Biomedical subjects
Publications and source records attributed to N Goto.
Inheritance of dilute coat color with pink eye in the Japanese field vole (Microtus montebelli) was investigated by mating of the dilute mutant with a normal agouti vole and a white vole. As the results, it was cleared that an autosomal recessive gene p is responsible for the pink-eyed dilution in M. montebelli.
Lipids and fatty acids of Leptospira interrogans serovar copenhageni virulent strain Shibaura were analyzed by thin-layer chromatography, gas-liquid chromatography, gas-mass spectrometry and infrared absorption spectrometry. The virulent cells possessed a characteristic lipid pattern consisting of free fatty acid (FFA) (41.8%), one major unidentified phospholipid (14.8%), phosphatidylethanolamine (PE) (12.9%), cholesteryl ester (CE) (9.3%), lysophosphatidylethanolamine (LPE) (4.9%) and diphosphatidyl-glycerol (DPG) (1.1%). Various fatty acids such as hexadecanoic (26.9%), hexadecenoic (15.4%), octadecenoic (26.5%) and octadecadienoic (27.4%) acids were detected in the FFA. The fatty acid composition of the major unidentified phospholipid distinctly differed from those of other lipids including PE, LPE, DPG and CE, and comprised mainly tetradecadienoic (53.6%), tetradecatrienoic (14.0%) and octadecanoic (13.8%) acids. This phospholipid with a large amount of polyunsaturated fatty acids with chain lengths of 14 carbon atoms was detected only in the lipids of the virulent cells.
The inheritance of resistance to Japanese encephalitis virus (JEV) was investigated using inbred strains of mice to study genetic resistance against JEV infection. C57BL/6 mice immunized intraperitoneally (i.p.) with an infective dose of JEV were resistant to intracerebral (i.c.) challenge with JEV, whereas most C3H/He mice treated in the same manner died. C57BL/6 mice developed this resistance 2 weeks earlier than C3H/He after intraperitoneal (i.p.) immunization. Passive transfer of spleen cells from immunized C57BL/6 protected the recipient mice from i.c. challenge, while transfer from immunized C3H/He was less effective. Since immunized athymic nude mice were not resistant to i.c. challenge with JEV, T lymphocytes were considered to be necessary for protection. When F1, F2 and backcross mice derived from C57BL/6 and C3H/He were challenged i.c. with JEV after i.p. immunizations, the number of resistant and susceptible mice were consistent with Mendelian ratios. Thus it can be concluded that resistance to JEV in mice was controlled by a single, dominant autosomal gene which was not linked to a (non agouti)-locus (chromosome 2).
We examined the actual circumstances of idiopathic pseudocyst of the auricle and morphological characteristics of the auricular vascular system, utilizing the serial sections of tissue blocks embedded in celloidin. While the origin of pseudocyst of the auricle is considered to have much to do with the vascular system, there are still many unknown factors regarding the auricular vascular system itself. The morphology of the proximal portion has been described in various documents, but the details have not yet been elucidated. In order to examine this, we made close observation of the auricular vascular system. The materials used consisted of eight auricles obtained from corpses for the anatomical dissection. Four auricles were macroscopically dissected and observed after being injected with dye into the vascular system, whereas the remaining four auricles were observed with a new staining process using the celloidin serial section method in which sections are alternatively stained with luxol fast blue-PAS-hematoxylin and modified Masson-Goldner stain. In the macroscopical observation of arteries being distributed in auricles, the arteries perforating the auricular cartilage mentioned in documents were not be confirmed. In the observation of the serial sections, capillary plexuses were able to be confirmed along the periphery, very close to the auricular cartilage. Pathohistological findings with regard to four cases of idiopathic pseudocyst of the auricles were examined and closely compared with the histological findings of normal cases. It was presumed that idiopathic pseudocyst of the auricles were caused by bendings or oppressions of auricles, which perhaps caused circulatory disturbance, leading ultimately to partial split of the auricular cartilage.
Anatomical development of the human mesencephalic trigeminal nucleus was assessed quantitatively and qualitatively, using serial sections of brains, with the help of a computer-assisted image-analyser. Five fetuses at 16, 18, 21, 23 and 27 weeks of gestation; five neonates at 30, 32, 33, 35 and 40 weeks of gestation; a two-month-old infant and a 63-year-old adult were studied. Morphometric analyses of the mesencephalic trigeminal nucleus revealed that orocaudal columnar length and neuronal areas gradually increased with gestational age. Diversity of neuronal areas appeared after 32 weeks of gestation, but neuronal numbers and shapes showed little change throughout prenatal and postnatal life.
