Amplitude squeezing in a pump-noise-suppressed laser oscillator.
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Journal Article↗
Biomedical subjects
O Nilsson
Publications and source records attributed to O Nilsson.
Lack of histological signs in rats dying during the acute phase of experimental auto-immune encephalomyelitis.
Rats dying acutely of experimental auto-immune encephalomyelitis show very meagre histological signs of the disease in routine histology sections. This cannot be explained by postmortal changes. It is suggested that the infiltrating lymphoid cells seen in the central nervous system for surviving rats are involved in the normally occurring self-limitation of the disease.
Acute Disease↗
Dissociation between histological and clinical signs of experimental auto-immune encephalomyelitis.
Lewis rats show a rough correlation between clinical score and histological score of auto-immune encephalomyelitis (EAE). When animals with strong and comparable clinical EAE but with different genetic backgrounds are studied four weeks after immunization, they reveal histological changes that vary markedly according to the genetic set-up. When studied at the height of the EAE attack, also rats with a very low histological score at day 28 have marked histological changes. The results indicate that routine evaluation of EAE strength by histology at a time when the rats have recovered from paralysis may give quite misleading results in some rat strains or crosses, even though the method is good for the Lewis rat. It is suggested that the late histological score is more related to the presence of a relapsing EAE than to the disease activity in the first attack.
Animals↗
Adrenergic innervation and neurogenic response in large and small arteries and veins from the rat.
A combined morphological and physiological analysis of the properties of the adrenergic vasoconstrictor innervation was carried out in the splanchnic vasculature in the rat. Three generations of vessels were studied: (1) the abdominal aorta and the caval vein; (2) the superior mesenteric artery and vein; (3) 200 microns branches of the superior mesenteric artery and their parallelling veins. The adrenergic innervation was visualized by the Hillarp-Falck fluorescence technique, and by the immunohistochemical localization of immunoreactivity to tyrosine hydroxylase and dopamine-beta-hydroxylase. Determination of responses to applied noradrenaline, to transmural nerve stimulation and to direct activation of the muscle was made on ring preparations mounted in a myograph. All vessels were found to be innervated at the adventitio-medial border by noradrenergic nerves with varying density; the small arteries had the highest nerve density, the abdominal aorta was least innervated. When related to the maximal isometric response to applied noradrenaline, the maximal neurogenic response parallelled the density of the adrenergic innervation. Variations in frequency for half-maximal response among the vessels could not, however, be ascribed to innervation properties only. The constriction under isotonic conditions amounted to 20% of the initial circumference in the aorta, and to 30% in the small arteries and veins. The relation between response to applied noradrenaline and to nerve stimulation was similar for isometric and isotonic responses. In the smaller veins, a beta-receptor-mediated decline in the response to applied noradrenaline was seen. This decline was much less pronounced in neurogenic responses. The results indicate a gradation from proximal to peripheral arteries towards denser innervation and greater neurogenic responses. On the venous side only minor differences were found.
Animals↗
Effect of Bordetella pertussis vaccine on experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis in rats.
Administration of Bordetella pertussis vaccine simultaneously with the immunization of rats with guinea pig encephalitogenic protein in Freund's complete adjuvant results in the development of hyperacute encephalomyelitis in the Lewis strain, a strain which reacts with ordinary experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE) when immunization is performed without pertussis vaccine. A marked augmentation of the EAE response was seen with pertussis vaccine in the Fischer and PVG strains, both low responders without pertussis, and relapsing EAE developed in some animals. Hyperacute EAE did not develop, however. No effect was seen on the resistant BN strain, but strong EAE developed in the otherwise low-susceptible F1(BN X F) and the practically resistant F2(BN X F) hybrids - in the latter hybrids, EAE developed only when Ir-EAE genes linked to AgB 1 were present. In the F1 hybrids, pertussis vaccine could be given from 4 days before to 5 days after the immunization and an effect was still seen, although a maximal effect was seen when the vaccine was given at 0 or 2 days after immunization.
Animals↗
Detection of a ganglioside antigen associated with small cell lung carcinomas using monoclonal antibodies directed against fucosyl-GM1.
