Lung irritance and inflammation during and after exposures to thermal decomposition products from polymeric materials.
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Animals↗
Biomedical subjects
P Buckley
Publications and source records attributed to P Buckley.
Haemodialyser reuse: impact on function and biocompatibility.
The functional performance (clearance of small molecules, ultrafiltration and blood loss) and biocompatibility (haemodialysis leucopenia) has been studied for disposable flat plate and hollow fibre haemodialysers utilizing Cuprophan membranes on their first use, and compared with that obtained when reusing by a manual and automated technique. The results obtained relating to functional performance remain unchanged with the exception of blood loss which shows an increase compared with first use. Biocompatibility is modified on reuse but only if the membrane has not been exposed to a rinsing process using sodium hypochlorite.
Humans↗
Dialysis leucopenia--no correction after prolonged washing of the membrane.
Re-use of hemodialysers diminishes the extent of leucopenia observed during hemodialysis. A possible cause of this change is the prolonged washing of the membrane by an aqueous solution on both sides and by protein contained solutions on the blood side which removes some substance from the membrane which affects leucocytes directly or by activation of complement. A series of studies to test this hypothesis were performed using two hemodialysis membranes -Cuprophan (Enka AG) and Cellulate (Cordis Dow Corporation) and the results obtained demonstrate no elution of any water soluble substance from the dialyser membrane.
Humans↗
Identifying schizophrenic patients who should not receive medication.
There is clinical research evidence that there exists a subgroup of schizophrenic patients who should not be treated with neuroleptics. To date there has been no reliable method of identifying these patients. Systematic predictive studies of different subjective experiences of schizophrenia are suggested as a method of elucidating who should or should not receive medication. The studies should focus on patients' psychological experience and attitude toward the illness both during the acute phase and recovery from psychosis and examine their relationship to clinical outcome. Such studies may have utility in developing psychological "markers" for treatment of subtypes.
Antipsychotic Agents↗
Learning dynamic psychotherapy: a longitudinal study.
The authors investigated the evolution of psychotherapeutic skills over time in a group of psychiatric residents in their third year of training. A 29-item Supervisors Evaluation Scale measuring psychotherapy skills was developed. Each resident who began his or her clinical experience in conducting individual analytically oriented psychotherapy was rated by his or her supervisors on this scale toward the beginning of training and again 8 months later. Statistically significant changes were found for 7 of the skills measured. The authors feel that these may reflect those aspects of psychotherapy which the beginning therapist can readily learn with supervision and experience.
Attitude of Health Personnel↗
Mystical experience and schizophrenia.
Autobiographical accounts of acute mystical experience and schizophrenia are compared in order to examine the similarities between the two states. The appearance of a powerful sense of noesis, heightening of perception, feelings of communion with the "divine," and exultation may be common to both. The disruption of thought seen in the acute psychoses is not a component of the accounts of mystical experience reviewed by the author, and auditory hallucinations are less common than visual hallucinations in the mystical state. The ease with which elements of the acute mystical experience can be induced in possession cults or in an experimental situation suggests that the capacity for such an altered state experience may be latently present in many people. It is postulated that there is a limited repertoire of response within the nervous system for altered state experiences such as acute psychosis and mystical experience, even though the precipitants and etiology may be quite different.
Delusions↗
Psychotherapy skill profiles of psychiatric residents.
A survey of experienced clinicians has suggested that negative outcomes of psychotherapy may be related to misapplications or deficiencies of technique. The present study was, therefore, concerned with two questions: a) does the more competent psychiatric resident have a different profile of therapeutic skills from the less competent resident; and b) are the more competent residents more aware of their own behavior with patients than less competent residents? To answer these questions, a Supervisors' Evaluation Scale and a parallel Psychotherapy Self-Evaluation Scale were developed, and their reliability, content, and discriminant validities were established on the basis of their use with a group of psychiatric residents being supervised in an outpatient clinic. Results demonstrated that the more and less competent trainees, selected on the basis of global ratings, differed significantly on almost every item of the Supervisors' Evaluation Scale, but did not differ on most of the items of the Psychotherapy Self-Evaluation Scale. Residents reported it to be particularly difficult to deal with patients' aggression and acting out behavior, fee setting and collecting, and understanding the patients' defensive structures. The rating scales can be used to assist in supervision by assessing the level of acquired skills in psychotherapy, and can also be used to help identify special areas of strengths and weaknesses.
Ambulatory Care↗
An inbred strain of rats with a high incidence of squamous-cell carcinomas of the mouth.
Intra-oral squamous-cell carcinomas occurred in over 50% of the HMT inbred strain of rats. In the outbred stock from which it was derived the incidence was 5% or less, both when inbreeding was begun and after the inbred strain was fully established. Various factors in food and husbandry which might have irritated the oral mucosa were investigated, but there was no signficiant evidence that they played any part in the high incidence of mouth tumours. It is concluded that there must have been an accidental selection during inbreeding in favour of rats which had an inherited tendency to develop squamous-cell carcinoma of the mouth. There are a number of similarities between the rat tumour and intra-oral squamous-cell carcinoma in man and it is suggested that the rat tumour could be used as a model of the human disease.
Animals↗
The carcinogenic effect of localized fission fragment irradiation of rat lung.
