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Biomedical subjects

P Albrecht

Publications and source records attributed to P Albrecht.

At least 91 records · Page 5Linked to original sources
PubMed1983

Successful immunization of children with and without maternal antibody by aerosolized measles vaccine. I. Different results with undiluted human diploid cell and chick embryo fibroblast vaccines.

Inhalation of undiluted, aerosolized measles vaccine was immunogenic in 100% of 4- to 6-month-old and older children with and without residual maternal antibody when the human diploid cell (HDC) vaccine containing the Ikić (Edmonston-Zagreb) strain and 1% human albumin was used but in a smaller percentage of infants given a chick embryo fibroblast (CEF) vaccine, which contained the Edmonston-Schwarz strain, ten times more virus, and hypertonic sugar solution but no added protein. Prevaccination residual placentally transmitted plaque-neutralizing antibody titers of 25 to 512 that can prevent an immune response after subcutaneous injection of measles vaccine did not prevent an immune response after inhalation of aerosolized vaccine. There were no immediate clinical reactions in the 160 children who inhaled the aerosolized vaccines, and no significant subsequent reactions among the 96 children who were successfully immunized. There were no contact infections.

Adult↗
PubMed1983

Conventional and enhanced plaque neutralization assay for polio antibody.

HEp-2 cells were more suitable as a cell substrate than Vero cells for plaque assay of wild or attenuated strains of poliovirus. Polio antibody titration by plaque neutralization was on the average 3.4 to 4.8 times more sensitive than antibody titration by virus CPE assay. The most pronounced effect on virus neutralization was achieved by extending the time of serum-virus interaction. Incubating the virus-antiserum mixture for 20 h instead of 1 h at 36 degrees C increased antibody titer to all three poliovirus types about 11- to 28-fold. Potentiation of poliovirus neutralization by heterologous antiglobulin was considerably less effective than with other virus-antibody systems. The virus plaque neutralization technique described should be capable of measuring minute amounts of antibody as required in special circumstances.

Animals↗
PubMed1983

Poliovirus and polio antibody assay in HEp-2 and Vero cell cultures.

HEp-2 cell cultures were about three to 30 times more sensitive for poliovirus titration than Vero cells. Attenuated strains induced a complete cytopathic effect in HEp-2 but not in Vero cells. For polio antibody titration, HEp-2 and Vero cells were equally suitable. A high degree of sensitivity and reproducibility of virus neutralization was achieved in tests utilizing a low virus dose and serum-virus incubation overnight at 36 degrees C. Staining of infected trays with crystal violet obviated reading of viral CPE under the microscope and expedited the evaluation of larger-scale tests.

Animals↗
PubMed1983

Intra-blood-brain barrier measles virus antibody synthesis in multiple sclerosis patients.

Antibodies to nine viruses were measured in serum and CSF of MS patients, patients with other neurologic diseases (OND), and healthy controls. The extent of antibody production inside the blood-brain barrier (BBB) was determined by making a new correction for BBB permeability. Compared with OND and healthy controls, MS patients as a group had significantly higher corrected CSF:serum antibody ratios for measles virus but not to the other eight viruses studied. The incidence of significantly high CSF:serum ratios for measles antibody in MS patients was 50%, and in the other two control groups it was 0 to 12%. The incidence of corrected antibody ratios to the other eight viruses was not significantly different among the three groups.

Adult↗
PubMed1983

Immunogenicity of wild and attenuated varicella-zoster virus strains in pygmy marmosets.

Pygmy marmosets were inoculated with the low-passage parental strain or with the attenuated variant of OKA strain of varicella-zoster virus. No clinical signs were observed following inoculation and virus could not be isolated from tissues taken at several times after inoculation. A low-level antibody response developed in all animals. Three months after the first inoculation, all animals were challenged with the low-passage parental strain of virus. Animals primed originally with the parental strain developed higher booster responses than animals primed with the attenuated strain of virus. The results suggest that the parental and attenuated strains of varicella-zoster virus differ in their immunogenicity in pygmy marmosets.

Animals↗
PubMed1983

Five-year follow-up study of recipients of live varicella vaccine using enhanced neutralization and fluorescent antibody membrane antigen assays.

Twenty-six healthy children susceptible to varicella were inoculated with the OKA strain of live attenuated varicella vaccine. All of the recipients showed good antibody responses without adverse clinical reactions. The seropositivity rate 5 years after vaccination was 100% by the enhanced neutralization test and 96% by the fluorescent antibody membrane antigen (FAMA) test. None of the recipients contracted varicella in spite of documented contact exposure. None of the children developed herpes zoster during the 5-year observation period. The results suggest that attenuated varicella vaccine has long-term protective efficacy.

Antibodies, Viral↗
PubMed1982

Potentiation of neutralization of Varicella-Zoster virus to antibody to immunoglobulin.

