Biomedical subjects

N Nakabayashi

Publications and source records attributed to N Nakabayashi.

At least 55 records · Page 3Linked to original sources

PubMed1998

A tensile test to facilitate identification of defects in dentine bonded specimens.

OBJECTIVES: To determine the efficacy of a miniaturized dumbbell test procedure designed to more easily identify defect(s) in bonded dentine test specimens. METHODS: Extracted human dentine substrates were pre-conditioned with 10-3 solution for 10, 30 or 60 s prior to dentine bonding with 4-META/MMA-TBB resin. Miniaturized dumbbell-shaped test specimens were prepared from the resin bonded samples. After 24 h storage in 37 degrees C water, the specimens were tensile-loaded to failure. Fractured surfaces and cross-sections were examined and compared under scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and transmission electron microscopy (TEM). RESULTS: Cohesive failure within the bonding resin was observed in specimens pre-conditioned for 10 s. The tensile bond strength of these was excellent. Bond strengths of specimens that were pre-conditioned for 30 and 60 s were significantly lower, and defects in these specimens, formerly difficult or impossible to identify, were readily identified under SEM and TEM microscopy. CONCLUSION: The proposed method of tensile stressing to failure and microscopically examining fractured miniaturized dumbbell-shaped test specimens is a simple and reproducible test procedure. The protocol is capable of clearly elucidating defective resin infiltration of demineralized dentine in bonded interfaces. These defects are difficult to visualize by conventional and/or ISO recommended methods.

Adult↗

PubMed1998

Platelet adhesion on the gradient surfaces grafted with phospholipid polymer.

We have synthesized omega-methacryloyloxyalkyl phosphorylcholine (MAPC) polymers as new blood-compatible materials, with attention to the surface structure of the biomembrane and investigated their blood compatibility. The blood compatibility observed on the MAPC polymers is due to their strong affinity to phospholipids. When the blood comes in contact with the MAPC polymer, phospholipids in the plasma preferentially adsorb on the surface, compared with the plasma proteins or cells. The adsorbed phospholipids construct a biomembrane-like structure on the MAPC polymer surface. The MAPC polymers then have an excellent blood compatibility. In this study, we prepared a gradient poly(MAPC)-grafted polyethylene (PE) surface using a corona discharge treatment method to clarify the effect of the chemical structure of the MAPC unit on the blood compatibility of the MAPC polymers. The surface composition of MAPC and the hydrophilicity on the poly(MAPC)-grafted PE surface were determined by X-ray photoelectron spectroscopic (XPS) analysis and contact angle measurement with water, respectively. The phosphorus/carbon (P/C) ratio determined by the XPS analysis increased, but the water contact angle decreased with increasing corona irradiation energy. These results indicated that the surface density of the MAPC unit was increased. More than 2.5 cm from the starting point of the corona irradiation, the P/C ratio and water contact angle of the surface achieved a constant level. Thus, the surface was completely covered with the grafted poly(MAPC) chain. The effect of the methylene chain length of the MAPC unit on surface properties was also observed. The phospholipid polar group of the MAPC unit was effectively exposed on the surface as the chain length became longer. Moreover, the hydrophobicity of the surface was increased with the increase in the methylene chain length of the MAPC unit. The number of platelets adhering to the poly(MAPC)-grafted PE surface was reduced from the same point where the P/C ratio became constant.

Animals↗

PubMed1997

Reduction of surface-induced platelet activation on phospholipid polymer.

