Biomedical subjects

Min Yang

Publications and source records attributed to Min Yang.

At least 109 records · Page 6Linked to original sources

PubMed2004

Tyrosine phosphorylation of the LDL receptor-related protein (LRP) and activation of the ERK pathway are required for connective tissue growth factor to potentiate myofibroblast differentiation.

Renal myofibroblasts play a crucial role in the accumulation of excess extracellular matrix during renal fibrosis. Both transforming growth factor-beta1 (TGFbeta1) and connective tissue growth factor (CTGF) are important profibrotic growth factors, which interact in the pathogenesis of fibrosis. In this study, we demonstrate that CTGF alone has no influence on myofibroblast transformation and fibronectin secretion in kidney interstitial fibroblasts, whereas incubation of CTGF in combination with TGFbeta1 enhanced TGFbeta1 responses, including myofibroblast activation, de novo expression of alpha-SMA, and extracellular accumulation of fibronectin. CTGF induced tryrosine phosphorylation of the cytoplasmic domain of the low-density lipoprotein receptor-associated protein (LRP) in fibroblasts, and the LRP-antagonist, receptor-associated protein (RAP) inhibited CTGF-induced tryrosine phosphorylation of LRP. Inhibition of LRP signaling reduced CTGF-mediated synergistic induction of alpha-SMA protein. Furthermore, the potentiating action of CTGF was neither dependent on modulation of TGFbeta1-induced Smad2 phosphorylation and its association with Smad4, nor did it result from nuclear accumulation of activated Smad2. When TGFbeta1-pretreated fibroblasts were incubated with CTGF, activation of ERK1/2 MAPK signaling was observed. Inhibition of ERK activation by the MEK1 inhibitor PD98059 was associated with a reduction of CTGF-promoted alpha-SMA protein expression. Our in vitro studies provide evidence that CTGF potentiates TGFbeta1-mediated myofibroblast differentiation and activates differentiated myofibroblasts.

Actins↗

PubMed2004

[Connective tissue growth factor synergistically with transforming growth factor beta 1 to promote renal fibrosis].

OBJECTIVE: To investigate the influence of CTGF and TGF-beta(1) on the synthesis and secretion of matrix metalloproteinase-2 (MMP-2) and myofibrotic activation in renal fibroblasts. METHODS: Equal numbers of renal fibroblasts (NRK-49F) were planted and divided into vechile, CTGF treated alone, TGF-beta(1) treated alone, and CTGF plus TGF-beta(1) treated groups. Gelatin zymography and Western-blot analysis were used for assay of the MMP-2 activity and protein level in the supernatant cultured medium, respectively. The levels of MMP-2 mRNA were assessed by real time-PCR. Western-blot analysis was carried out to measure the expression of alpha-smooth muscle actin (alpha-SMA), a maker protein of myofibroblast in cells, and the levels of extracellular matrix (ECM) component Fibronectin in supernantant medium. RESULTS: The activity and protein level of MMP-2 were no significant difference between the groups when cells were stimulated for 24 hours. While cells were stimulated for 48 hours, 100 ng/ml CTGF and 5 ng/ml TGF- beta(1) induce a increase in MMP-2 activity and protein levels compared with vechile, respectively (P < 0.05); different dose of CTGF plus TGF-beta(1) had the tendency to suppress MMP-2 activity and protein level, and a significant decrease was seen in 50 ng/ml CTGF plus 5 ng/ml TGF-beta(1) group, 100 ng/ml CTGF plus 5 ng/ml TGF-beta(1) group compared with CTGF group and TGF-beta(1) group, respectively (P < 0.05). When cells were stimulated for 12 hours, the levels of MMP-2 mRNA were increased significantly in 100 ng/ml CTGF group and 5 ng/ml TGF-beta(1) group compared with vechile respectively beta(1.72), 1.68 vs 1.29, (P < 0.01), decreased significantly in CTGF plus TGF-beta(1) group compared with CTGF group and TGF-beta(1) group, respectively (0.67 vs 1.72, 1.68, P < 0.01). 100 ng/ml CTGF had no prominent effect on the expression of alpha-SMA in cells and FN in supernatant medium (P > 0.05), whereas 5 ng/ml TGF-beta(1) significantly stimulated both the expression of alpha-SMA and FN (P < 0.05), and CTGF plus TGF-beta(1) induced more alpha-SMA and FN compared with TGF-beta(1) (P < 0.05). CONCLUSION: CTGF synergistically with TGF-beta(1) to induce the formation of myofibroblasts and down-regulate the production of MMP-2 in renal fibroblast.

