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Biomedical subjects

O G Gazenko

Publications and source records attributed to O G Gazenko.

At least 91 records · Page 5Linked to original sources
PubMedDate not supplied

[Results of medical research in the performance of the long-term manned flights of the Saliut-6 program].

The major goal of biomedical investigations in prolonged (up to 6 months) manned missions was to obtain information about physiological reactions to long-term weightlessness and to carry out detailed clinical, physiological, immunological and anthropometric investigations before, during and after flight. The results obtained give evidence that man can adapt to the prolonged exposure and to maintain good health condition and high work capacity. The changes detected postflight were reversible and disappeared completely within a relatively short time period. The changes were not correlated with the flight duration. The good health condition and high performance inflight were maintained and postflight readaptation was facilitated due to a rational work-rest cycle and specific countermeasures which were modified with respect to the results of regular medical examinations. Salyut-6 medical data have demonstrated that the duration of forthcoming manned missions can be extended.

Adaptation, Physiological↗
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[Man in space].

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Adaptation, Physiological↗
PubMedDate not supplied

[Main results of the medical research in the Saliut 6-Soiuz program].

In 1977-1981 the Soviet Union launched 18 manned space missions under the Salyut-6--Soyuz program which included five flights of prime crews for 96, 140, 175, 185, and 75 days and eleven flights of visiting crews. Altogether 30 cosmonauts, including 9 crewmembers from other than the USSR socialist countries, took part in the program. Emphasis was given to the medical investigations, since their purpose was not only to assess the health status of the crewmembers and to investigate their responses to prolonged weightlessness, but also to identify the maximum allowable flight time.

Body Weight↗
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[Principal results of physiological experiments with mammals aboard biosatellite "Cosmos-936"].

The program of the 18.5-day flight of the biosatellite Cosmos-936 included studies of physiological effects of prolonged weightlessness (20 rats) and artificial gravity (10 rats). The latter produced a normalizing effect on the function of the myocardium, musculo-skeletal system and excretory system. Simultaneously, artificial gravity exerted an adverse effect on the functions dependent on several sensors, primarily optic, vestibular and motor sensors. It is postulated that the adverse effects are associated with a relatively high rate of rotation and a short arm of the centrifuge.

Animals↗
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Physiological mechanisms of adaptation to weightlessness. Data from experiments with animals in earth-orbit biosatellites.

Four experiments were carried out with mammals (white laboratory rats) in Kosmos biosatellites. The experimental results indicate that rather prolonged weightlessness does not cause pathological changes in internal organs. Changes were discovered in the metabolic and hormonal status of the organisms, allowing us to consider an 18-22-day space flight as a moderately stressful activity. Changes in the musculoskeletal system involved atrophy of particular muscle groups, adaptive transformation of the contractile properties of some of them, osteoporosis, and decreased durability of bony tissue. There was a decrease in the ATPase activity of myocardial myosin, and there were changes in the erythrocytic system: decreased erythrocytic hemopoietic activity, increased levels of spontaneous hemolysis of erythrocytes, etc. All the described changes were reversible, and examination of the animals 25 days after their return to Earth showed practically complete normalization of the parameters studied.

Adaptation, Physiological↗
PubMedDate not supplied

[Animal experiments on the cosmos series biosatellites (results and prospects)].

Results of animal (rat) experiments carried out onboard biosatellites Cosmos-605, 690, 782, 936 and 1129 are presented with emphasis on changes in metabolism and musculo-skeletal system. The modifying effect of weightlessness on the animal radiosensitivity is considered. The use of artificial gravity as a countermeasure against adverse effects of weightlessness is discussed. As an immediate perspective, primate experiments aimed at a detailed study of mechanisms of weightlessness induced changes in the structure and function of the cardiovascular, musculo-skeletal and vestibular systems are described.

Adaptation, Physiological↗
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[Space biology in the 3d decade].

The paper reviews the major results of experiments on microorganisms, plants and animals flown onboard space vehicles during the past two decades. To explain the experimental findings, it is hypothesized that living beings develop an indirect adaptation to gravity effects which has a bearing only on the phylogenetic process.

Adaptation, Biological↗
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[Basic results of an experiment with mammals on the Kosmos-782 biosatellite].

The rat experiments carried out onboard the biosatellite Cosmos-782 contributed to our understanding of mechanisms of animal adaption to prolonged weightlessness. Postflight analysis helped to study nonspecific changes related to the stress-reaction accompanying space flight and return to the Earth gravity as well as specific changes associated with functional unloading of the musculoskeletal system in weightlessness. The flight results confirmed the previously made conclusions concerning possible adaptation of mammals to prolonged weightlessness and lack of pathological changes in vital weightlessness. They included: metabolic and hormonal changes, muscle atrophy, osteoporosis and delayed bone growth, decrease of ATPase activity of myocardial myosin, inhibition of erythropoiesis.

Adaptation, Physiological↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Preliminary results of medical investigations during piloted flights in the Salyut-6 program.

The changes observed during flight on the whole corresponded with the preflight prognosis and reflected the phase nature of the processes of adaptation. They were shown by blood redistribution symptoms, fluctuations in the main indices of hemodynamics at rest not going beyond the limits of the physiological norm, an increase in the pulse-filling of the head with blood, and a decrease in that of the shank. The reaction of the blood circulation to a physical load and the application of negative pressure varied, and in a number of investigations during flight it was more pronounced than on Earth. The changes observed after the flight appeared regular for the period of readaptation of the reactions of the organism. These reactions bore a functional nature and qualitatively did not differ from reactions observed after other flights, and after the 140-day flight they were, on the whole, less pronounced than after the 96-day flight. In the postflight period to accelerate the process of adaptation a complex of restorative-healing measures was carried out, including mainly a regulation of motor activity, restorative massage of the muscles, remedial physical culture and aquatic procedures. The flight lasting 140 days revealed no contraindications to a further regular increase in the time of cosmic flights and demonstrates once again the possibility of the planned control of the state of a healthy subject in flight and the readiness of the organism for a return to the terrestrial force of gravity.

Blood Circulation↗