Gammasubdurography in the diagnosis of bilateral chronic subdural and communicating effusions in infants.
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Humans↗
Biomedical subjects
N Aoki
Publications and source records attributed to N Aoki.
Acute non-communicating hydrocephalus after spontaneous subarachnoid haemorrhage.
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Acute Disease↗
Reversible leukoencephalopathy caused by 5-fluorouracil derivatives, presenting as akinetic mutism.
Two cancer patients are reported, who presented with altered consciousness 2 and 3 months, respectively, after the administration of 5-fluorouracil derivatives, and progressed to a state of akinetic mutism. At first a presumptive diagnosis of metastatic brain tumor was made. However, the result of a cerebrospinal fluid cytology for malignancy was negative, and computed tomography (CT) scanning revealed diffuse decreased attenuation of the cerebral white matter, indicative of leukoencephalopathy, without association of mass lesion. Upon discontinuing the drugs, both patients made significant recovery and the decreased attenuation on the CT also disappeared. The significance of the early diagnosis of this pathology is emphasized.
Anal Gland Neoplasms↗
Steroid-induced avascular necrosis of bone in neurosurgical patients.
After administration of short-term high-dose prednisolone in two patients with brain tumors, avascular necrosis of the femoral head was noted 7 and 15 months later, respectively. Both patients required replacement of the femoral heads. Despite the extensive use of steroid therapy in neurosurgical practices, reports of avascular necrosis of bone have been exceedingly sparse. This pathological condition evolves several months later, and has received scant attention in the neurosurgical literature. Particularly in patients with hemiparesis, the hip joints on the affected side are thought to suffer from avascular necrosis more frequently. For this reason, sufficiently long-term observation for the early detection of this complication is necessary in patients treated with steroids.
Aged↗
Cerebellar infarction.
Here is reported a rare case of a child with cerebellar infarction confirmed by vertebral angiography and computed tomography (CT). Following the sequential CT scan, new hypodense areas developed twice in the later stages. This finding has not been previously reported neither in infra- nor in supra-tentorial infarction.
Cerebellum↗
Structure of the carboxyl-terminal half of human alpha 2-plasmin inhibitor deduced from that of cDNA.
A 1.7 kilobase cDNA clone isolated from a human liver cDNA library contained 822 nucleotides encoding the carboxyl-terminal 274 amino acid sequence of alpha 2-plasmin inhibitor, a stop codon and a 3' noncoding region of 0.9 kilobases. The amino acid sequence deduced from the cDNA shows 29-31% homology with those of other plasma protease inhibitors. The inhibitor's putative reactive-site peptide bond was Met-Ser, and the Met residue was located at the 91st position from the carboxyl-terminal end. The plasminogen binding site was located in the carboxyl-terminal region.
Amino Acid Sequence↗
Release of alpha 2-plasmin inhibitor from plasma fibrin clots by activated coagulation factor XIII. Its effect on fibrinolysis.
When blood coagulation takes place in the presence of calcium ions, alpha 2-plasmin inhibitor (alpha 2PI) is cross-linked to fibrin by activated coagulation Factor XIII (XIIIa) and thereby contributes to the resistance of fibrin to fibrinolysis. It was previously shown that the cross-linking reaction is a reversible one, since the alpha 2PI-fibrinogen cross-linked complex could be dissociated. In the present study we have shown that the alpha 2PI-fibrin cross-linking reaction is also a reversible reaction and alpha 2PI which had been cross-linked to fibrin can be released from fibrin by disrupting the equilibrium, resulting in a decrease of its resistance to fibrinolysis. When the fibrin clot formed from normal plasma in the presence of calcium ions was suspended in alpha 2PI-deficient plasma of buffered saline, alpha 2PI was gradually released from fibrin on incubation. When alpha 2PI was present in the suspending milieu, the release was decreased inversely to the concentrations of alpha 2PI in the suspending milieu. The release was accelerated by supplementing XIIIa or the presence of a high concentration of the NH2-terminal 12-residue peptide of alpha 2PI (N-peptide) which is cross-linked to fibrin in exchange for the release of alpha 2PI. When the release of alpha 2PI from fibrin was accelerated by XIIIa or N-peptide, the fibrin became less resistant to the fibrinolytic process, resulting in an acceleration of fibrinolysis which was proportional to the degree of the release of alpha 2PI. These results suggest the possibility that alpha 2PI could be released from fibrin in vivo by disrupting the equilibrium of the alpha 2PI-fibrin cross-linking reaction, and that the release would result in accelerated thrombolysis.