In a preliminary investigation of 'hot particle' carcinogenesis uranium oxide particles were introduced into the lungs of rats either by intubation of a liquid suspension of the particles or by inhalation of an aerosol. Subsequently the animals were briefly exposed to slow neutrons in a nuclear reactor, resulting in localized irradiation of the lung by fission fragments emitted from 235U atoms in the oxide particles. The uranium used in the intubation experiments was either enriched or depleted in 235U. Squamous cell carcinomas developed at the site of deposition of the enriched uranium oxide in many cases but no lung tumours occurred in the rats with the depleted uranium oxide, in which the lung tissue was exposed to very few fission fragments. Only enriched uranium oxide was used in the inhalation experiments. Pulmonary squamous cell carcinomas occurred after the fission fragment irradiation but were fewer than in the intubation experiments. Adenocarcinomas of the lung were seen in rats exposed to uranium oxide without subsequent irradiation by neutrons in the reactor and in rats irradiated with neutrons but not previously exposed to uranium oxide. It is concluded that (i) fission fragments were possibly implicated in the genesis of the squamous cell carcinomas, which only developed in those animals exposed to enriched uranium oxide and neutrons and (ii) the adenocarcinomas in the rats inhaling enriched uranium oxide only were likely to have been caused by protracted irradiation of the lung with alpha-rays emitted from the enriched uranium.
Adenocarcinoma↗
Therapists' recognition of psychopathology: a model for quality review of psychotherapy.
In this study 32 randomly selected psychiatric emergency room patients, who were in concurrent psychotherapy, completed the SCL-90 and a clinically oriented questionnaire. Their therapists independently rated the patients' degree of psychopathology on the nine SCL-90 symptom scales. Therapists were highly efficient in recognizing depression (94% of the cases) and anxiety (89%) but not psychotic (35%) and obsessive-complusive (16%) pathology. Variables significantly associated with the therapists' nonrecognition of psychopathology were the diagnosis of borderline, the patient's expression of inadequacy in comparison to the therapist, the patient's fear of offending the therapist, and the patient wanting but not receiving empathy from the therapist. The authors discuss the implications of these findings for peer review and further research.
Adult↗
Two-year follow-up of a peer review training program for residents.
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Humans↗
Large group influence for decreased drug use: findings from two contemporary religious sects.
This paper reports on studies designed to clarify the role of large cohesive groups in effecting diminished drug use among their members. Subjects were drawn from two contemporary religious sects and data were obtained by administering self-report questionnaires under controlled conditions, in cooperation with the sects' leadership. Data which bear directly on changes in drug use are reported here. Members of the Divine Light Mission (DLM), many of whom had been involved in the "counterculture" of the early 1970s, reported incidence of drug use prior to joining which was much above that of a nonmember comparison group. Reported levels were considerably lower after joining, and the decline was maintained over an average membership of 2 years. Unification Church (UC) members showed a similar pattern but their drug use began at a somewhat lower level and declined further still; this reflects a stricter stance toward illicit intoxicants in the UC, and relatively less openness to transcendental altered consciousness, which is an integral part of DLM meditation. Data from persons registered for UC recruitment workshops corroborated retrospective reports of the long-standing members. Changes in the consumption of tranquilizers were also considered. Data on caffeine consumption reflected less strict commitment to controls over this agent. The decline in drug use was considered in relation to feelings of social cohesiveness toward fellow group members, which was a significant predictor of change in drug use in multiple regression analysis. The findings are examined in relation to the interplay between behavioral norms in a close-knit subculture and the role of its beliefs and values in determining levels of drug use.
Adult↗
Theory and practice in psychotherapy: some contradictions in expressed belief and reported practice.
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Acting Out↗
Mystical experience, spiritual knowledge, and a contemporary ecstatic religion.
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Adult↗
Common mistakes in psychotherapy.
To better monitor the psychotherapy training of psychiatric residents and to understand therapist factors involved in a negative outcome to psychotherapy, the authors surveyed 20 supervisors on the frequency of mistakes made by resident therapists. Among the mistakes most commonly made were wanting to be liked by patients, premature interpretations, overuse of intellectualization, inability to tolerate patients' aggression, and avoidance of fee setting. The authors conclude that the mitigation of the most common errors requires open discussion of countertransference issues.
Clinical Competence↗
Altered states of consciousness during psychotherapy: a historical and cultural perspective.
This paper reviews the frequent phenomenon of altered states of consciousness in disparate cultural psychotherapeutic contexts. The historical antecedents of contemporary Western psychodynamic psychotherapy are examined and the central importance of altered states in the therapeutic effects of religious institutions such as the Dionysian rite and the Asclepia is illustrated. The continued presence of this phenomenon in Western psychotherapy from Mesmerism to psychoanalysis is shown. The use of trance states in the healing rituals of non-Western societies is culturally variegated therapeutic settings. The ubiquitous nature of the altered state phenomenon in such widely varied cultural contexts suggests the possibility of its being a universal component of psychotherapy.
Austria↗
Chronic non-infective conjunctivitis in rabbits.
A high proportion (36%) of rabbits in a long-term experiment developed a severe chronic purulent conjunctivitis. Bacteriological examination failed to reveal an organism common to all cases, and the condition was only partially controlled by a neomycin and hydrocortisone eye ointment. Cutting down the possibility of hay dust entering the rabbits' eyes led to marked improvement: the conjunctivitis was virtually eliminated when hay was given in a specially-designed solid-sided hopper which prevented the release of dust during feeding and which, being detachable, could be refilled away from the rabbit rooms to minimize general atmospheric dust.
Animal Feed↗
A high incidence of abdominal pregnancy in the Djungarian hamster (Phodopus sungorus).
Eight animals with abdominal fetuses were found in a relatively small colony of Djungarian hamsters. All the fetuses were macerated. Some had remains of an amniotic sac with an umbilical attachment to a placenta adherent to the peritoneum, but others were without placental remains. Gross and histological examinations failed to reveal any ruptures of the uterus or oviducts. It was not possible to decide whether the abdominal pregnancies were primary or secondary.
Animals↗