the trial. The results indicated that tailored diets were of value in the management of eczema but SCG did not produce a significant additional effect. At follow-up 1 year later most children were adhering to their diet; thirteen were better and only three worse. Children who had initially continued using SCG had stopped it; no accompanying change in their eczema was noticed. A considerable reduction in the use of topical steroids was observed, in marked contrast to previous requirements. Sequential measurements of total serum IgE (PRIST) showed variable changes apparently unrelated to recent SCG therapy. There was little agreement between skin prick tests and specific IgE (RAST) to corresponding foods. Correlation between RAST and food challenge was poor for positive results (r = 0.39) but good for negative results (r = 0.99).

Administration, Oral↗
PubMed1984

Epidemiological study of psychiatric disorder in adolescent girls: preliminary communication.

A two-stage general population study of affective disorder and problems of eating control in 15-19-year-old girls is in progress, the sample being identified by the use of general practitioners' age-sex registers. So far, 244 girls and their mothers have been interviewed and have independently completed questionnaires relating to mood and appetite control. The girls completed questionnaires both on themselves and on their mothers, and their mothers on themselves and on their daughters. Significant correlations between self-rating and rating of the other person were obtained in all cases, with agreement on the daughters' mood being higher in non-manual couples.

Adolescent↗