Electrophoresis, Polyacrylamide Gel↗
Expanding intracerebellar hematoma: a possible clinicopathological entity.
An adult case of intracerebellar hematoma with a definite capsule is presented. The hematoma is thought to have been enlarged by repeated hemorrhages inside the capsule, with consequent progressive neurological symptoms. Intracerebellar hematoma does not always disappear by absorption. On the contrary, it may expand, and symptoms and signs similar to those of cerebellar tumor may subsequently develop. The authors propose that the expanding intracerebellar hematoma is a possible clinicopathological entity with a definite capsule comparable to that of chronic subdural hematoma.
Adult↗
Subdural hematomas in abused children: report of six cases from Japan.
In abused children, subdural hematoma is one of the most common causes of damage to the central nervous system. We report six Japanese cases of child abuse with subdural hematoma and discuss differences from those in the United States. The majority of abused children with subdural hematomas in Japan have suffered direct violence to the face and head, resulting in external signs of trauma. Failure to detect these external traces of trauma, however, might result in an incorrect diagnosis of infantile acute subdural hematoma attributed to accidental trivial head injury. Child abuse with subdural hematoma in the United States is frequently caused by whiplash shaking injury in which external signs of trauma may not be evident. In the United States, retinal hemorrhage and subdural hematoma together suggest child abuse; some cases of infantile acute subdural hematoma might be mistakenly diagnosed as child abuse. Thus, the constellation of retinal bleeding and subdural hematoma combined with the absence of visible signs of trauma is differently interpreted in the United States and Japan.
Child Abuse↗
Resolution of hemifacial spasm after posterior fossa exploration without vascular decompression.
A 57-year-old woman who had hemifacial spasm on the left side for 5 years underwent exploration of the cerebellopontine angle region for the purpose of microvascular decompression. At operation, however, no artery, vein, or other abnormality was noted at the facial nerve root exit zone. Consequently, the exploration was completed without additional manipulation or the placement of a protective barrier, but the patient awoke from the operation completely free of the spasm. The cause of the hemifacial spasm in this patient could not be explained by the currently predominating vascular compression theory.
Biomechanical Phenomena↗
Atrophic brain at high risk in neurosurgery: report of a case complicated by postoperative intracerebral hemorrhage and tension pneumocephalus.
The author reports a patient whose postoperative course was complicated by the coexistence of subcortical hematoma contralateral to the operative site and tension pneumocephalus. This case report and review of the literature suggest that these two complications are both attributed to the intraoperative procedure, which rapidly and greatly relaxes the brain. The potential risk of neurosurgical procedures for an atrophic brain, in which such complications are apt to occur, is discussed.
Aged↗
Acute subdural hematoma with rapid resolution in infancy: case report.
An infant who suffered acute subdural hematoma due to minor head trauma twice in a short period is presented. Each subdural hematoma, showing high density on computed tomographic scanning, resolved with unusual rapidity, resulting in full recovery after nonsurgical management. The mechanism of this rapid resolution of each hematoma was thought to be participation of cerebrospinal fluid secondary to a tearing of the arachnoid membrane.
Acute Disease↗
Inhibitory effects of antithyroid drugs on oxygen radical formation in human neutrophils.
The effects of antithyroid drugs and related agents on human neutrophil function were studied. Neutrophil function was mainly assessed through oxygen radical formation as determined by chemiluminescence (CL) response, superoxide anion (O-2) generation and hydrogen peroxide production. Propylthiouracil (PTU) at a therapeutic concentration (10 micrograms/ml) inhibited CL response evoked by phorbol myristate acetate (PMA) and other stimulators. The inhibitory effect was not enhanced by pre-incubation of neutrophils with PTU and not exerted through a direct cytotoxic effect of the drug. It was not related to the kind of stimulators to evoke CL response in neutrophils either. However, the inhibitory effect disappeared when PTU was removed from the reaction mixture for CL response. PTU did not inhibit O-2 generation but markedly inhibited hydrogen peroxide production in neutrophils or activity of hydrogen peroxide in vitro. Morphologically, the unique change of cellular configuration of chemotactic neutrophils caused by N-formyl-methionyl-leucyl-phenylalanine (FMLP) was not influenced with PTU. Since hydrogen peroxide is mainly derived from O-2, these observations suggest that PTU may have a scavenger effect on hydrogen peroxide activity. Inhibition of CL response in neutrophils was also demonstrated with methimazole (MMI), thiouracil and thiourea, but not with imidazole and uracil, which suggests that their inhibitory effect on CL response in neutrophils may be closely related to the antithyroid activity.