omega-Methacryloyloxyalkyl phosphorylcholine (MA-PC) polymers which have been synthesized with attention to the surface structure of a biomembrane show excellent blood compatibility, i.e., resistance to protein adsorption and blood cell adhesion. To clarify the stability of platelets in contact with the MAPC polymer surfaces, cytoplasmic free calcium concentration ([Ca2+],) in the platelets was measured. A platelet suspension was passed through a column packed with various polymer beads after treatment with plasma, and the [Ca2+]i in the platelets eluted from the column was measured. The [Ca2+]i in contact with the MAPC polymers, i.e., poly[2-methacryloyloxyethyl phosphorylcholine-co-nbutyl methacrylate (BMA)] (PMEB) and poly(6-methacryloyloxyhexyl phosphorylcholine-co-BMA) (PMHB), was less than that in contact with poly(BMA). However, poly(10-methacryloyloxydecyl phosphorylcholine-co-BMA) (PMDB) was not effective in suppressing the increase in [Ca2+]i, and thus was at the same level as in the poly(BMA). This result indicated that platelets in contact with PMEB or PMHB were less activated compared with those in contact with PMDB and poly(BMA). Moreover, the state of the platelets adhered to these polymer surfaces, both morphologically and immunologically, was examined. Scanning electron microscopic observation of the polymer surface after contact with a platelet suspension revealed that many platelets adhered and changed their shape on the poly(BMA). The numbers of adhetent platelets were reduced on all MAPC polymer surface. The relative amount of alpha-granule membrane glycoprotein (GMP-140) which appears on the cell membrane by activation of platelets on the PMEB surfaces was less than that on poly(BMA) and poly(2-hydroxyethyl methacrylate). These results suggest that PMEB and PMHB suppressed not only platelet adhesion but also activation of the platelets in contact with these surface.

Animals↗

PubMed1997

Stabilization of Liposomes Attached to Polymer Surfaces Having Phosphorylcholine Groups

The adsorption state of liposomes on a polymer surface containing a phosphorylcholine group, that is, omega-methacryloyloxyalkyl phosphorylcholine (MAPC) polymer, was evaluated using a quartz crystal microbalance and an atomic force microscope. After a quartz crystal resonator coated with the MAPC polymer or poly[2-hydroxyethyl methacrylate (HEMA)] was equilibrated with distilled water, the quartz crystal was contacted with a dipalmitoylphosphatidylcholine (DPPC) liposomal suspension. The resonance frequency change during liposome adsorption on the poly(HEMA)-coated resonator was larger than that on the MAPC polymer-coated resonator. The temperature response based on the phase transition of adsorbed DPPC liposomes, that is, the liquid crystalline state to gel state, on the MAPC polymer-coated resonator was more sensitive than that on the poly(HEMA)-coated resonator. Moreover, when the DPPC liposomes adsorbed on the polymer surfaces were disintegrated with a nonionic surfactant, it took longer for the frequency to return to the initial value of the poly(HEMA)-coated resonator than to that of the MAPC polymer-coated resonator. According to atomic force microscopic observation of the polymer surface after treatment with the liposomal suspension, the DPPC liposomes adsorbed on the MAPC polymers maintained their spherical shape well. We conclude that DPPC liposomes adsorbed on the poly(HEMA) surface can penetrate a hydrated layer and its ordered structure. On the other hand, DPPC liposomes may adsorb to the MAPC polymer surface without change in their original structure. Copyright 1997Academic Press

Journal Article↗

PubMed1997

Enhanced strength in cemented stem fixation using adhesive acrylic cement as a metal coating material.

One cause of aseptic loosening of cemented total hip arthroplasty is mechanical weakness at the interface between the metal stem and the cured bone cement. Adhesive acrylic bone cement containing 4-methacryloyloxyethyl trimellitate anhydride (4-META) was applied as a metal coating material to increase the strength of the cemented fixation. The 4-META cement has 2-3 times greater tensile bond strength to metals than does commercial acrylic bone cement. The shear strength of the coated metals fixed with bone cement was approximately 4 times greater in SUS-304 and 3 times greater in titanium (Ti) alloy than those of uncoated metals, and this strength did not decrease after 1 week's immersion in saline. The coating process using the 4-META cement can be performed at normal room temperature, so that metal stems for bone cement fixation could be coated during the course of an operation resulting in potentially improved results of total hip arthroplasty.

Biocompatible Materials↗

PubMed1997

Preparation of an effective light-cured bonding agent for orthodontic application.

OBJECTIVE: The purpose of this study was to prepare a light-cured adhesive applicable for orthodontics by mixing monomers and a polymerized reactive organic composite filler (prepolymerized trimethylolpropane trimethacrylate-filler, TMPT-filler). METHODS: The monomer component was a mixture of 3.0 wt% 2-hydroxy-3-(2-naphthoxy)propyl methacrylate (HNPM) in triethylene glycol dimethacrylate. This was applied to extracted bovine tooth enamel after acid etching with 65 wt% phosphoric acid for 30 s. After 24 h in 37 degrees C water, the tensile bond strength was measured, and the data were analyzed with Duncan's new multiple range test (p < 0.01 or 0.05). RESULTS: The tensile bonding strength to enamel etched with 65 wt% phosphoric acid was 13.1 +/- 0.5 MPa, and the thermal stability of the bond was excellent. SEM examination of the cross-sectioned specimens modified with HCl demineralization showed that when the diffusion time prior to light irradiation was only 1 min, a well-developed resin honeycomb-like structure was created in the enamel surface in the formulation containing HNPM. SIGNIFICANCE: Monomer impregnation beyond the etched enamel surface was important for resin-enamel bonding, increasing bonding strength and thermal stability. HNPM was effective in enhancing monomer diffusion and impregnation of the etched enamel surface.

