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Biomedical subjects

P Albrecht

Publications and source records attributed to P Albrecht.

At least 109 records · Page 6Linked to original sources
PubMed1981

Monkey kidney cell growth optimization and poliovirus propagation in microcarrier culture.

Three monkey kidney cells lines Vero, LLC-MK2 and CV-1 were grown in microcarrier cultures. The carrier support was DEAE-Sephadex gel beads at low anion exchange capacity prepared according to a protocol developed at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology. The growth rate of the cells and the final cell density in microcarrier culture was dependent on the concentration of the beads in culture and on the size of the initial cell inoculum. The efficiency of the microcarrier culture system was compared to that of stationary and roller bottle cultures. The microcarrier culture system was applied to the propagation of polioviruses in the three established monkey kidney cell lines and the yields were compared with those obtained in roller bottle and stationary cultures. The yield of the three types of polioviruses in the various cell lines and culture systems was similar. The use of the microcarrier culture system for anchorage-dependent cells together with the use of continuously propagating cell lines offer great advantage for large-scale cultivation of poliovirus for the preparation of killed poliovirus vaccines.

Animals↗
PubMed1981

Recovery from a viral respiratory infection. I. Influenza pneumonia in normal and T-deficient mice.

Experiments were performed to serve as a basis for analyzing the immune responses of the host to a viral respiratory tract infection. In a comparative study, inbred BALB/c and nude (athymic mice bred on a BALB/c background) mice were infected intranasally with mouse adapted A/Port Chalmers/1/73 influenza virus. Survival was prolonged in the nude mice (16 days vs 10 days for BALB/c mice, t = 3.5, p less than 0.01), but significantly fewer of the nude mice survived 21 days (16% vs 42% of BALB/c mice). In addition, virus persisted longer in the lungs of nude mice (5.8 log10 of infectious virus on day 21 vs no detectable virus in BALB/c mice) and lung pathology progressed more slowly but lasted longer in nude mice, as measured by immunofluorescent and histologic examination of pulmonary tissue. Antibody production was significantly lower and there was no cytotoxic T cell response detected in lymphoid cells prepared from the spleens, peripheral blood, or the lung after the infection of nude mice. A significant increase in the number of lymphocytes isolated from the lung was observed by day 7 (t = 5.8, p less than 0.001) in the BALB/c mice but not until day 14 (t = 4.9, p less than 0.001) in the nude mice. Lymphocytes from nude mice did not respond to influenza virus antigens or Concanavalin A (Con A) but did respond to lipopolysaccharide (LPS), whereas lymphocytes from BALB/c mice responded to all 3 preparations.

Animals↗
PubMed1980

Raised cytomegalovirus-antibody level in cerebrospinal fluid of schizophrenic patients.

The serum and cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) of 60 schizophrenic patients and 26 controls were analysed for viral antibody against cytomegalovirus (CMV), vaccinia virus, herpes simplex virus type 1 (HSV), and type A influenza virus. A CSF/serum antibody ratio more than 2 standard deviations above the mean of the controls suggested local antibody production in the central nervous system. 68% of the patients had an increased CSF/serum antibody ratio for CMV antibody, 14% for vaccinia antibody, 4% for HSV antibody, and 15% for influenza virus antibody.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1980

Cell growth optimization in microcarrier culture.

Three monkey kidney cell lines and primary chicken embryo cells were grown in microcarrier culture. The carrier support was DEAE-Sephandex gel beads at low anion exchange capacity prepared according to a protocol developed at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology. The growth rate of the cells and the final cell density in microcarrier culture was dependent on the concentration of the beads in culture and on the size of the initial cell inoculum. A bead concentration of 1.0 to 2.0 mg of beads/ml of tissue culture medium and a cell inoculum of 20,000 cells/cm2 of bead surface appeared to be optimal. The efficiency of the microcarrier culture system was compared to that of stationary and roller bottle cultures. Stationary flasks gave cell densities about twofold higher than maximal densities in roller bottles and about threefold and twofold higher than cell densities in microcarrier culture at a bead concentration of 2.5 and 1.0 mg/ml, respectively. In terms of cell yield per milliliter of tissue culture medium, the microcarrier culture was superior to roller bottle and stationary cultures. An advantage of the microcarrier culture system is its suitability for scale up into large volume production units.

Animals↗
PubMed1980

Fatal measles infection in marmosets pathogenesis and prophylaxis.

Moustached marmosets (Saguinus mystax) were infected intranasally with either of two low-passaged, wildlike strains of measles virus, strain Edmonston or strain JM. The infection resulted in 25 and 100% mortality, respectively, 12 to 14 days after infection. Clinical signs, gross pathological findings, and histology lacked the characteristic features of measles in other primates. A deficient immune response and widespread gastroenterocolitis appeared to be the main causes for the fatal outcome. Fluorescent-antibody staining detected large amounts of measles antigen in lymphatic tissues, the gastrointestinal and respiratory tracts, the salivary glands, pancreas, liver, kidney, and other visceral tissues. Live attenuated or inactivated measles vaccine proved equally effective in preventing fatal measles in marmosets. Challenge with live virus of animals which were primed 1 year previously with inactivated alum-absorbed vaccine resulted in a precipitous response, with a 100- to 1,000-fold increase in antibody titers. This vigorous booster response suggests the existence of a primary deficiency in lymphocyte cooperation in marmosets, which upon adequate priming is followed by extensive clonal expansion and antibody synthesis. Marmosets appear to be the most susceptible primate species to measles infection. They are capable of distinguishing differences in virulence of virus strains with a level of sensitivity not available in other animals.

