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Biomedical subjects

N Carter

Publications and source records attributed to N Carter.

At least 127 records · Page 7Linked to original sources

Pretreatment with lymphocyte subpopulations and renal allograft survival in the rat.

The induction of antigen-induced immunosuppression by highly purified lymphocyte populations of different phenotypes was investigated in a rat renal allograft model (LEW-to-DA). Lymphocyte populations were prepared from Lewis spleen cells by rosette depletion and flow cytometric separation. Rosette depletion was performed using appropriate monoclonal reagents. B cells were prepared from spleen lymphocytes by rosette depletion of T cells, using three monoclonal antibodies: MRC OX19 (anti-T-cell), MRC OX8 (anti-T-cytotoxic/suppressor) and MRC W3/25 (anti-T-helper). T cells were purified by rosette depletion of B cells with MRC OX12 (anti-rat-K-chain). After depletion the lymphocyte populations were analyzed by flow cytometry and the purity of each preparation determined. B cells were 93.6% pure and T cells were 92.4% pure. Intravenous injection of 5 X 10(6) of these LEW B or T cells one week before transplantation of a LEW kidney into a DA recipient resulted in was indefinite renal allograft survival (median survival time [MST] greater than 100 days). Purification of the enriched B and T cell preparations by flow sorting resulted in highly purified populations of spleen B cells (99.3%) and T cells (98.2%). Further fractionation of the T cells into cells of T helper (99.6%) (i.e., W3/25-positive) and T cytotoxic/suppressor phenotype (99.4%) (i.e., MRC OX8-positive) was performed. While purified B cells, T cells, and T helper cells, given at a dose of 10(6) cells intravenously one week before transplantation resulted in long-term renal allograft survival (MST greater than 100 days), cells of the T cytotoxic/suppressor phenotype did not prevent graft rejection at this dose (MST 10 days).

Animals↗

Evidence for reflex adrenergic inhibition of acid secretion in the conscious rat.

In conscious gastric fistula rats, gastric distension with saline to a pressure of 7 cm caused a threefold reduction of basal gastric acid secretion. Distension with 6.25% peptone solution to the same pressure doubled basal acid secretion. The saline distension-induced inhibition was abolished by guanethidine and markedly reduced by propranolol; phentolamine was ineffective. The response to peptone was unaffected by guanethidine. The results suggest that in the rat, gastric distension at physiological pressures inhibits acid secretion by a beta-adrenergic reflex. The inhibition can be masked by concurrent chemical stimulation of the gastric mucosa by the digestion products of food.

Animals↗

Simulation modelling of the population dynamics of cereal aphids.

A simulation model explaining the population dynamics of the grain aphid (Sitobion avenae), a serious pest of wheat in Western Europe, is described. The model includes the effects of crop development and some natural enemies on the biology of the aphid. It is concluded that although much of the population dynamics of the aphid, especially in relation to its host plant, is now well understood, many uncertainties still remain concerning natural enemies. As these organisms seem able to prevent cereal aphid outbreaks, in some years, these gaps are presently preventing the development of a reliable forecasting scheme.

Animals↗

Radioimmunoassay of carbonic anhydrase III in rat tissues.

A specific and sensitive radioimmunoassay for the rat carbonic anhydrase III isoenzyme was developed. High concentrations of carbonic anhydrase III were detected in soleus muscle and male liver. Female liver and other skeletal muscles contained significantly lower concentrations, and only trace amounts were found in heart, prostate, kidney, brain, plasma, urine and, possibly, erythrocytes.

Animals↗

Induction and repression of the major phenobarbital-induced cytochrome P-450 measured by radioimmunoassay.

Two independent radioimmunoassay techniques for the major phenobarbital-inducible cytochrome P-450 (PB P-450) of rat liver microsomal membranes are described. The first technique employs as the source of radiolabelled antigen the products of translation in vitro labelled with [35S]methionine. The second technique employs purified antigen labelled with 125I and is quicker, less expensive and more precise. Both assays are highly specific for PB P-450 and can detect quantities of this variant as small as 1 ng. This is several orders of magnitude more sensitive than any method described previously for the quantification of cytochromes P-450, and consequently the technique is particularly well suited for the quantification of so-called constitutive cytochrome P-450 variants that are present in very low amounts. The results of the radioimmunoassays demonstrate that the apparent 2.6-fold induction of total cytochromes P-450 after phenobarbital treatment is due to a 43-fold increase in Pb P-450. Although beta-naphthoflavone increases the total content of cytochrome P-450 of microsomal membranes 1.4-fold, it actually causes a 55% decrease in the amount of PB P-450. Thus different xenobiotics can have differential effects on the expression of the genes for specific cytochrome P-450 variants.

Animals↗

Synthesis of rat muscle carbonic anhydrase III in a cell-free translation system.

Carbonic anhydrase III (CA III) was identified in the products of rat soleus muscle RNA translation in vitro by both a radioimmunoassay and a specific immunoprecipitation technique followed by SDS--polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis analysis of the precipitated antigen. The primary translation product has the same Mr-value as the native isoenzyme. CA III mRNA was found to represent approximately 0.55% of the total mRNA present in rat soleus muscle.

Animals↗

Radioimmunoassay of human muscle carbonic anhydrase III in dystrophic states.

A radioimmunoassay for the human isozyme carbonic anhydrase III (CAIII) has been developed. The assay can detect levels as low as 4 microgram/l of sample. Plasma CAIII levels in patients suffering from Duchenne muscular dystrophy were found to be up to 39 times greater than levels in a control group. Urine CAIII levels in patients suffering from Duchenne muscular dystrophy were not significantly different from the levels found in urine from normal adults. Measurement of plasma CAIII levels may be useful in prenatal diagnosis of Duchenne muscular dystrophy, and in investigation of adult skeletal muscle disease.

Animals↗

Distribution of CAIII in fetal and adult human tissue.

Carbonic anhydrase III (CAIII), an enzyme recently shown by conventional electrophoresis to be muscle specific, has been qualified by "rocket" immunoelectrophoresis. This more sensitive technique has shown that the enzyme is virtually specific to skeletal muscle, where it occurs at a level of 5 mg per g, with trace levels in smooth muscle, cardiac muscle, and lung. In man there does not appear to be any correlation between CAIII levels and the proportion of red and white muscle fibers. The fetal development of CAIII has also been examined using immunoelectrophoresis, and the enzyme can be detected at 11 weeks' gestation. The CAIII level rises gradually up to 25 weeks, and there is then a more dramatic increase to reach approximately half adult level at birth.

Adult↗