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Biomedical subjects

P Boyle

Publications and source records attributed to P Boyle.

At least 271 records · Page 15Linked to original sources
PubMed1993

Fats used in seasoning and breast cancer risk: a case-control study in Moscow, Russia.

BACKGROUND: As part of a case-control study of breast cancer conducted in Moscow the relationship between consumption of fat in seasoning and risk of breast cancer was assessed. DESIGN: The study comprised 92 cases and 110 controls. Cases were newly diagnosed consecutive cases seen at the breast clinic of the Cancer Research Centre of the Russian Academy of Medical Sciences during the year 1990. None of the patients had been previously treated for breast or other cancers and none had distant metastases. Patient were interviewed in the Clinic within two days of admission. Controls were recruited from women visiting their friends and relatives treated in the same Cancer Centre. RESULTS: Four levels of frequency of use of butter and vegetable oils, and four levels for combined sources were created to evaluate the association between use of fat in seasoning and breast cancer risk. Compared to low use, a non-significant increase in risk was observed for the highest intake of butter (Odds Ratio (OR) = 1.5, 95% Confidence Interval (CI) (0.8, 3.0)). High frequency of use of vegetable oil in seasoning decreased the risk of breast cancer. For the highest category of use, the adjusted OR was 0.2 (95% CI (0.1, 0.5)). Frequent use of mayonnaise also appeared to be associated with a decrease in the risk of breast cancer (OR = 0.1; 95% CI (0.01, 0.4)). For total fat seasoning consumption (vegetable oil+mayonnaise), the adjusted OR for highest category of intake was 0.1 (95% CI (0.03, 0.3)). CONCLUSIONS: The results of the study suggest a negative association between consumption of fat used for seasoning (except butter) and breast cancer risk. This may be a direct effect or due to increased consumption of salad-type vegetables by high consumers of these sources of fats. The topic should be addressed in other studies in different populations.

Adult↗
PubMed1993

Epidemiological aspects of lip cancer in Scotland.

The purpose of this paper is to present the descriptive epidemiology of lip cancer in Scotland. The incidence and mortality of lip cancer are found to be higher in men than in women and to have fallen remarkably among men. This decline has been the result of cohort effects indicating that the risk of lip cancer is decreasing among successively younger people.

Adult↗
PubMed1993

Marital status, indicators of sexual activity and prostatic cancer.

STUDY OBJECTIVE: To analyse the relationship between marital status, indicators of sexual activity, history of urological and venereal diseases, and the risk of prostatic cancer. DESIGN: Case-control study. SETTING: A network of cooperating hospitals from northern Italy. PARTICIPANTS: A total of 271 patients with histologically confirmed prostatic cancer and 685 controls in hospital because of acute, non-neoplastic, non-genital or urological conditions. MEASUREMENTS AND MAIN RESULTS: Relative risks (RR) and the corresponding 95% confidence intervals (CI) derived from multiple logistic regression equations, including terms for age, area of residence, and education were determined. The risk of prostatic cancer was lower in never married than in married men (RR = 0.6), but not significantly so. Cases reported a significantly higher number of marriages than control subjects, and the RR was 3.2 (95% CI = 1.2, 8.9) for two or more marriages compared with never married men. Prostatic cancer patients also reported being significantly older at the time of their first marriage: compared with men who first married under age 25 years, the RR was 1.6 for marriage at age 25 to 29, and 1.8 for age 30 or more. With regard to urological or venereal diseases, only cystitis and nephrolithiasis were more frequently reported by cases, although there was no tendency for the risk to increase with the number of cystitis episodes and the RR decreased for longer periods since the first episode. CONCLUSIONS: Although these results do not show a totally cohesive picture, they confirm that some aspects of sexual lifestyle are associated with prostatic cancer in Italy.

Age Factors↗
PubMed1993

Modelling the relationship between tenure and migration in England and Wales.

"A rarely utilized source of migration data from the 1981 [U.K.] Census is used to examine the mobility patterns of migrants resident in different [housing] tenures within England and Wales at the regional and county level. A Poisson regression approach is used to compare the effects of distance on migration propensities for those moving into owner-occupied housing, council housing and privately rented housing. The existing literature suggests that migration should be most restricted by distance for council tenants and least restricted for private renters....Local variations in the effects of distance decay on migration for each of the three migrant streams are examined. Both a north-south and a metropolitan non-metropolitan migration divide are clearly evident when migrant flows are disaggregated by tenure at the destination."