Monoclonal antibodies with an apparent specificity for fucosyl-GM1 (Fuc-GM1) were produced by the immunization of mice with Fuc-GM1 adsorbed to Salmonella minnesota bacteria and fusion of the spleen cells with the myeloma cell line Sp 2/0. The antibodies detected Fuc-GM1 with a unique ceramide composition containing 2-hydroxy fatty acids in 11 of 12 cases of small cell carcinoma of the lung. Trace amounts of Fuc-GM1 were detected in 1 of 11 squamous epithelial cell lung carcinomas. Fuc-GM1 was also detected in 1 of 7 pancreas carcinomas but was not detected in any of the other cancers analyzed. Small amounts of Fuc-GM1 without 2-hydroxy fatty acids were detected in normal adult pancreas, spleen, and brain but could not be detected in normal lung tissue. Fuc-GM1 with 2-hydroxy fatty acids is suggested to be a specific ganglioside associated with small cell lung carcinomas. The monoclonal antibodies directed against Fuc-GM1 may be useful for specific immunodiagnosis of small cell lung carcinomas and might also be useful for specific immunotherapy of these malignant tumors.
Animals↗
Immunocytochemical localisation of caligulin-like immunoreactivity in rat tissues.
The cellular localisation of caligulin-like immunoreactivity (caligulin-LI) in rat central and peripheral tissues was studied using antibodies against bovine brain caligulin raised in rabbits. Both immunofluorescence and immunoperoxidase techniques were used to demonstrate caligulin-LI in paraformaldehyde fixed tissues. Certain neurons in the cerebral cortex, basal ganglia and brain stem contained caligulin-LI. In the cerebellum a majority of Purkinje cells were labelled with immunoreactive material localised to dendrites, perikarya and axons. In the gastrointestinal tract some neurons in Auerbach's and Meissner's plexa contained caligulin-LI. Ligation of the sciatic nerve caused accumulation of immunoreactive material both proximal and distal to the crush. A non-neuronal localisation of caligulin-LI could also be demonstrated, e.g., in parts of the renal tubular system, in the islets of Langerhans and in certain enteroendocrine cells. The specific localisation of caligulin-LI in some but not all neurons of the rat brain and gastrointestinal tract suggests a specific function of caligulin in central and peripheral nervous mechanisms.
Animals↗
Adrenergic control of serotonin release from a midgut carcinoid tumour.
A case of recurrent midgut carcinoid tumour with disseminated spread is described, in which the clinical diagnosis was supported by measurements of elevated basal serotonin (5-HT) levels in peripheral blood and increased 5-HT responses to pentagastrin provocation, despite normal urinary levels of 5-hydroxyindoleacetic acid. Preoperative diagnosis was obtained by concomitant determinations of 5-HT in mesenteric and hepatic veins. The carcinoid tumour was studied immunocytochemically using antisera to tyrosine hydroxylase and 5-HT. Neuroendocrine complexes between adrenergic nerve terminals and 5-HT-containing tumour cells could be demonstrated. 5-HT release from tumour cells in suspension was studied in vitro after incubation with adrenoceptor agonists or pentagastrin. Tissue pieces from the tumour were also transplanted into the anterior eye chamber of Sprague-Dawley rats, some of which were subjected to immunosuppression (Cyclosporin A 20 mg/kg s.c.). After 10 days in oculo the tumour transplants (with preserved immunocytochemical characteristics) were stimulated with adrenoceptor agonists. Tumour cells in suspension as well as tumour transplants released 5-HT upon adrenoceptor stimulation but no release was induced by pentagastrin. The pentagastrin test is suggested to cause release of 5-HT in carcinoid tumour patients via release of endogenous catecholamines, in turn activating adrenoreceptors on carcinoid tumour cells.
Adrenergic alpha-Agonists↗
Monoclonal antibodies raised against NeuAc alpha 2-6neolactotetraosylceramide detect carcinoma-associated gangliosides.
Monoclonal antibodies wee obtained by the immunization of mice with 6'LM1 (IV6NeuAc-nLcOse4Cer) adsorbed to Salmonella minnesota. The monoclonal antibodies showed a specificity for gangliosides with a terminal NeuAc alpha 2-6Gal substitution, which was demonstrated in solid-phase binding assay and in liposome inhibition assay. Gangliosides with a NeuAc alpha 2-6Gal substitution were minor components of different normal tissues. However, these gangliosides were enriched in carcinomas of many tissues, and were particularly enriched in most colorectal carcinomas and in lung carcinomas. 6'LM1 is a characteristic ganglioside in fetal intestinal mucosa (meconium). This ganglioside and other gangliosides with a terminal NeuAc alpha 2-6Gal substitution might represent oncofetal antigens expressed in carcinomas owing to an activation of a "fetal' sialyltransferase.
