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Biomedical subjects

P Boyle

Publications and source records attributed to P Boyle.

At least 289 records · Page 16Linked to original sources
PubMed1992

Tea consumption and cancer risk.

The relationship between tea consumption and cancer risk has been analyzed using data from an integrated series of case-control studies conducted in northern Italy between 1983 and 1990. The dataset included 119 histologically confirmed cancers of the oral cavity and pharynx, 294 of the esophagus, 564 of the stomach, 673 of the colon, 406 of the rectum, 258 of the liver, 41 of the gallbladder, 303 of the pancreas, 149 of the larynx, 2,860 of the breast, 567 of the endometrium, 742 of the ovary, 107 of the prostate, 365 of the bladder, 147 of the kidney, 120 of the thyroid, and a total of 6,147 controls admitted to hospital for acute nonneoplastic conditions unrelated to long-term dietary modifications. Multivariate relative risks (RR) for tea consumption were derived after allowance for age, sex, area of residence, education, smoking, and coffee consumption. All the estimates for tea consumption were close to unity, the highest values being 1.4 for rectum, gallbladder, and endometrium. There was no association with cancers of the oral cavity (RR = 0.6), esophagus (RR = 1.0), stomach (RR = 1.0), bladder (RR = 0.8), kidney (RR = 1.1), prostate (RR = 0.9), or any other site considered. Although in northern Italy tea was consumed daily by only a limited proportion of the population, this integrated series of studies offers further reassuring evidence on the relationship between tea and cancer risk.

Adult↗
PubMed1992

Recent advances in epidemiology of head and neck cancer.

Cancer of the oral cavity is an important contributor to the overall international cancer burden, especially in the developing countries. Smoking cessation, moderation of alcohol consumption, and increased consumption of fruits, and probably vegetables, have been identified by epidemiologic studies as three actions that could lead to the prevention of approximately three fourths of cases in Western countries. Similar effects could be brought about in developing countries through cessation of cigarette smoking and, where appropriate, betel quid chewing and increased consumption of fruits and vegetables. Since this disease is increasing in frequency in many countries, it is important to implement these health education messages. A similar situation holds true for larynx cancer. Clearly many head and neck cancers are preventable and it is worth repeating that prevention should become an epidemiologic priority. There are exciting prospects of effective chemoprevention opportunities in head and neck cancer, with a number of compounds having activity. Further developments in this important area are awaited.

Alcohol Drinking↗
PubMed1992

Lipopolysaccharide, tumor necrosis factor, and interleukin-1 interact to cause hypotension.

Lipopolysaccharide (LPS) causes the syndrome of septic shock by initiating the release of endogenous mediators such as tumor necrosis factor (TNF) and interleukin-1 (IL-1) from macrophages. Hypotension is one of the important clinical features of septic shock; however, TNF is only hypotensive in high doses. Therefore we have investigated the interactions of low, nonhypotensive doses of LPS, IL-1, and TNF in the restrained unanesthetized rabbit. Combinations of nonhypotensive doses of TNF, IL-1, and LPS produced significant (p less than 0.05) decreases in blood pressure as compared with doses of each of the substances alone. TNF bioactivity in animals that were made hypotensive with combinations of TNF, IL-1, and LPS was lower than in animals that were made hypotensive with TNF alone. This suggests that TNF release that is stimulated by LPS is not the sole cause of the hypotension that is seen in this model of endotoxic shock. In this model, interactions of LPS, IL-1, and TNF occur and may explain hypotension during some episodes of sepsis.

Animals↗
PubMed1991

Life-time history of smoking and exocrine carcinoma of the pancreas: a population-based case-control study in The Netherlands.

From 1984 to 1988 a population-based case-control study was carried out in the Netherlands in collaboration with the International Agency for Research on Cancer, to examine the possible relationship between habitual, life-time consumption of varieties of tobacco and exocrine pancreatic carcinoma in 176 cases and 487 controls. An interviewer-administered questionnaire was used to list major life events and obtain estimates of usual frequency of tobacco consumption throughout life. About 58% of patients were interviewed directly. After adjustment for age, gender, response status, energy intake and consumption of vegetables compared with never-smokers, a positive dose-response effect of smoking of life-time number of total cigarettes, i.e. non-filter and filter, emerged (OR 1.00, 1.35, 1.40 and 2.10, p-value trend less than 0.05). Results of simultaneous estimation of the effects of life-time smoking of non-filter and filter cigarettes suggest that the effect was present primarily in non-filter cigarettes. The dose-response relationship was present in current smokers only. Compared with never-smokers, the risk pattern among relatively recent quitters, i.e. 2 to 14 years previously, still suggested a positive effect of past smoking (OR for low smokers 1.99, 95% CI 0.79-4.99 and for high smokers 1.69, 95% CI 0.63-4.58). The risk of quitting 15 years or more could be examined in the low smoking group only and was no different from those who had never smoked (OR 1.02, 95% CI 0.47-2.20). In brief, our results suggest that, independent of usual past intake of energy and vegetables, life-time smoking of cigarettes influences the development of exocrine pancreatic cancer, whereas cessation of smoking of cigarettes for 15 years or more reduces the risk to the levels found among those who have never smoked.