Acrylates↗

PubMed1997

Evaluation of the frictional properties of an elastomer with enhanced lipid-adsorbing ability.

Wear particle production in load-bearing orthopaedic implants is one of the major factors currently limiting the service life of the implant. Most of the research carried out to date in attempting to solve this problem has used the approach of finding more wear-resistant biocompatible material pairs. In contrast, other researchers have attempted to reduce wear by encouraging elastohydrodynamic film formation through the use of elastomeric bearing surfaces. Unfortunately, these elastomeric bearing surfaces have poor tribological properties when a fluid film is not present. Boundary lubrication of an elastomeric orthopaedic bearing may alleviate some of these difficulties. The purpose of this research was to fabricate and characterize an elastomeric material that had a surface capable of specifically adsorbing a naturally occurring boundary lubricant. Dipalmitoyl phosphatidylcholine (DPPC) has been previously shown to be able to act as a boundary lubricant at stresses that occur in human load-bearing joints such as the hip and knee; therefore, DPPC was chosen for use in this study. It was expected that in an aqueous liposome suspension the static coefficient of friction microseconds of such a material would be lower, and increase less quickly over time, than a similar material without an ability to adsorb specifically DPPC when articulated against a polished chrome steel ball bearing. The lipid-adsorbing elastomer did not possess the desired tribological properties. This result was attributed to the polymer adsorbing the DPPC in the liposome phase and not in the bilayer phase, and interaction among the polymeric surface, DPPC and water. This approach to lubricating orthopaedic bearings was shown to have some merit, but a great deal of work needs to be done before such an approach can be used on a clinically available material.

1,2-Dipalmitoylphosphatidylcholine↗

PubMed1997

A new adhesive bonding material for the cementation of implantable devices in otologic surgery.

BACKGROUND: Presently, there are no U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA)-approved adhesive bone cements for the surgical fixation of prosthetic materials in the middle ear. A promising new cement, 4-META/MMA-TBB opaque resin, has shown remarkable adhesive properties as a bone cement in vivo. The cement is composed of 4-methacryloyloxyethyl trimellitate anhydride (4-META) and methyl methacrylate (MMA) as monomers and tri-n-butyl borane (TBB) as an initiator. METHODS: An electromagnetic semiimplantable hearing device presently under development was implanted into the middle ear of six cats using 4-META/MMA-TBB resin to cement a titanium-encased magnet to the incus. The animals were subsequently killed (at a mean of 9.6 months) to assess the (temporal bones and specifically the magnet-incus complex in each animal. RESULTS: The titanium-encapsulated magnet was firmly adherent to all incuses without any failure of the cement-bone interface. Histopathologic examination of the implanted temporal bones demonstrated lack of middle ear inflammation. Transmission electron microscopy of the incuses demonstrated a unique "hybrid layer" in the bone-side subsurface of the bone-cement interface that elucidates the mechanism of interfacial adhesion. CONCLUSIONS: Our investigation highlights the special biomechanical properties as well as the biocompatibility of 4-META/ MMA-TBB resin that make it an attractive bone-bonding agent for use in otologic surgery, including its potential usefulness during ossicular reconstruction.

Animals↗

PubMed1996

Adhesive improvement of the mechanical properties of a dense HA-cemented Ti dental implant.