Animals↗
[Effective blood pressure reduction and few side-effects in treatment with captopril and diuretics].
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Adult↗
Chemical structure of carcinoma ganglioside antigens defined by monoclonal antibody C-50 and some allied gangliosides of human pancreatic adenocarcinoma.
A hybridoma, C-50, obtained by fusion of mouse myeloma cells with spleen cells from a mouse immunized with cells from the colorectal carcinoma cell line COLO 205, produced antibodies that detected ganglioside antigen in human adenocarcinomas in many organs. The major ganglioside antigen fraction isolated from liver metastases of a pancreatic adenocarcinoma, behaving as a homogenous band on thin-layer chromatography, consisted of three different gangliosides. One of them, A (25%), had the same carbohydrate structure as the ganglioside antigen defined by monoclonal antibody 19-9, NeuAc alpha 2-3Gal beta 1-3(Fuc alpha 1-4)GlcNAc beta 1-3Gal beta 1-4Glc-Cer(Fuc-3'-isoLM1) Magnani, J.L., Nilsson, B., Brockhaus, M., Zopf, D., Steplewski, Z., Koprowski, H. and Ginsburg, V. (1982) J. Biol. Chem. 257, 14365-14369). The major ganglioside, B (60%), was the isomeric hexasaccharide ganglioside (NeuAc alpha 2-3Gal beta 1-4(Fuc alpha 1-3)GlcNAc beta 1-3-Gal beta 1-4Glc-Cer(Fuc-3'-LM1) and the third ganglioside, C, was 6'-LM1, NeuAc alpha 2-6Gal beta 1-4GlcNAc beta 1-3Gal beta 1-4Glc-Cer (15%). Ganglioside B, isolated from human kidney, did not react with the C-50 MAb. Based on this result and on studies of COLO 205 cell induced tumours where the ganglioside antigen fraction only consisted of A, it is suggested that the C-50 MAb defines an antigen determinant present in A.
Adenocarcinoma↗
Sialosyllactotetraosylceramide, a novel ganglioside antigen detected in human carcinomas by a monoclonal antibody.
A novel ganglioside was detected in a small cell lung carcinoma by TLC-immunostaining of gangliosides with a monoclonal antibody, the C-50 MAb. Structural characterization showed this ganglioside to be IV3NeuAc-LcOse4Cer, a hitherto unknown ganglioside. This ganglioside has also been detected as a minor component in many different carcinomas using the C-50 MAb. The normally dominant CA-50 ganglioside antigen is IV3NeuAc, III4Fuc-LcOse4Cer. Based upon solid-phase binding to IV3NeuAc, III4-LcOse4Cer and IV3NeuAc-LcOse4Cer it is concluded that the C-50 MAb recognizes an epitope present in sialylated type I carbohydrate chains.
Aged↗
Improvement in neuromuscular transmission in myasthenia gravis by 3,4-diaminopyridine.
3,4-Diaminopyridine (3,4-DAP), a potent potentiator of action potential evoked release of acetylcholine from presynaptic terminals in the neuromuscular junction was given i.v. and p.o. to two patients with myasthenia gravis. Effects were monitored electrophysiologically by repetitive nerve stimulation and by standardized clinical testing. Administration of 8 mg and 9 mg 3,4-DAP i.v. produced a clear improvement in the neuromuscular transmission after approximately 20 min. When 3,4-DAP was given p.o. 24 mg was shown to be effective. At a dosage of 18-24 mg p.o. 3,4-DAP significantly potentiated the effect of the cholinesterase inhibitor pyridostigmine at an optimal dose. The maximal effect of 3,4-DAP p.o. was obtained after 2.5-3 h. No significant CNS side-effects were found which is in contrast to those reported for 4-aminopyridine. The results suggest that 3,4-DAP may be useful as an addition to the conventional treatment with cholinesterase inhibitors when immunosuppressive treatment is considered contraindicated or when it has not yet reached its full effect.
4-Aminopyridine↗
Subcellular localization of serotonin immunoreactivity in rat enterochromaffin cells.