Adult↗
PubMed1991

Cancer mortality in the USSR, 1986-88.

Mortality rates in the USSR for the major cancer sites have been computed for the period 1986-88 from official numbers of certified deaths and population estimates provided by the World Health Organization databank, and compared with rates for 26 other European countries. Among males, elevated mortality rates (age-adjusted, world standard) were observed for cancer of the oral cavity and pharynx (6.6/100,000), oesophagus (8.4/100,000) and larynx (6.8/100,000). Mortality from cancer of the stomach (38.4/100,000 males and 16.5/100,000 females, for a total of 87,000 deaths per year) was the highest in Europe. Likewise, overall lung cancer rates among males (61.0/100,000, for over 77,000 deaths per year) were among the highest in Europe, and showed substantial rises over the last 2 decades. Lung cancer mortality in females was comparatively low (6.9/100,000), and increased only moderately. Rates for cancers of the intestine (14.6/100,000 males and 10.6/100,000 females) and of the female breast (12.9/100,000) were comparatively low as compared to most other European countries, and those for prostatic cancer (5.9/100,000) were the lowest registered in Europe. In contrast, mortality for cancer of the uterus (9.7/100,000) was among the highest in Europe, probably due to high mortality from cervical cancer. Priorities for cancer control in the Soviet Union are thus reduction of consumption of tobacco and alcohol, which largely explain the high rates for lung and upper digestive and respiratory sites, improvements in diet composition and food storage to reduce the substantial excess of stomach cancer, and rational screening for cervical cancer.

Adult↗
PubMed1991

Pooled analysis of 3 European case-control studies: I. Reproductive factors and risk of epithelial ovarian cancer.

The role of reproductive factors in the aetiology of epithelial ovarian cancer has been re-assessed in a meta-analysis of 3 hospital-based case-control studies conducted in Europe (i.e. Italy, the United Kingdom and Greece), providing a total dataset of 1,140 cases and 2,724 controls. Multiple logistic regression models were used to obtain relative risk (RR) estimates adjusted for study centre, age, socio-cultural indicators, age at menopause, and oral contraceptive use. The risk decreased with increasing number of births and the trend in risk was significant (chi 2(1) = 7.50, p less than 0.01). In comparison to nulliparous women, those who reported 4 or more births had a 40% reduction in risk of ovarian cancer (RR = 0.6, 95% confidence interval, CI: 0.4-0.8). An RR estimate of 1.4 (95% CI: 1.1-1.7) as found, overall, for age of 35 or more at first birth compared to age of 25 or less at first birth. In each stratum and overall, nulliparous women did not appear to be at increased risk compared to those who delayed birth of their first child until age 35 or more. In each study, as well as in the overall dataset, an inverse association between number of abortions and ovarian cancer risk emerged. Overall, the inverse relationship was highly significant, RR estimates for 1 and 2 or more abortions, as compared to none, being 0.9 (95% CI: 0.8 and 1.1) and 0.7 (95% CI: 0.6-0.9) respectively. The effects of parity, age at first birth and number of abortions emerged consistently in various strata of study centre and age.

Abortion, Spontaneous↗
PubMed1991

A case-control study of diet and cancer of the pancreas.

In a population-based case-control study carried out in Adelaide, South Australia, during the years 1984-1987, the diets of 104 cases of cancer of the pancreas 1 year prior to diagnosis were compared with the diets of 253 community controls. A quantitative food-frequency questionnaire was used to assess usual dietary intakes of 179 food items. Cases were compared with controls in terms of both the amounts of individual food items consumed and the estimated contributions of 48 nutrients to the diet. Food items consumed more by cases than controls included boiled eggs and omelettes as well as a number of items that could be collectively described as sweet and fatty. Food items consumed less by cases than controls included several vegetables and fruits. Conditional logistic regression analysis of nutrient intake adjusted for total energy and for alcohol and tobacco usage yielded an estimate of relative risk of 3.19, with a 95% confidence interval of 1.58-6.47 for the highest quartile of cholesterol intake (relative to the lowest quartile). For the top quartile of refined sugar intake, the estimated relative risk was 2.21 (95% confidence interval 1.07-4.55). Several nutrients derived principally from plant foods were statistically significantly associated with lower risks. Alcohol consumption was significantly lower among cases than controls. Current smokers had a relative risk of 1.76 (95% confidence interval 0.93-3.34) relative to those who had never smoked. There was no association of pancreatic cancer with coffee drinking.

Aged↗
PubMed1991

Nutritional factors and pancreatic cancer: a case-control study from south-west Poland.