Animals↗

PubMed2004

Synthetic peptide studies on the severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS) coronavirus spike glycoprotein: perspective for SARS vaccine development.

BACKGROUND: The S (spike) protein of the etiologic coronavirus (CoV) agent of severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS) plays a central role in mediating viral infection via receptor binding and membrane fusion between the virion and the host cell. We focused on using synthetic peptides for developing antibodies against SARS-CoV, which aimed to block viral invasion by eliciting an immune response specific to the native SARS-CoV S protein. METHODS: Six peptide sequences corresponding to the surface regions of SARS-CoV S protein were designed and investigated by use of combined bioinformatics and structural analysis. These synthetic peptides were used to immunize both rabbits and monkeys. Antisera collected 1 week after the second immunization were analyzed by ELISA and tested for antibody specificity against SARS-CoV by immunofluorescent confocal microscopy. RESULTS: Four of our six synthetic peptides (S2, S3, S5, and S6) elicited SARS-CoV-specific antibodies, of which S5 (residues 788-820) and S6 (residues 1002-1030) exhibited immunogenic responses similar to those found in a parallel investigation using truncated recombinant protein analogs of the SARS-CoV S protein. This suggested that our S5 and S6 peptides may represent two minimum biologically active sequences of the immunogenic regions of the SARS-CoV S protein. CONCLUSIONS: Synthetic peptides can elicit specific antibodies to SARS-CoV. The study provides insights for the future development of SARS vaccine via the synthetic-peptide-based approach.

Amino Acid Sequence↗

PubMed2004

Comparison between a submerged membrane bioreactor and a conventional activated sludge system on treating ammonia-bearing inorganic wastewater.

A submerged membrane bioreactor (SMBR) and a conventional activated sludge system (CAS) were compared in parallel over a period of 210 days on treating synthetic ammonia-bearing inorganic wastewater under similar conditions. Except for a short period of pH control failure, almost complete conversion of NH(4)(+)?N to NO(3)(-)?N was constantly achieved over an NH(4)(+)?N concentration range from 180 to 1300mgl(-1) at a hydraulic retention time (HRT) of 24h in the SMBR, compared to an average conversion ratio of 95.0% in the CAS. Scanning electron micrographs (SEMs) demonstrated the accumulation of extracellular polymeric substances (EPSs) in the SMBR. Ubiquinone-8 (UQ-8), followed by UQ-10, UQ-7 and UQ-9, was the dominant ubiquinone in both the systems. The dominant menaquinone in the SMBR was menaquinone-6 (MK-6), while that in the CAS was MK-7, indicating that some differences existed between the two systems in terms of microbial community structure. Soluble microbial products (SMPs) tended to accumulate, and then biodegrade in SMBR.

Ammonia↗

PubMed2004

Effects of gastric pacing on gastric emptying and plasma motilin.

AIM: To investigate the effects of gastric pacing on gastric emptying and plasma motilin level in a canine model of gastric motility disorders and the correlation between gastric emptying and plasma motilin level. METHODS: Ten healthy Mongrel dogs were divided into: experimental group of six dogs and control group of four dogs. A model of gastric motility disorders was established in the experimental group undergone truncal vagotomy combined with injection of glucagon. Gastric half-emptying time (GEt(1/2)) was monitored with single photon emission computerized tomography (SPECT), and the half-solid test meal was labeled with an isotope-(99m)Tc sulfur colloid. Plasma motilin concentration was measured with radioimmunoassay (RIA) kit. Surface gastric pacing at 1.1-1.2 times the intrinsic slow-wave frequency and a superimposed series of high frequency pulses (10-30 Hz) was performed for 45 min daily for a month in conscious dogs. RESULTS: After surgery, GEt(1/2) in dogs undergone truncal vagotomy was increased significantly from 56.35+/-2.99 min to 79.42+/-1.91 min (P<0.001), but surface gastric pacing markedly accelerated gastric emptying and significantly decreased GEt(1/2) to 64.94+/-1.75 min (P<0.001) in animals undergone vagotomy. There was a significant increase of plasma level of motilin at the phase of IMCIII (interdigestive myoelectrical complex, IMCIII) in the dogs undergone bilateral truncal vagotomy (baseline vs vagotomy, 184.29+/-9.81 pg/ml vs 242.09+/-17.22 pg/ml; P<0.01). But plasma motilin concentration (212.55+/-11.20 pg/ml; P<0.02) was decreased significantly after a long-term treatment with gastric pacing. Before gastric pacing, GEt(1/2) and plasma motilin concentration of the dogs undergone vagotomy showed a positive correlation (r=0.867, P<0.01), but after a long-term gastric pacing, GEt(1/2) and motilin level showed a negative correlation (r=-0.733, P<0.04). CONCLUSION: Surface gastric pacing with optimal pacing parameters can improve gastric emptying parameters and significantly accelerate gastric emptying and can resume or alter motor function in a canine model of motility disorders. Gastric emptying is correlated well with plasma motilin level before and after pacing, which suggests that motilin can modulate the mechanism of gastric pacing by altering gastric motility.