We have been using dense, pure hydroxyapatite (HA) dental implants for the last 15 years and results have shown that dense HA is a chemically stable material with acceptable mechanical properties. However, due to HA's physical characteristics, particularly its brittleness, there is the risk that the implant will fail if the subsequent bone binding comprises less than one half of the root portion. To ensure greater implant success, a new cementing method has been developed that uses methacrylates for the bonding of the dense HA outer shell to the titanium (Ti) inner cylinder in a two-piece HA-cemented Ti implant. Mechanical property tests were conducted to compare the HA-cemented Ti implant bonded with this new acrylic cement with existing commercially available HA-cemented Ti implants bonded with a triethyleneglycol dimethacrylate (TEGDMA)-bisphenol-A diglycidyl ether (BisGMA compound). The vertical and horizontal compressive strength of this improved implant was respectively 3.4 and 6.1 times greater than the commercial implants. This increased strength of new acrylic cement is due to its ability to compensate for shrinkage that affects adhesion during curing, thereby providing stronger bonding.

Adhesiveness↗

PubMed1996

Ectopic induction of cartilage and bone by bovine bone morphogenetic protein using a biodegradable polymeric reservoir.

Two kinds of bone morphogenetic protein (BMP) containing polymeric reservoirs made from poly(lactide-co-glycolide) (PLG) and a mixture of PLG/poly(ethylene glycol) (PEG) (PLG/PEG) were implanted into mice femoral muscles. In the PLG/PEG reservoir with BMP, bone formation was induced within 3 weeks. On the other hand, in the PLG reservoir with BMP scarcely any bone formation could be observed. The results suggest that the carrier system is most important for the development of BMP-induced bone formation and the PLG/PEG reservoir system is available for BMP delivery.

Animals↗

PubMed1996

Improved blood compatibility of segmented polyurethanes by polymeric additives having phospholipid polar groups. I. Molecular design of polymeric additives and their functions.

To improve the blood compatibility of a segmented polyurethane (SPU), 2-methacryloyloxyethyl phosphorylcholine (MPC) polymer was blended with the SPU. The MPC was copolymerized with cyclohexyl methacrylate (CHMA) or 2-ethylhexyl methacrylate (EHMA), and the MPC polymers obtained could be dissolved in the same solvent as the SPU (Tecoflex 60). The blended membranes composed of SPU and MPC polymers were prepared by a solvent evaporation method. A small amount of MPC polymer in the blended membrane leached out after immersion in water for 10 days. The X-ray photo electron spectra indicated that the MPC moieties were located at the surface of the SPU membrane blended with poly(MPC-co-CHMA). On the other hand, the poly-(MPC-co-EHMA) was located homogeneously in the SPU membrane. The mechanical properties of the SPU membrane, as determined by tensile stress-strain measurements, changed very little even after addition of the MPC polymers. Blood compatibility of the blended membrane was evaluated by blood-cell adhesion on the surface when the membranes were placed in contact with rabbit whole blood or platelet-rich plasma. The addition of MPC polymer in the SPU membrane dramatically reduced cell adhesion. It is concluded that the blending of the MPC polymer in the SPU membrane is an effective method for imparting nonthrombogenicity.

Animals↗

PubMed1996

Improved blood compatibility of segmented polyurethane by polymeric additives having phospholipid polar group. II. Dispersion state of the polymeric additive and protein adsorption on the surface.

To improve the blood compatibility of a segmented polyurethane (SPU), phospholipid polymer, i.e., 2-methacryloyloxyethyl phosphorylcholine (MPC) copolymerized with cyclohexyl methacrylate or 2-ethylhexyl methacrylate, was blended into SPU as a polymeric additive. The blending was achieved by a solvent-evaporation technique from a homogeneous solution containing both the SPU and the MPC polymer. Surface analysis of the SPU membrane blended with the MPC polymer (SPU/MPC polymer membrane) revealed that the MPC polymer was concentrated at the surface of the SPU membrane which contacted the substrate, Teflon, compared with that which contacted air during the membrane-formation period. The dispersion state of the MPC polymer in the SPU membrane was evaluated in detail by staining the MPC unit with osmium tetraoxide. When sonication was applied during preparation of the mixed solution containing SPU and the MPC polymer, the dispersion of the MPC polymer in the SPU membrane was different from that without sonication. That is, the size of the domains of the MPC polymer became smaller but the number of the domains increased. The amount of the MPC polymer mixed with SPU affected the dispersion state. Plasma proteins adsorbed on the SPU/MPC polymer membrane surface after contact with human plasma were detected by gold-colloid-labeled immunoassay. Both albumin and fibrinogen were observed on the SPU membrane; however, the amount of these proteins was reduced on the SPU/MPC polymer membrane. Thus it was concluded that the blood compatibility of the SPU was effectively improved by the blending of the MPC polymer.