Demography↗
PubMed1993

A three-dimensional approach to multistream migration modelling: local-level flows in Hereford and Worcester.

Using data for the English county of Hereford and Worcester, the author presents a method for the analysis of migration at the local level "which does not disaggregate migrant flows by distance criteria alone, but incorporates measures relating to the nature of the origins and of the destinations." The author suggests that "in comparison with a standard single-stream regression model this method improves the fit substantially, and the variability in the resulting parameter estimates for each of the eight streams supports the need for identification of distinct migrant streams. In particular, flows over short distances between wards with high population densities are estimated more effectively."

Demography↗
PubMed1993

Trends in the tobacco-related cancer epidemic in Europe.

Recent trends in mortality from lung cancer and other tobacco-related neoplasms in Europe are reviewed. During the last decade, overall lung cancer mortality in males showed no systematic pattern in northern and central Europe, but some modest decline started at younger ages in several countries. In southern Europe, lung cancer mortality started from lower values, but is still rising, and only in Italy is some flattening of rates at relatively high levels becoming apparent in middle age (35 to 64 years). The average change in lung cancer rates in southern Europe over the last decade for males was +24% at all ages and +22% in middle age. The upward trends were even more substantial in eastern European countries (+32% in middle age), which now have the highest lung cancer rates in young and middle-aged males. Over the last few decades, female lung cancer rates have risen in all European countries, but only in Denmark and Britain are overall rates now over 20/100,000. There is therefore still ample scope for urgent intervention aimed at controlling a major tobacco-related lung cancer epidemic among European women in the near future. Substantial rises have been observed for cancer of the oral cavity and pharynx in most European countries, and for cancers of the esophagus, larynx, and (to a lesser extent) of the bladder in eastern Europe. Thus, southern and mainly eastern Europe are becoming priority areas for a campaign for giving up smoking since the prevalence of tobacco smoking in the young is higher and high-tar dark-tobacco cigarettes are still common.

Adult↗
PubMed1993

The epidemiology of thyroid carcinoma.

Thyroid cancer is one of the rarest forms of cancer, yet there are wide variations in the degree of malignancy, ranging from the most rapidly fatal to the relatively benign. This is almost entirely dependent on the histological type. Generally speaking, data available on changing trends of incidence and mortality are subject to reservation, dependent on the degree to which they have been influenced by changing diagnostic criteria and the precision of histopathological description. Nevertheless, there is evidence that mortality is slowly decreasing, while incidence is slowly increasing. The purpose of this review is to try to interpret the temporal trends of incidence and mortality rates for thyroid carcinoma in the last 3 decades in light of the problems arising from changes in diagnostic standards and histological classification regarding thyroid neoplasms. Attention is also drawn to the implications, from a public health viewpoint, of the present intensive detection and treatment of occult thyroid carcinomas.

Causality↗
PubMed1992

Oral cancer in Scotland: changing incidence and mortality.

OBJECTIVES: To determine the incidence of oral cancer in Scotland between 1960 and 1989 and oral cancer mortality from 1911 to 1989. SETTING: Data were obtained on oral cancer incidence from the information and statistics division of the Common Services Agency of the Scottish Health Service and mortality data from the office of the registrar general for Scotland. RESULTS: Mortality from intraoral cancers in Scotland substantially declined throughout this century until the mid-1970s. This trend, however, was then reversed, and fourfold increases in incidence were observed in younger age groups after 1960. Death rates in these younger age groups increased to levels previously recorded in the 1940s. These increases seemed to be cohort based and may therefore continue into the future. CONCLUSIONS: Reasons for increasing rates among younger age groups are speculative and rely on combining knowledge about risk factors and available ecological data. Though increases in incidence at younger ages do not result in a large change in the number of cases diagnosed, possible similar increases continuing into older ages, when oral cancer is more common, will correspond to a much larger increase in the actual number of cases. Given that such a large attributable risk is associated with tobacco and alcohol, however, these increases may be preventable.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1992

Epidemiology of non-Hodgkin lymphoma in Connecticut. 1935-1988.