Animals↗

PubMed2004

Indirect identification of isoprenoid quinones in Escherichia coli by LC-MS with atmospheric pressure chemical ionization in negative mode.

A novel analytical method was applied for identification of isoprenoid quinones in Escherichia coli by liquid chromatography atmospheric press chemical ionization mass spectrometry in negative mode (LC-NI-APCI-MS). Extraction and clean-up of sample were carried out on Sep-Pak Plus Silica solid-phase extraction cartridges. Ubiquinone-7 (UQ-7), Ubiquinone-8 (UQ-8) and Mequinone-8 (MK-8) were determined directly using combined information on retention time, molecular ion mass, fragment ion masses and UV characteristic spectrometry without any standard reagent. It was found that UQ-8 was the major component of isoprenoid quinones in Escherichia coli under aerobic condition. Compared with UQ-8, the relative abundance of UQ-7 and MK-8 is only 15% and 14%, respectively. The average recoveries of UQ-6, UQ-10 and vitamin K(1) in Escherichia coli were investigated by standard spiking experiment. The recoveries were achieved in the range from 94 to 106%, and the relative standard deviations (RSD) of the triplicate analysis of the spiked samples (UQ-6, UQ-10 and vitamin K(1)) ranged from 3 to 8%. The detection limits of LC-NI-APCI-MS were estimated to be 5, 40 and 0.8 microg/g dry cell for UQ-6, UQ-10 and vitamin K(1), respectively.

Chromatography, Liquid↗

PubMed2004

Structure of polysaccharide from Polygonatum cyrtonema Hua and the antiherpetic activity of its hydrolyzed fragments.

A neutral polysaccharide named PD was isolated from the traditional Chinese medicinal herb, Polygonatum cyrtonema Hua. Five fragments were isolated by Bio-Gel P4 chromatography from hydrolysates of PD. Using assays of cytopathic effect inhibition, neutral red dye uptake and plaque forming inhibition, it was proved that the fragments with degree of polymerization (DP) of 4 and 5 were the shortest ones which retained the activity against herpes simplex virus type 2 (HSV-2) in vero cell culture. The structures of PD and one of its activity-retaining fragments, B3, were determined by permethylation followed with reductive cleavage, mass spectrometry and nuclear magnetic resonance spectrometry. It was shown that PD was a branched fructan with average DP of 28. There was one two-residue side chain composed of (2 --> 6)-linked beta-d-fructofuranosyl (Fruf) residues every three (2 --> 1)-linked beta-d-Fruf residues in the backbone of PD, whereas B3 was a mixture containing 1-kestose and neokestose series of oligosaccharides of DP 3-5 without branches.

Animals↗

PubMed2004

Biodegradation of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons by Pichia anomala.

Pichia anomala 2.2540, isolated from soil contaminated by crude oil, degraded naphthalene, dibenzothiophene, phenanthrene and chrysene, both singly and in combination. The yeast degraded 4.5 mg naphthalene l(-1) within 24 h. Phenanthrene was degraded after a lag of 24 h. When a mixture of all four polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons was treated at either 0.1-1.6 mg l(-1) or 3.1-5.3 mg l(-1), naphthalene was completely degraded first within 24 h, followed by phenanthrene and dibenzothiophene after 48 h. Chrysene, which remained in the mixture even after 96 h, could be degraded along with naphthalene. Chrysene at 0.7 and 1 mg l(-1), in the presence of 4.3 and 65 mg naphthalene l(-1), respectively, was removed within 96 h.

Biodegradation, Environmental↗

PubMed2004

Effects of surface gastric pacing on gastric myoelectrical activity and plasma motilin in a canine model of gastric motility disorders.