Adsorption↗

PubMed1996

Bone morphogenetic protein encapsulated with a biodegradable and biocompatible polymer.

To develop a controlled release system for bone morphogenetic protein (BMP), poly(DL-lactide-co-glycolide) (PLGA) capsules containing BMP were prepared by an interfacial precipitation method using a water-in-oil-in-water emulsion. The surface morphology, particle size distribution, and hydrolytic degradation rate of the PLGA capsules were examined. The encapsulation yield and release rate of BMP in vitro were measured using fluorescein isothiocyanate-labeled BMP. The amount of BMP released from PLGA capsules increased between days 3 and 5. In addition, the effectiveness of BMP encapsulated in PLGA to induce bone formation in vivo was also examined by subcutaneous implantation in rats. Complete digestion of the capsules and new bone formation including bone marrow were identified by histologic examination of harvested tissues at 3 weeks after implantation. These results demonstrated that encapsulation of BMP with PLGA could be a promising method to induce bone in clinics.

Animals↗

PubMed1996

Effect of phosphoric acid concentration on wet-bonding to etched dentin.

OBJECTIVE: This study was conducted to investigate the influence of phosphoric acid (H3PO44) demineralization of dentin during smear layer removal prior to dentin bonding. METHODS: Bovine dentin was pre-treated with either 10 wt% or 35 wt% phosphoric acid for 30 s. Substrates were then rinsed and either kept moist or air-dried before a light-cured bonding system was applied. The adhesive system consisted of a 5 wt% 4-methacryloyloxyethyl trimellitate anhydride (4-META) in acetone primer, and a photocured bonding agent, 4-META/triethylene glycol dimethacrylate-camphorquinone/N-phenylglycine (4-META/TEGDMA-CQ/NPG). Tensile bond strengths of bonded specimens were measured, and specimens were examined with a scanning electron microscope (SEM). Data obtained were subjected to two-way ANOVA and Duncan's New Multiple Range test to examine statistically significant differences (p < 0.05). RESULTS: Improved tensile bond strengths were measured when the 4-META/acetone primer was applied to wet dentin that had been etched with 10 wt% H3PO4 compared with similarly etched but dry dentin samples. However, when the dentin was etched with 35 wt% H3PO4, there was no significant difference in tensile bond strength between wet and dry specimens. SEM examination of the fractured surfaces revealed a number of cohesive failures in the demineralized dentin. Microscopic examination of cross sections of these surfaces indicated that resin impregnation was inadequate and that the hybrid layers in the cohesively fractured specimens were defective. SIGNIFICANCE: Phenomena observed in this investigation suggest that the channels between the H3PO4-denatured collagen fibers were difficult to preserve, so adhesive monomer impregnation of these substrates was impaired in a considerable number of test specimens.

Acid Etching, Dental↗

PubMed1996

Protein adsorption and platelet adhesion on polymer surfaces having phospholipid polar group connected with oxyethylene chain.

We evaluated the blood compatibility of various amphiphilic polymers, that is, n-butyl methacrylate (BMA) copolymers with methacrylates having a phosphorylcholine (PC), hydroxy (OH) or methoxy (MeO) group as an end polar group in the oxyethylene side chain. The amount of proteins adsorbed on the PC-polymer from human plasma was smaller than that on not only the poly(2-hydroxyethyl methacrylate) and poly(methyl methacrylate) but also the OH-polymer and MeO-polymer. The PC group could weaken the interaction between plasma proteins and polymer surfaces. The amount of adsorbed proteins on the PC-polymer decreased with an increase in the mole fraction of the PC units in the polymers. We could observe an effect of the oxyethylene chain length (n is the number of repeating units of oxyethylene) on protein adsorption between n = 2 and n = 3. The platelet adhesion on these polymer surfaces was evaluated using rabbit platelet-rich plasma. On the polymers without the PC group, that is, poly(BMA), OH-polymer, and MeO-polymer, many platelets adhered and a considerable shape change in the adherent platelets occurred. On the other hand, the PC-polymers could effectively suppress platelet adhesion. The platelet adhesion behavior on the polymers was strongly dependent on the adsorbed proteins. Platelet adhesion was completely inhibited on all of the PC-polymers studied having a 0.3 PC unit mole fraction. However, it was observed that the oxyethylene chains on the PC-polymers with a 0.1 PC unit mole fraction affected platelet adhesion.