Antithyroid Agents↗
Studies of sex-steroid-binding plasma protein (SBP) in Graves' disease before and under antithyroid drug therapy.
The serum concentration of sex-steroid-binding plasma protein (SBP) was measured with radioimmunoassay for 92 patients with Graves' disease, 36 males and 56 females, as well as 92 age- and sex-matched controls. In 24 male patients with hyperthyroidism, the mean SBP concentration was 6.4 +/- 0.2 (mean +/- SD) microgram/ml, whereas it was 2.3 +/- 0.2 micrograms/ml for the controls. The mean SBP concentration in 28 female patients with hyperthyroidism was 7.4 +/- 0.6 micrograms/ml, whereas it was 3.2 +/- 0.6 micrograms/ml for the controls. In Graves patients who were euthyroid following treatment, SBP levels were decreased near normal in both sexes. There was a significant correlation between T4 and SBP concentrations as well as between T3 and SBP concentrations in patients with Graves' disease in both sexes, with a better correlation in females. Increased SBP in untreated Graves' disease initiated to decline within a month following administration of antithyroid drugs, taking over 3 months to decline to the normal range.
Adolescent↗
Projection of death rates from ischemic heart disease in Japan, 1985-2000.
Death rates from all forms of ischemic heart disease and acute myocardial infarction were projected between 1985 and 2000 A.D., based on vital statistics from 1973 to 1982 and the estimated population by sex and age groups in Japan. It is predicted that the crude death rate from ischemic heart disease will increase (+1.4% per year for males and +1.8% for females), and that the age-adjusted death rate will decrease (-1.1% per year for males and -1.4% for females). The crude death rate from acute myocardial infarction is predicted to increase steadily (+2.4% per year for males and +2.2% for females), though the age-adjusted rate will decline slightly (-0.5% per year for males and -1.0% for females) throughout this period. The crude death rate from acute myocardial infarction is predicted to increase more than the rate from ischemic heart disease. It is estimated that the total number of deaths will increase from 48,000 (males and females combined) in 1982 to 72,000 in 2000 for ischemic heart disease, and from 29,600 in 1982 to 45,500 in 2000 for acute myocardial infarction.
Adult↗
Air in acute epidural hematomas. Report of two cases.
Two pediatric patients with acute epidural hematomas containing air bubble(s) are reported. A skull fracture was observed extending to the mastoid cells of the temporal bone in both patients. In one patient the hematoma and air bubbles subsequently increased in volume, requiring a craniotomy. The clinical significance of air in an acute epidural hematoma is discussed.
Acute Disease↗
[Museum of pharmaceutical science and Dr. T. Shimizu] (Jpn).
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History of Pharmacy↗
[Comparative studies of human natural IFN-alpha, IFN-beta and IFN-gamma with regard to their effects on in vitro immune responses].
Interferon (IFN) is known to affect a variety of immune responses apart from its well-established antiviral and antineoplastic effects. Three human IFN species: IFN-alpha, IFN-beta and IFN-gamma are now clinically available as a result of recent rapid improvements in IFN technology. In view of only the scanty data presently available concerning comparative studies among IFNs with regard to their effects on immune regulation, this report deals comparatively with natural IFN-alpha, IFN-beta and IFN-gamma (all products of Green Cross) with respect to their effects on natural killer cell (NK) activity, chemiluminescence (CL) of fractionated NK cells, lymphoproliferative response induced by PHA, PWM and Staphylococcus aureus COWAN-1 (SAC), and IL-2 production under stimulation with PHA (1:1000). Comparison among IFNs for these immune responses was performed with the same level of antiviral activity (IU). NK activity in the peripheral blood was enhanced in the presence of IFN of all species: to the same extent with IFN-alpha and IFN-beta, but significantly less for IFN-gamma as compared with the former. CL of NK cells to IFN was again similar in extent for IFN-alpha and -beta, but less for IFN-gamma. Inhibition of PHA and PWM blastogenesis was similar for IFN-alpha and -beta but less for IFN-gamma as shown previously. SAC blastogenesis of both peripheral lymphocytes and tonsillar B cells was enhanced in the presence of IFN-gamma but not in the presence of IFN-alpha or -beta. IL-2 production of peripheral lymphocytes by PHA (1:1000) was dose-relatedly enhanced in the presence of IFN-gamma but not in the presence of IFN-gamma or -beta.
Cells, Cultured↗