OBJECTIVE: To investigate the effects of surface gastric pacing on gastric myoelectrical activity and plasma motilin concentration in a canine model of gastric motility disorders. METHODS: Ten healthy mongrel dogs were divided into two groups: an experimental group of six dogs and control group of four dogs. The model of gastric motility disorders was established in the experimental group with truncal vagotomy combined with injection of glucagon. Gastric serosal myoelectrical activity was recorded with a four-channel computer analysis device. Plasma motilin concentration was measured with a radioimmunoassay (RIA) kit. Surface gastric pacing at 1.1-1.2-fold the intrinsic slow-wave frequency superimposed with a series of high frequency pulses (10-30 Hz) was performed for 45 min daily for 1 month in the conscious dogs. RESULTS: The basic electrical rhythm (BER) amplitude (2.32 +/- 0.35 mV) and propagation velocity (4.06 +/- 0.40 cm/s) of the dogs with bilateral truncal vagotomy in the fed state decreased more significantly than those of the controls (4.25 +/- 0.12 mV, 6.92 +/- 0.24 cm/s) (P < 0.03). After long-term surface gastric pacing, the BER amplitude (3.97 +/- 0.19 mV) and propagation velocity (5.57 +/- 0.48 cm/s) was increased significantly compared with before pacing (P < 0.05). Postprandial gastric dysrhythmias were provoked by large doses of glucagon; the percentage of regular slow waves of the dogs with vagotomy was markedly reduced from 67.4 +/- 6.2% at baseline to 10.0 +/- 6.7% (P < 0.001), and that of the control was also decreased from 87.1 +/- 6.9% to 35.0 +/- 11.0% (P < 0.01), but the entrainment of gastric slow waves was 100% by means of gastric pacing at optimal parameters. There was a significant increase in the plasma concentration of motilin at the phase III of the interdigestive myoelectrical complex (IMC III) in the dogs with bilateral truncal vagotomy (baseline vs vagotomy, 184.29 +/- 9.81 pg/mL vs 242.09 +/- 17.22 pg/mL; P< 0.01). However, the plasma motilin concentration (212.55 +/- 11.20 pg/mL; P < 0.02) was decreased significantly after long-term gastric pacing. Before gastric pacing the plasma motilin concentration showed an equally negative correlation with the BER amplitude, and propagation velocity in the dogs with vagotomy in the fed state (r = -0.473, r = -0.807, P < 0.04), but after long-term gastric pacing, the plasma motilin concentration showed an equally positive correlation with the BER amplitude and propagation velocity (r = 0.523, r = 0.896, P < 0.02). CONCLUSIONS: Surface gastric pacing with optimal pacing parameters is able to entrain completely propagated slow waves, improve the parameters of gastric myoelectrical activity and normalize gastric dysrhythmias induced by a pharmacological agent. Surface gastric pacing might be useful in the treatment of gastric dysrhythmia. The gastric myoelectrical activity correlated well with the plasma motilin concentration before and after pacing, which suggests that motilin could modulate the effect of gastric pacing through alteration of the gastric myoelectrical parameters.

Animals↗

PubMed2004

RNA encoding the MPT83 antigen induces protective immune responses against Mycobacterium tuberculosis infection.

We have previously demonstrated that vaccination of mice with plasmid DNA vectors expressing immunodominant mycobacterial genes induced cellular immune responses and significant protection against challenge with Mycobacterium tuberculosis. We demonstrate here, using in vitro-synthesized RNA, that vaccination with DNA or RNA constructs expressing the M. tuberculosis MPT83 antigen are capable of inducing specific humoral and T-cell immune responses and confer modest but significant protection against M. tuberculosis challenge in mice. This is the first report of protective immunity conferred against intracellular bacteria by an RNA vaccine. This novel approach avoids some of the drawbacks of DNA vaccines and illustrates the potential for developing new antimycobacterial immunization strategies.

Amino Acid Sequence↗

PubMed2004

A heterologous DNA priming-Mycobacterium bovis BCG boosting immunization strategy using mycobacterial Hsp70, Hsp65, and Apa antigens improves protection against tuberculosis in mice.

Tuberculosis is responsible for >2 million deaths a year, and the number of new cases is rising worldwide. DNA vaccination combined with Mycobacterium bovis bacillus Calmette Guerin (BCG) represents a potential strategy for prevention of this disease. Here, we used a heterologous prime-boost immunization approach using a combination of DNA plasmids and BCG in order to improve the efficacy of vaccination against Mycobacterium tuberculosis infection in mice. As model antigens, we selected the M. tuberculosis Apa (for alanine-proline-rich antigen) and the immunodominant Hsp65 and Hsp70 mycobacterial antigens combined with BCG. We demonstrated that animals injected with a combination of DNA vectors expressing these antigens, when boosted with BCG, showed increased specific antimycobacterial immune responses compared to animals vaccinated with BCG alone. More importantly, the protection achieved with this regimen was also significantly better than with BCG alone.

Animals↗

PubMed2004

The DNA element controlling expression of the varicella-zoster virus open reading frame 28 and 29 genes consists of two divergent unidirectional promoters which have a common USF site.