Adsorption↗

PubMed1996

Effect of reduced protein adsorption on platelet adhesion at the phospholipid polymer surfaces.

We prepared polymers having a phospholipid polar group, poly [omega-methacryloyloxyalkyl phosphorylcholine (MAPC)-co-n-butyl methacrylate(BMA)], as new biomedical materials and evaluated their blood compatibility with attention to protein adsorption and platelet adhesion. The total amount of proteins adsorbed on the polymer surface from human plasma was determined, and the distribution of adsorbed proteins on the plasma-contacting surface was analyzed. The amount of proteins adsorbed on every poly (MAPC-co-BMA) was small compared with that observed on polymers without the phospholipid polar group. However, there was no significant difference in the amount of adsorbed proteins on the poly(MAPC-co-BMA) even when the methylene chain length between the phospholipid polar group and the backbone in the MAPC moiety was altered. Platelet adhesion on the polymer surface from a platelet suspension in a buffered solution was evaluated with and without plasma treatment on the surface. When a rabbit platelet suspension was brought into contact with the poly(BMA) surface after treatment with plasma, many platelets adhered and aggregated. However, a reduced amount of platelet adhered on the poly(BMA) was found in the case of direct contact with the platelet suspension. On the other hand, the poly(MAPC-co-BMA)s could inhibit platelet adhesion under both conditions. Based on these results, it can be concluded that the proteins adsorbed on the surface play an important role in determining the platelet adhesion and suppression of the protein adsorption on the surface, which is one of the most significant ways of inhibiting platelet adhesion.

Adsorption↗

PubMed1996

Bonding to intact dentin.

It has been reported that the presence of a smear layer on dentinal substrates can compromise bonding. Typically, smear layers are removed by acidic agents that selectively extract calcium salts from dentin surfaces to leave a collagen-rich substrate. Acid-conditioned dentin (i.e., demineralized) is then primed and an adhesive agent applied. In the present study, we removed smear layers by "polishing" dentin specimens with a hydroxyapatite paste and ultrasonication. Bonding procedures were carried out by means of an aqueous solution of 20% 2-methacryloyloxyethyl phenyl phosphoric acid (phenyl-P) and 30% 2-hydroxyethyl methacrylate, referred to as 2OP-30H, a "self-etching primer". The 20P-30H solution was applied to "intact" dentin (i.e., non-demineralized) for either 30 or 60 s. Control samples received no application (O s) of the self-etching primer. Mean tensile bond strengths (10 MPa) were similar in both the 30-second- and 60-second-primed groups. The widths of formed hybrid layers varied from 0.3 +/- 0.2 micron at O s application (control) to 2.1 +/- 0.3 micron for the 30-second group and 4.1 +/- 0.2 micron for the 60-second group. SEM and TEM observations revealed that the 20P-30H self-etching primer created diffusion channels into "intact" calcium-rich dentin which permitted monomer to infiltrate dentin substrates. Hybrid layers identified under microscopic examination demonstrated resistance to both HCI and NaOCI treatments, suggesting that the hybrid layer was not defective, and that bonding was stable.

Acid Etching, Dental↗

PubMed1995

Improvement of blood compatibility on cellulose dialysis membrane. III. Synthesis and performance of water-soluble cellulose grafted with phospholipid polymer as coating material on cellulose dialysis membrane.

To improve the surface blood compatibility on a cellulose hemodialysis membrane, a blood compatible polymer with a phospholipid polar group, poly[2-methacryloyloxyethyl phosphorylcholine(MPC)], was immobilized on the surface through the coating of a water-soluble cellulose grafted with poly(MPC) (MPC-grafted cellulose, MGC). The MGC was synthesized by graft copolymerization of MPC on a water-soluble cellulose using cerium ion as an initiator. The coating process on the cellulose membrane with an aqueous solution of the MGC was convenient, and the MGC on the surface was not significantly detached even after immersion in water. The permeability and mechanical strength of the membrane coated with the MGC did not decrease compared with the original membranes. The MGC-coated cellulose membrane was blood compatible, as determined by the prevention of platelet adhesion and aggregation after contact with platelet-rich plasma. From these results, it is concluded that the MGC may be a useful material for improving the blood compatibility of the cellulose hemodialysis membrane.

Animals↗