Serotonin immunoreactive material was localized to rat enterochromaffin cells (EC cells) at the subcellular level using antibodies to serotonin (5-HT) raised in rabbits. Ultrathin sections from paraformaldehyde fixed plastic embedded tissues were directly labelled with the 5-HT antiserum, using the protein A-gold technique to visualize the immunoreaction. The 5-HT immunoreactivity (5-HT-IR) in the rat gastrointestinal mucosa was exclusively localized to epithelial EC cells with a low background over other epithelial non-enterochromaffin cells. Quantitative evaluation of the immunoreaction revealed that most of the 5-HT-IR in the cytoplasm of EC cells (60%) was located over the dense cores of the secretory granules. However, a significant part of the cytoplasmic 5-HT-IR (40%) was located outside the dense cores of the secretory granules which suggests that different forms of 5-HT storage may exist.
Animals↗
The influence of cholinergic and adrenergic blockade on the portal release of substance P in the cat.
The effect of efferent electrical stimulation of the divided thoracic vagus nerves on the release of substance P-like immunoreactivity (SPLI) into the portal vein was studied in anesthetized cats. Under basal conditions portal SPLI levels were fairly constant. During the first 5 min of vagal stimulation there was a significant increase of the portal plasma levels of SPLI. Since we have demonstrated that infracardiac vagal stimulation causes only minor changes in small intestinal bloodflow, a true vagal neurogenic release of SPLI seems likely. We have shown that SPLI is exclusively localized within feline gut neurons (not the enterochromaffin (EC) cells). Thus, SPLI released into the portal circulation probably represents overflow of transmitter into the circulation. Neither blockade of cholino- or adrenoceptors nor ganglionic blockade influenced the enhanced release of SPLI induced by vagal stimulation, suggesting activation of SP neurons via nonclassical receptors.
Animals↗
The pentagastrin test in the diagnosis of the carcinoid syndrome.
Serotonin (5-HT) and substance P (SP) were assayed in peripheral blood in patients with known midgut carcinoids and hepatic metastases. All patients had supranormal basal levels of 5-HT and SP. The clinical and hormonal response was evaluated by two provocation tests, pentagastrin (PG) injection or calcium infusion. Pentagastrin caused flushing and gastrointestinal symptoms and elevated levels of circulating 5-HT, but not of SP. Pretreatment with a 5-HT2 receptor blocking agent (ketanserin) alleviated gastrointestinal symptoms but had no influence on either 5-HT release or PG-induced flushing. Calcium infusion induced carcinoid symptoms in only two of six patients, which were associated with elevated 5-HT levels (whereas elevated SP levels were seen in only one patient). We conclude that 5-HT is important for the development of gastrointestinal symptoms but not of flushing. Ketanserin may alleviate gastrointestinal symptoms but does not influence PG-induced release of 5-HT. Substance P and 5-HT do not seem to share a common release mechanism. It appears that PG testing is superior to calcium infusion as a provocative test in patients with the carcinoid syndrome.
Carcinoid Tumor↗
Glycosphingolipid studies of visceral tissues and brain from type 1 Gaucher disease variants.
Glucosylceramide and glucosylsphingosine isolated from spleen, liver and brain were quantitated and characterized in two unrelated patients with Gaucher disease, neither of whom had clinical or neuropathologic evidence of neuronal involvement. Visceral glucosylceramide accumulation did not differ in the two patients. Hepatic glucosylsphingosine content was 2-fold greater in a young severely affected 3-year-old American Black patient compared to that in a 56-year-old Ashkenazi Jewish patient. In contrast, significant differences in glycosphingolipid content and composition were observed in the brains of these two cases. Cerebral and cerebellar cortical glucosylceramide accumulated to a greater extent (3-fold) in the severely affected 3-year-old patient compared to that in the older case. The compositions of the acyl and sphingosyl base residues of glucosylceramide in the cerebral and cerebellar cortices from the Ashkenazi Jewish patient were similar to those in normal individuals. In comparison, the gray matter glucosylceramide in the severely affected patient had increased percentages of stearic acid (18:0) and eicosasphingenine (d20:1), suggesting that the accumulated substrate was derived from the brain ganglioside pool. Glucosylsphingosine was found in large amounts only in cerebral and cerebellar cortices from the severely affected patient. The glycolipid content and composition in this patient was similar to that found in the Norrbottnian (Type 3) form of Gaucher disease. The differences in glucosylceramide acyl and sphingosyl base composition in gray matter from the severely affected patient and that in the Ashkenazi Jewish patient suggested that the accumulated substrates were metabolized differently by the residual enzymes in each case.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
Brain↗
C-type retrovirus-related P-30 protein in human follicular fluids: relation to follicular steroids.
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Cell Membrane↗