BACKGROUND: During the past decades, there have been reports of increases in the incidence and mortality rates due to non-Hodgkin lymphoma (NHL) in many parts of the world. The risk factors responsible for the increasing incidence are largely unknown. This study provided an overview of the incidence pattern of NHL in Connecticut and generated hypotheses for additional investigation. METHODS: This study was based on all the NHL cases reported to the Connecticut Tumor Registry (CTR) between 1935 and 1988. Crude, age-adjusted, and age-specific incidence rates of NHL were calculated for each sex. Age-adjusted incidence rates were calculated by the direct method standardized to the 1970 United States standard million population. The data are presented by calendar year and cohort year of birth to examine the secular trends and birth cohort effects. Racial information was not coded before 1957 and is of uncertain validity until the early 1970s; therefore, racial analysis was restricted to 1970-1988. Analyses by histologic subtypes and by anatomic sites were restricted to the last 3 decades (1960-1988) because more accurate classification systems were used during this time. RESULTS: A total of 11,326 newly diagnosed cases of NHL were included in the study. Of them, 5866 (52%) were diagnosed in men and 5460 (48%) were diagnosed in women. The study results indicated that the incidence rate of NHL has been increasing during the past decades for men and women, whites and blacks, nodular NHL and diffuse NHL, disease originating from lymph nodes and disease originating from other sites, and in all age groups, especially the older age groups. Birth cohort examination did not show any indication of a decline or levelling off in incidence rates among recent birth cohorts. Age-specific incidence rates in both sexes suggested that the rates increase with age, with a sharp increase beginning at 50 years of age and peaking at 80 years of age. Men had a 30% higher incidence rate than women, and whites had approximately 1.5 times the age-adjusted incidence rate of blacks. CONCLUSIONS: The results indicated that the incidence rate of NHL has been increasing in Connecticut during the past decades and is likely to continue to rise in the coming years. Analytical epidemiologic studies are needed to examine the risk factors that might account for the increase in NHL.

Adult↗
PubMed1992

Risk factors for gallbladder cancer: a Polish case-control study.

A population-based case-control study of gallbladder cancer was conducted in the south-west of Poland, within the frame-work of the SEARCH Programme of the International Agency for Research on Cancer. A total of 73 cases and 186 controls were interviewed using a questionnaire including demographic and socio-economic factors, education, smoking, alcohol, tea and coffee consumption, and past medical history. A validated diet history was used to estimate the daily intake of calories, fats, carbohydrates, proteins, cholesterol, fibres and vitamins C and E. Gallbladder disease was the major determinant of subsequent gallbladder cancer: 41 cases (56%) vs. 15 (8%) controls had a past history of gallbladder disease, corresponding to an odds ratio (OR) of 12.5 (95% confidence interval, 5.8 to 26.6), and the OR was 12.1 for gallbladder problems dating back 20 years or more in the past. There was an inverse relationship with education, the OR being 0.3 (95% CI 0.1 to 1.2) for 13 years of education or more vs. less than 7. Gallbladder cancer risk was positively associated with total calorie intake, with ORs of 1.4, 1.5, 4.1 for the 3 upper quartiles compared with the lowest one (trend, p less than 0.01). Weaker direct associations were observed for proteins, carbohydrates and cholesterol. There was some suggestion of inverse associations with fibre intake, and a more consistent one with vitamins C and E. These results further quantify the role of gallstones, and suggest that total calorie intake and other dietary factors potentially linked with benign gallbladder conditions are involved in the aetiology of gallbladder cancer.

Adult↗
PubMed1992

Lifetime consumption of alcoholic beverages, tea and coffee and exocrine carcinoma of the pancreas: a population-based case-control study in The Netherlands.