Antibody to varicella-zoster virus was measured in Vero cell cultures by a conventional and an enhanced plaque neutralization test. In the latter, heterologous antibody to human immunoglobulin was added to the virus-serum mixture to potentiate the neutralization reaction. The antibody to human immunoglobulin enhanced the sensitivity of the neutralization test seven- to 107-fold as compared with the conventional procedure. The test was highly reproducible in that individual serum titers fluctuated in a twofold range on repeated testing. A prozone phenomenon was observed in the enhanced neutralization test in low-titered sera, but not with high-titered sera or with specimens of cerebrospinal fluid. The specificity of the test was confirmed by the detection of seroconversion in recipients of live varicella virus vaccine.

Animals↗
PubMed1982

Infection of marmosets with parainfluenza virus types 1 and 3.

Infection of wild marmosets (Saguinus mystax) with strains of parainfluenza virus types 1 and 3 resulted in acute respiratory infection. Virus replication in the upper respiratory tract was of a degree similar to that seen in children acutely infected with parainfluenza viruses. Serum antibody developed with both virus types; however, local secretory antibody was not detectable. The infection was transmissible to susceptible animals up to 3 days inoculation of the primary animal.

Animals↗
PubMed1981

Role of virus strain in conventional and enhanced measles plaque neutralization test.

A low-passage Edmonston strain of measles virus gave on the average four-fold higher antibody titers than two high-passage strains of Edmonston virus when used in a virus plaque neutralization test. Heterologous anti-human immunoglobulin did not affect antibody titers obtained with the low-passage virus but enhanced antibody titers obtained with the high-passage viruses on the average eight-fold. These differences in virus sensitivity to neutralization and neutralization potentiation by anti-immunoglobulin were interpreted as being possibly due to differences in density or accessibility of the functional antigens of measles virus. The conventional plaque neutralization test utilizing the low-passage Edmonston virus was about 10 times more sensitive than the virus CPE-neutralization test, 60 times more sensitive than the measles hemagglutination-inhibition test and 220 times more sensitive than the measles complement-fixation antibody test.

Animals↗
PubMed1981

Encephalitogenicity of measles virus in marmosets.

Marmosets infected intracerebrally with the wild Edmonston strain of measles virus developed encephalitis, demonstrated histologically and by the fluorescent-antibody technique. The infection remained clinically silent over a 14-day observation period. Animals infected intracerebrally with the JM strain of wild measles virus had only mild encephalitic changes but died of the visceral form of measles infection. Marmosets inoculated with measles vaccine had no encephalitis and remained clinically well. Marmosets appear to be a sensitive indicator of the viscerotropic and neurotropic properties of measles virus.

Animals↗
PubMed1981

Sensitive plaque neutralization assay for parainfluenza virus types 1, 2, and 3 and respiratory syncytial virus.

A sensitive plaque neutralization assay for parainfluenza virus types 1, 2, and 3 and respiratory syncytial virus was developed in Vero and MA 104 cell cultures. The tests were performed in semimicrotoiter trays containing 24 wells, 16 mm in diameter. Parainfluenza virus type 1 formed plaques in Vero and MA 104 cells only when trypsin was added to the overlay medium. Plaquing of parainfluenza virus type 1 was more sensitive and technically reproducible in MA 104 cells than in Vero cells. Parainfluenza virus types 2 and 3 and respiratory syncytial virus readily formed plaques in Vero cells. Plaques with all viruses were necrotic in character, except for plaques produced by parainfluenza virus type 3, which appeared red due to an increased uptake of neutral red by infected cells. Different conditions for plaquing of the four viruses had to be used to obtain plaques of suitable size. Antibody titers of commercially prepared guinea pig typing sera were 5- to 50-fold higher by the plaque neutralization test than by complement fixation. The addition of guinea pig immunoglobulin G antiglobulin to the serum-virus mixtures enhanced the conventional neutralization test 5- to 10-fold. The sensitivity and specificity of the plaque neutralization test was also determined with sera of marmosets experimentally infected with parainfluenza virus types 1 and 3. The generally low postinfection titers could be enhanced, on the average, 40-fold by using human immunoglobulin G antiglobulin in the neutralization test. A low degree of cross-reactivity was shown between parainfluenza virus types 1 and 3 both in the conventional neutralization test and in the anti-immunoglobulin enhanced neutralization test.

Animals↗
PubMed1981

Sensitive hemagglutination inhibition test for mumps antibody.

Incorporation of heterologous immunoglobulin against human immunoglobulin G into the mumps HI tests provided a highly sensitive and specific way of measuring mumps antibody in human sera. The sensitivity of this enhanced mumps HI test compared favorably with that of an anti-immunoglobulin-enhanced virus plaque neutralization test, but the HI test required considerably less time and effort to perform.

Animals↗