The development of the human putamen was studied using complete serial sections from the brains of 6 fetuses at 21, 23, 27, 30, 33 and 34 weeks of gestation (WG). Morphometric analysis revealed the following data. (1) The total number of putaminal neurons increased gradually from 21 to 33 WG, suggesting that the migration of putaminal neurons continues at least up to 33 WG, and the neuronal number increased markedly after 33 WG. (2) No neuronal death was observed from 21 to 34 WG. (3) Large-sized neurons 4-5 times the area of small-sized neurons appeared from 30 WG onward. The ratio of large neurons to the total putaminal neurons increased by up to 1.4% at 33 and 34 WG.
Nerve fiber analyses were performed on the human vestibulocochlear nerve stained with Luxol fast blue-periodic acid-Schiff-hematoxylin with use of a combination of an image-analyzer and a computer. The axons were counted and their transverse (cross-sectional) areas were measured in 12 individuals. The average numbers of axons in each vestibular and cochlear nerve were 17,727 and 25,098, and the average transverse areas of their axons were 4.02 and 1.79 microns 2, respectively. Amyloid bodies and intervening Schwann cells in the vestibulocochlear nerve were also counted. The average number of amyloid bodies was 246 per transverse section of the nerve and their average size was 114 microns 2. The average number of intervening Schwann cells was 1,513. Our results indicated that the transverse axonal areas of the cochlear nerve became reduced with age, while the transverse areas of the amyloid bodies in the vestibulocochlear nerve increased with age. The number of vestibular nerve fibers did not seem to change with age.
We used CT to make a quantitative evaluation of the pontine volumes of 55 patients with adult-onset cerebellar degeneration and compared the results with their clinical records. Patients with pontine atrophy showed significantly more autonomic dysfunction and extrapyramidal signs; their other clinical features did not differ from patients without pontine atrophy. After dividing the patients into 2 groups, those with and without autonomic dysfunction or extrapyramidal signs, we found that those with these manifestations also had pontine atrophy, a later onset and shorter duration of the disease, and impairment of higher brain functions. The group without these manifestations had relatively normal pontine volume, a greater familial tendency for cerebellar degeneration, and longer duration of the disease. Our results suggest that quantitative volume evaluation of the pons by CT is important for the clinical categorization of cerebellar degeneration.
A canine case of Coombs' test positive and antinuclear antibody-negative hemolytic anemia was examined because of the development of skin lesions after 18 months treatment with prednisolone. Histopathological examination of biopsy specimens obtained from skin and oral mucosa revealed the acantholysis, edematous lesions of the stratum basale and mononuclear cell accumulation in the dermis. Deposits of immunoglobulin G and complement factor 3 were detected at the intercellular and dermoepidermal junction by the direct immunofluorescent test. From these results, the case was considered to be an autoimmune disease caused by distinct antibodies against different organs.
Amyloid angiopathy with cerebral hemorrhage and senile plaques was found in the brain of aged dogs. In all 9 cases examined, 13 to 19 years old, 6 males and 3 females, amyloid deposits were observed mostly in the wall of cerebral arterioles and capillaries showed hyaline degeneration. The accumulation of amyloid fibrils measuring about 10 nm in diameter was seen in the cerebral vessel wall by electron microscopy. The cerebral hemorrhage was observed in 6 of 9 dogs and 2 of them showed massive hemorrhage. The hemorrhagic foci were sometimes closely contact with the vessels involved in amyloid angiopathy. In addition, senile plaques being classified into 2 types were found in the cerebral cortex of 3 dogs. The first type was characterized by the accumulation of degenerative neurites and often contained granular argyrophilic material. The second type had a well-defined amyloid core with neuritic halo. Amyloid deposits were also found in or around intestinal vessel walls of 3 dogs. The amyloid deposited in the cerebral vessels, senile plaques and intestinal vessels showed characteristic green birefringence under the polarized light even after potassium permanganate treatment.
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The influence of long term rearing conditions on the hematological and serum biochemical values in laboratory-bred female cynomolgus monkeys (Macaca fascicularis) was studied under the following two conditions. Group A: New born infants were nursed by their mothers for at least 12 weeks after birth. After weaning, four monkeys of approximately equal age and body weight were kept in a relatively small cage (90 cm W x 60 cm D x 60 cm H) and reared to five years of age. These rearing conditions are commonly used in the breeding program of our primate center. Group B: One male and five females of wild origin were introduced into a relatively large cage (180 cm W x 180 cm D x 160 cm H). Female monkeys born in these cages were used in this study. All of them were reared by their own mothers and grew well in these cages. Male monkeys born in these cages were removed at about 3.5 years of age. Hematological and serum biochemical values between the two groups in each age class were compared and analyzed by the canonical discriminant analysis (the discriminant analysis with reduction of dimensionality). Age correlated highly with the value of the first canonical variate. The second canonical variate detected a difference in the blood hematology and biochemistry probably induced by the difference in rearing conditions.