From 1984 to 1988 a population-based case-control study was carried out in the Netherlands, in collaboration with the International Agency for Research on Cancer, to examine the possible relationship between the habitual lifetime consumption of alcohol, coffee and tea and exocrine pancreatic carcinoma in 176 cases and 487 controls. An interviewer-administered questionnaire was used to ascertain major life events and obtain estimates of consumption (ever-never) and frequency of consumption throughout life. Logistic regression analyses yielded odds ratios adjusted for age, sex, response status, smoking, dietary intake of energy and vegetables and of alcoholic or non-alcoholic drinks. When compared with data from non-drinkers, the cumulative lifetime consumption of all types of alcohol in grams of ethanol (ORs 1.00, 0.97, 0.93, 1.25, p trend 0.55), beer, spirits, red wine and fortified wine was not related to risk. The consumption of white wine was inversely associated with risk (OR 0.41, 95% CI 0.24-0.70). The uniformly reduced risk estimates for the lifetime number of drinks of white wine were based on small numbers (ORs 1.00, 0.44, 0.25, 0.40, p trend 0.001). When compared with data from non-drinkers, our findings suggest an inverse dose-response relationship for the lifetime consumption of coffee (ORs 1.00, 0.72, 0.37, 0.58, p trend 0.06), whereas lifetime consumption of tea and of ground, instant and decaffeinated coffee was not associated with risk. The absence of an effect of lifetime consumption of decaffeinated coffee may be due to the small numbers of subjects. These results further strengthen existing evidence against a positive association between consumption as well as lifetime consumption of (sources of) alcohol, tea or coffee and the development of exocrine pancreatic cancer.

Alcohol Drinking↗
PubMed1992

Time trend and age-period-cohort effects on incidence of esophageal cancer in Connecticut, 1935-89.

The purpose of this study was to examine the incidence pattern of esophageal cancer in Connecticut (USA) during the past decades, and to identify components of birth cohort, period, and and age as determinants of the observed time trends by regression modelling. This study is based on all of the esophageal cancer cases reported to the Connecticut Tumor Registry between 1935 and 1989. A total of 6,310 incident cases were included. Results indicate that among males, the overall age-adjusted incidence rate of esophageal cancer increased after 1935 and peaked between 1955 and 1959. Since then, incidence rates have been relatively stable. Among females, the overall esophageal cancer rate has not changed markedly since 1935. Analysis by histologic type indicates that the incidence rate of squamous cell carcinoma has been declining in this population; adenocarcinoma, however, showed a continuous increase. A fivefold increase among males and a threefold increase among females were observed for adenocarcinoma of the esophagus between 1970 and 1989. If cancers of the esophagus and gastric cardia are considered together, the incidence rate of adenocarcinoma exceeds that of squamous cell carcinoma among males during 1985-89. The observed increasing trend for adenocarcinoma of the esophagus is mainly from cancers arising in the lower third of the esophagus and primarily among Whites, especially White males. The results from regression modeling indicate that both period and birth cohort may have contributed to the observed increasing trend, and adenocarcinoma of the esophagus is likely to increase continuously in this population in the coming years.

Adenocarcinoma↗
PubMed1992

Patterns of childhood cancer incidence and mortality in Europe.

Histograms including age-standardised (0-14 years, world standard) incidence and mortality rates from selected childhood cancers are presented for 21 European cancer registration areas and 24 countries. The overall range of variation in all childhood cancer incidence rates across various cancer registration areas in Europe was around a factor 1.5, with highest rates in Spain, Italy, Sweden and France, and lowest rates in Poland, Hungary, UK, Germany and Yugoslavia. For most single cancer sites, however, the observed pattern is essentially attributable to random variation alone. A clearer pattern, however, emerged with reference to mortality. The overall range of variation, in fact, was around a factor two in both sexes, with highest rates in Bulgaria, Portugal, Hungary, Czechoslovakia and Poland, and the lowest rates in Austria, UK, Germany, The Netherlands and Finland. Trends in mortality from childhood cancers between 1950 and 1989 were also presented. Recent declines were observed for total childhood cancer mortality, leukaemias, kidney cancer (Wilms' tumours), Hodgkin's disease and other lymphomas in most European countries. These declines, however, were generally earlier and larger in northern as compared with southern and, mostly, with eastern European countries. This pattern of trends likely reflects the different adoption and impact of newer efficacious therapies of childhood cancer, and hence, confirms that there is ample scope for further reduction in childhood cancer mortality in several eastern and some southern European countries.

Adolescent↗