A population-based case-control study of diet and pancreatic cancer has been conducted in the Opole Voivodeship region in Poland, using 110 cases and 195 controls. A full diet history was used to estimate the daily intake of calories, fat, protein, carbohydrate, cholesterol, retinol, vitamin C, and fibre. There is a strong positive association with the intake of cholesterol with relative risks of 1.90, 3.77, and 4.31 for the 3 upper quartiles compared with the lowest (p, trend = less than 0.01). An inverse association was seen with vitamin C intake, with corresponding relative risks of 1.10, 0.30, and 0.37 (p, trend = less than 0.01). Weak inverse associations were seen with the intake of retinol and fibre. There is evidence of an inverse association with fat intake, particularly unsaturated fats, and of a positive association with the intake of carbohydrate and to a lesser extent, protein. These results further support the potential importance of dietary factors in the aetiology of cancer of the pancreas.

Case-Control Studies↗
PubMed1991

Nutritional factors and pancreatic cancer in the francophone community in Montréal, Canada.

In a population-based case-control study of dietary risk factors for pancreatic cancer, a total of 179 cases and 239 controls were interviewed between 1984 and 1988. This study demonstrated an increased risk of pancreas cancer associated with high levels of reported energy intake. After adjustment for age, sex, response status, lifetime cigarette consumption and energy intake, there appeared to be an association with total fat intake (odds ratio in highest quartile relative to lowest quartile 2.24 [95% Confidence Interval (0.74, 6.73)] and, particularly, saturated fat [OR = 4.32, 95% CI(1.39,13.7)]. Although dietary cholesterol intake appeared to increase risk and a number of many micro-nutrients were apparently associated with reductions of risk, none were statistically significant. The results are consistent with a role of nutritional factors in the etiology of pancreatic cancer. The magnitude of the risks involved emphasizes the necessity for larger studies of this topic.

Adult↗
PubMed1991

Cancer mortality in young adults in Switzerland, 1951-1989.

Trends in mortality from all neoplasms and major cancer sites in Switzerland among populations aged between 20 and 44 years are presented. In men total cancer mortality was approximately constant around 270/10(6) between 1951 and 1965, but declined appreciably thereafter to 217 per million in 1980-1989. The overall fall was 20%. The pattern of trends was similar for women, although a modest decline was already apparent in the earlier calendar period, and the overall fall was 29% (from 303 to 215/10(6)). These favourable trends reflect therapeutic advancements for Hodgkin's disease, leukaemias, testis and (chiefly non-epithelial) ovarian cancer, better control of cervical cancer, the long-term decline in gastric cancer, but also the downward trends in cancer of the intestines and a few less common sites, such as gallbladder and thyroid neoplasms for reasons that are not yet clear. Appreciable rises were observed for lung and other tobacco-related sites in women, for the oral cavity in men and (in earlier calendar periods) cutaneous melanoma in both sexes. Although restricted to a selected number of sites, these rises are discouraging, since the causes of these neoplasms have long been recognized. Somewhat discouraging also is the absence of decline in male lung cancer. These problems notwithstanding, the overall pattern of trends in cancer mortality in young Swiss adults over the last few decades is still reassuring, particularly in comparison with those observed in other European countries, and in the more general framework of the debate on the perspectives of progress in cancer control. Although restricted to a small proportion of all cancer deaths, in fact, trends in young adults offer useful indications on the likely future trends in the same generations in the near future, since they reflect more recent changes in the pattern of exposure. The size of the changes, however, will probably differ, since the prevalent cancers in middle age are different from those in the young.

Adult↗
PubMed1991

Smoking and cancer with emphasis on Europe.

A summary of smoking and cancer in various European countries is presented Important points are the tobacco/alcohol interaction in the elevated mortality rates from upper digestive and respiratory tract neoplasms in France and other southern European countries, the delay in the lung cancer epidemic in females compared with the situation in North America (with the major exception of the United Kingdom) and the different pattern of lung cancer rates in younger compared with older generations (which suggests that eastern and southern European countries will have the highest lung cancer rates at the beginning of the next century in the absence of urgent intervention). The efficacy of anti-smoking policies in Scandinavian countries which now have the lowest lung cancer rates in Europe and the persisting importance of high-tar dark-tobacco cigarettes in eastern and southern Europe in enhancing the risk not only of cancer of the lung but also of upper digestive and respiratory and bladder neoplasms are also discussed.

Europe↗
PubMed1991

Fats in seasoning and breast cancer risk: an Italian case-control study.

The relationship between consumption of fat in seasoning and risk of breast cancer was considered in a case-control study conducted in northern Italy of 2663 cases of breast cancer and 2344 controls admitted in the same network of hospitals with acute, non-neoplastic and non-gynaecological conditions. Subjective scores corresponding to three levels (low, intermediate and high) of intake of butter, margarine and oil, together with a combined variable of these three items ("total fat"), were used to evaluate the personal use of fat in seasoning. Compared to low use, a slight but significant increase in risk was observed for intermediate and high intake of butter, oil and total fat with relative risks of 1.5 (95% confidence interval [CI], 1.1-1.9) for high intake of butter, 1.3 (95% CI, 1.0-1.6) for high intake of oil and 1.4 (95% CI, 1.2-1.7) for high intake of total seasoning fat. These results were not materially modified after allowance for a number of identified potentially distorting factors. The results of this study suggest that there is a positive association, although moderate, between breast cancer risk and intake of fat added in seasoning, which may represent an indirect indicator of the subject's attitude towards fat.

Adult↗