We biometrically analyzed the body weight growth data of new-born squirrel monkeys, obtained during the nursing period from 0 to 12 weeks of age. Body weight (y in grams) could be expressed as a function of birth weight (a in grams) and age (x in weeks) by the following equation: y = a + b x, where b indicates growth rate. This equation corresponded significantly with actual growth curves (R2 = 0.96). The frequency distribution of b values was demonstrated to be abnormal distribution. This value was used to judge whether the body weight growth of each monkey was normal or abnormal. The lower control limit (LCL) was calculated by using a linear equation with the b value of 9.07 (M-1.25 x S.D.) and each birth weight. For the monkeys whose body weight was above the LCL during the first three weeks after birth, it was determined whether the frequency of weighings could be reduced from 13 to 7. Using the same animals, no significant difference was detected between the b value estimated from 13 measurements and that estimated from 7 measurements. Thus, from the standpoint of management's policy to save labor, the frequency of weighings could be reduced. A new daily routine has been established in our primate center to save labor by reducing the number of body weighings of the many infant monkeys. In the new program, newborn monkeys whose body weight is above the LCL are weighed only 7 times during the nursing period of 12 weeks, while those whose weight is below the LCL are weighed 8 to 13 times.
Nonlinear growth models having a three- or four-parameter family were applied to individual body weight data of 5 male African green monkeys for estimating their growth patterns. Body weight was measured from birth to six years of age and 58 to 114 data items per monkey were collected. The average body weight at birth was 360g with the standard deviation of +/- 25g, 4.54 +/- 0.29 kg at five years of age, and 4.50 +/- 0.12 kg at six years of age at which point body weight was judged to have reached a plateau. Five growth models (Gompertz, Logistic, Richards, Bertalanffy and Brody) were applied to the growth data in this study. As a result, two (Gompertz and Logistic) of the five models were found applicable to all data from the five monkeys. However, the coefficient of determination (R2) obtained by application of the two models were not so large (0.919 +/- 0.05 in Gompertz, 0.889 +/- 0.01 in Logistic). Therefore the data were divided into two groups according to monkey age: the first group being from monkeys between birth and 2 years 10 months of age and the second group was from monkeys older than 2 years 10 months of age. The Gompertz model fitted best the data of the first group in four of the five animals (R2 = 0.982 +/- 0.011). The age at the inflexion point in the Gompertz model nearly corresponded to the age of weaning. The Logistic model was most suitable for the date of the second group in all five animals (R2 = 0.955 +/- 0.038).(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
Human normal vestibulocochlear and facial nerve trunks were cut off near the brain stem of the individuals who ages ranged from 24 to 93 years old. For this study, the discriminative staining method (Luxol fast blue--periodic acid-Shiff--hematoxylin triple stain) was adopted. It is admitted that the vestibulocochlear nerve medial to the internal auditory canal histologically resembles to the central nervous system in the rat. In order to confirm the fact in human, the intervening glial cells among nerve fibers were observed in the transverse section of vestibulocochlear and facial nerves. Schwann cells and microglia were observed among nerve fibers, but oligodendroglia. And the number of the glia was counted. The glial ratios related to the transverse nerve areas and the number of axons were calculated, and were examined in relation to aging. We found that there were more Schwann cells than microglia on both vestibulocochlear and facial nerves, facial nerve had more Schwann cells than vestibulocochlear nerve, and the number of Schwann cells per single myelinated fiber increased with age in the facial nerve. A quantitative study has not been included in the literature on the number of glia in the peripheral nervous system. Then, a quantitative study of human normal glial may be essential to elucidate pathogenesis regarding peripheral neuropathies, nerve injury or nerve sheath tumors as distinguished from the normal aging process.
Pontine volume was measured and evaluated by computer tomography (CT) in 37 healthy adults and in 29 adult autopsied brains which did not have chronic neurologic diseases. The pons was cut serially into 5 mm slices in the autopsied brains. In the CT examinations both 5 mm and 2 mm slices were studied. Pontine areas in horizontal planes were measured using an image analyzer, then pontine volume was calculated by accumulation of the mean value of the areas and cranio-caudal length. Pontine volume was approximately 19 cm3 and pontine atrophy could be defined as less than 12 cm3 (i.e. the mean - 2 SD) in both methods, which heretofore have not been reported.
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