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Biomedical subjects

P Goddard

Publications and source records attributed to P Goddard.

At least 73 records · Page 4Linked to original sources
PubMed1986

Pre-operative assessment of local invasion in rectal cancer: digital examination, endoluminal sonography or computed tomography?

Forty-four patients with primary rectal cancers and six patients with benign rectal lesions were examined pre-operatively digitally, with endorectal sonography (ELU) and also computed tomography (CT). Digital examination of the rectal cancers had an overall accuracy of 68 per cent and predicted invasion beyond the muscularis propria with a sensitivity of 68 per cent, specificity of 83 per cent, positive predictive value of 100 per cent and negative predictive value of 46 per cent. In comparison CT had an accuracy of 82 per cent, sensitivity of 86 per cent, specificity of 62 per cent, positive predictive value of 91 per cent and negative predictive value of 50 per cent. ELU was the most reliable indicator of local invasion in rectal cancer when compared with postoperative histopathology with an accuracy of 91 per cent, sensitivity of 94 per cent, specificity of 87 per cent, positive predictive value of 97 per cent and negative predictive value of 78 per cent.

Aged↗
PubMed1986

Endorectal sonography: laboratory and clinical experience in Bristol.

The normal echographic pattern produced by the colon and rectum has been investigated in vitro. Five basic ultrasonic layers or interfaces have clearly been identified; a first echogenic layer produced by the mucosa, then an echopoor layer representing the mucosa and muscularis mucosae, an echogenic layer which was submucosa, echopoor layer which was muscularis propria and an echogenic layer which was either pararectal fat or serosa. The effectiveness of endoluminal ultrasound (ELU) in the pre-operative staging of rectal cancer has been assessed in a group of 67 patients who were also, where possible, graded by digital examination and in some cases computer aided tomography (CT) (33 patients). Digital examination had an overall accuracy of 50% and could predict invasion beyond or confinement to the rectal with an accuracy of 64%. ELU is a highly accurate method for staging local invasion and when compared to post-operative histopathology had an overall correlation coefficient of 0.88 (p less than 0.001) (Rank Spearman). Our overall accuracy was 91% and it could predict invasion beyond the muscularis propria with a sensitivity of 96%, specificity of 94% and positive predictive value of 98%. In the cohort studied by both radiological techniques ELU was more accurate than CT where overall accuracy was 79%, sensitivity was 84%, specificity was 63% and the positive predictive value was 88%.

Humans↗
PubMed1986

Pleural effusion causing unmatched ventilation defects in ventilation and perfusion scanning.

In a survey of patients who had chest radiographs and ventilation and perfusion radionuclide scans, 20 patients had pleural thickening or effusion. Defects of ventilation unmatched with defects of perfusion occurred in 13 of the 20. This usually occurred if the fluid was freely mobile and was a result of the procedure adopted for imaging. Upon injection in the supine position, labelled albumin microspheres were trapped in the areas perfused at that time. Since, in this position, the effusion moved posteriorly, the bases of the lungs were better perfused than the dependent areas. On imaging in the erect position when the effusion was subpulmonary, the microspheres remained in the base but the ventilation was reduced, resulting in a mismatch in the basal regions. This appearance could be misinterpreted.

Humans↗
PubMed1985

Indications for ultrasound of the chest.

Although ultrasound of the thorax has been used mainly for studying the heart, it is also of value for the examination of pathologic conditions in the chest other than cardiac disease and can be used to complement the diagnostic information obtained by other imaging techniques. In addition, ultrasound of the lower thorax is frequently performed "inadvertently" when the upper abdomen, the liver, and the heart are being examined sonographically. Pathologic lesions in the chest may be seen during such examinations and it is therefore important to be familiar with their appearances.

Diaphragm↗
PubMed1977

Drip breast milk: it's composition, collection and pasteurization.

"Drip breast milk" is that milk which spontaneously drips from the contralateral breask during the suckling of an infant. Biochemically and immunologically, pooled drip milk resembled pooled mature expressed breast milk, although it has a lower fat concentration. About 15% of lactating women are capable of producing drip milk; volumes produced are up to 188 ml/donor/day. A milk bank is described which processes 1400 liters of drip milk/yr. Heat treatment of this milk with a semi-automated holder pasteurizer caused a 21% reduction in IgA concentration and a 36% reduction in lysozyme activity, as well as a decrease in the ability of the milk to inhibit the growth of E. coli. In comparison with boiling, pasteurization was as effective in reducing total bacterial content provided the milk initially contained fewer than 10(6) bacteria/ml.

Electrolytes↗
PubMed1976

Clostridia isolated from faeces.

Clostridia were isolated from human faecal samples from England, Scotland, Wales, USA, Hong Kong, Uganda and Japan. Strains were identified on the basis of various biochemical reactions and on the type of fatty acid produced from glucose. Analysis of these acids was by gas-liquid chromatography. Clostridium paraputrificum was common in stool samples from England, Scotland, Wales, and USA, but rare in samples from Hong Kong, Uganda and Japan.

Adult↗
PubMed1975

The nuclear dehydrogenation of steroids by intestinal bacteria.

We have postulated that bacteria able to dehydrogenate the bile-acid nucleus are important in the aetiology of cancer of the colon. In this paper we report on screening for the ability to carry out two such reactions. The relevant enzymes are produced by a high proportion of strains of Clostridium paraputrificum, C. tertium and C. indolis, and by small numbers of strains in other clostridial species, but not by organisms of the other genera tested. Strains able to dehydrogenate the bile-acid nucleus represent a high proportion of the lecithinase-negative clostridia isolated from faeces of people living in Britain but a low proportion of those from people living in Uganda or Hong Kong.

Androstenedione↗