Animals↗
PubMed1980

Search for cytomegalovirus and herpes simplex virus genetic information in multiple sclerosis.

Human cytomegalovirus and herpes simplex virus DNA probes were labeled in vitro and hybridized to the DNA extracted from brains of patients with multiple sclerosis (MS) to detect the presence of genetic information related to these viruses. We were unable to detect any virus-related genetic information complementary to these probes. These results indicate that the two viruses are not involved in MS, or else the genetic information, if present, is below the sensitivity of detection of this hybridization technique.

Adult↗
PubMed1980

Susceptibility of tamarins (Saguinus) to measles virus.

Tamarins (Saguinus mystax and Saguinus labiatus) were experimentally infected with two strains of measles virus. One of the strains (JM) spread readily among the animals with a high fatality rate. The second strain (Edmonston) appeared to be less pathogenic and less transmissible than strain JM. Aerosol was considered the most probable mode of infection.

Animals↗
PubMed1979

Transfer of measles, mumps, and rubella antibodies from mother to infant. Its effect on measles, mumps, and rubella immunization.

Sera from 42 mother-infant pairs were examined to determine the effect of passively acquired enhanced neutralizing (ENt) antibody on immunization. The ENt antibodies to measles, mumps, and rubella were greater in term newborns than in their mothers, with mean ratio of 1.8:1, 1.3:1, and 1.2:1, respectively. In 21% to 25% of the children, these antibodies persisted until 12 months of age. When immunized with trivalent measles-mumps-rubella vaccine, children who had persisting ENt measles and rubella titers had significantly lower mean antibody responses than children without detectable antibodies to the two viruses. Persisting ENt mumps antibodies did not affect the postimmunization titers. Seroconversion rates to any of the three viruses were not different in children with or without preexisting ENt antibody.

Antibodies, Viral↗
PubMed1979

A novel plaque method for attenuated rubella virus in Vero cell cultures. Brief report.

Under defined plaquing conditions, three attenuated strains of rubella virus showed different plaque morphology and plaque size when tested in Vero cell cultures. The Cendehill strain of rubella virus formed distinct, ring-shaped plaques, while strains HPV77 and RA27/3 produced clear plaques that could be distinguished by their different size. These distinguishing characteristics remained preserved even after the vaccine strains were passaged five consecutive times in Vero cell cultures.

Animals↗
PubMed1979

Sensitive neutralization test for rubella antibody.

A modified rubella virus plaque neutralization test for measuring rubella antibody was developed based on the potentiation of the virus-antibody complex by heterologous anti-immunoglobulin. The test is highly sensitive, yielding titers on the average 50 to 100 times higher than the haemagglutination inhibition test or the conventional plaque neutralization test. The sensitivity of this enhanced neutralization test is somewhat limited by the existence of a prozone phenomenon which precludes testing of low-titered sera below a dilution of 1:16. No prozone effect was observed with cerebrospinal fluids. The specificity of the enhanced neutralization test was determined by seroconversion of individuals receiving rubella vaccine. Although the rubella hemagglutination inhibition test remains the test of choice in routine diagnostic and surveillance work, the enhanced rubella neutralization test is particularly useful in monitoring low-level antibody in the cerebrospinal fluid in patients with neurological disorders and in certain instances of vaccine failure.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1978

Evidence that cytotoxic T cells are part of the host's response to influenza pneumonia.

Cytotoxic T cells were detected in the cervical lymph nodes, lungs, spleen, and peripheral blood of mice with influenza. Lymphocytes decreased in the peripheral circulation and increased in the lung during the period of acute inflammation and pneumonia. Peak cytotoxic T-cell activity was present at the time of marked pulmonary infiltration, and it decreased with resolution of the pneumonia. The cytotoxic T cells in the lung were shown to be H-2 restricted and specific for the hemagglutinin of the infecting virus. The results indicate that hemagglutinin specific cytotoxic T cells are (a) induced during influenza infection; (b) they circulate in the blood; (c) they are present in greatest number; and (d) they have their peak cytotoxic effect when pneumonia is most marked. We interpret the results to indicate that specific cytotoxic T cells in the infected target organ are part of the immunological and pathological response to virus infection.

Animals↗
PubMed1978

Hemagglutinin-specific complement-dependent cytolytic antibody response to influenza infection.

The host defense response to influenza infection is complex. Specific humoral antibodies develop to the strain-specific surface antigens, the hemagglutinin and the neuraminidase, and to the internal antigens (matrix and nucleoprotein) which are common to all influenza A viruses (1). Antibodies to the hemagglutinin, which is the major surface antigen, neutralize viral infectivity (2). In addition to antibodies which have been detected against virion antigens, a cytotoxic T-cell response with specificity against the viral hemagglutinin on influenza-infected target cells (3-5) has been recently described. A more cross-reactive cytotoxic T-cell response has also been observed when a nonpermissively infected target cell is used in cytotoxicity assays (6,7). The present report describes the development during influenza infection and after vaccination of a cytolytic humoral antibody response which is directed against the hemagglutinin on infected target cells. This antibody-mediated lysis of infected cells in complement dependent, as has been reported with other virus infections (8-11).

Animals↗