The mechanism of the divergent expression of the varicella-zoster virus (VZV) ORF 28 and ORF 29 genes from a common intergenic DNA element, the ORF 28/29 promoter, is of interest based on the observation that both genes are expressed during VZV lytic infection but only the ORF 29 gene is expressed in latently infected neurons. In the work presented here, expression driven by the ORF 28/29 intergenic region was examined. We found that the promoter activity towards the ORF 29 direction is more responsive to activation by the major viral transactivator IE62 than that towards the ORF 28 direction in the context of our experimental system. Analysis of the functional DNA elements involved in IE62 activation of the bidirectional ORF 28/29 regulatory element revealed that in both transfected and VZV-superinfected cells it is a fusion of two unidirectional promoters overlapping an essential USF binding site but with distinct TATA elements. A single TATA element directs expression in the ORF 28 direction, whereas the two TATA elements directing ORF 29 gene expression are alternatively and differentially utilized for transcription initiation. We also identified an Sp1 site localized proximal to the ORF 28 gene which functions as an activator element for expression in both directions. These results indicate that the ORF 28 and ORF 29 genes can be expressed either coordinately or independently and that the observed expression of only the ORF 29 gene during VZV latency may involve neuron-specific cellular factors and/or structural aspects of the latent viral genome.

Base Sequence↗

PubMed2004

Influence of bright intramural echoes on estimates of ultrasonic attenuation from backscattered ultrasound in excised myocardium.

The purpose of this study was to quantitate the influence of bright intramural echoes on estimates of myocardial attenuation from analyses of backscattered ultrasound. To achieve this, M-mode image-based measurements of the inherent anisotropic properties of myocardial attenuation were performed on rotating myocardial specimens. The approach was to use a commercially-available ultrasonic imaging system to acquire M-mode images of 24 excised cylindrical specimens from six formalin-fixed lamb hearts for data analysis using a video signal analysis technique. As a control, through-transmission rf-based measurements were performed concurrently using a pair of focused, single-element ultrasonic transducers. We devised an objective approach to compensate M-mode results for the presence of bright intramural echoes that makes use of the rotational symmetry of the measurements. A comparison of the uncompensated and compensated estimates of attenuation shows that the effect of bright intramural echoes under the conditions of this study increases the average error in M-mode results by approximately 240% compared with that observed when such effects are minimized by compensation. For both uncompensated and compensated M-mode results, increased temporal averaging shows only a modest reduction in average error. These data suggest that for measurements of attenuation from backscattered ultrasound using M-mode images, the effects of bright intramural echoes can be a significant source of error despite increased temporal averaging and therefore may require compensation.

Animals↗

PubMed2004

Frequency of new-onset diabetes mellitus and use of antipsychotic drugs among Central Texas veterans.

STUDY OBJECTIVES: To determine whether the frequency of new-onset diabetes mellitus differs between patients taking atypical antipsychotic agents and those taking typical agents, whether the frequency of new-onset diabetes differs among those taking the atypical antipsychotic agents, and what clinical and demographic factors influence the occurrence of new-onset diabetes. DESIGN: Retrospective analysis. SETTING: Central Texas Veterans Health Care System. PATIENTS: Continuously enrolled adult (> or = 18 yrs) patients with no previous (6 mo) antipsychotic use and no history (previous 1 yr) of diabetes. MEASUREMENTS AND MAIN RESULTS: Data from the Central Texas Veterans Health Care System were extracted from September 1995-November 2002. Clinical and demographic factors used in the analysis were antipsychotic agent taken, body mass index, diabetes-related risk factors, type of mental health comorbidity, age, sex, and race. Among those who met the inclusion criteria (3469 patients), chi2 analyses revealed no significant difference in the frequency of diabetes between the typical and atypical groups (p=0.5553) or among those taking atypical agents (p=0.6520). Multivariate logistic regression (1587 patients) revealed that increasing age (odds ratio [OR] 1.213, 95% confidence interval [CI] 1.016-1.447, p=0.0324), nonwhite race (OR 1.761, 95% CI 1.174-2.640, p=0.0062), and hyperlipidemia (OR 1.606, 95% CI 1.064-2.425, p=0.0242) were significantly related to new-onset diabetes. CONCLUSIONS: Among veterans taking antipsychotic agents, no difference was noted in the frequency of diabetes between patients who took typical agents and those who took atypical agents. After controlling for demographic and clinical variables, still no significant difference was noted among the agents. The main factors (increasing age, nonwhite race, and hyperlipidemia) related to new-onset diabetes were those that are typically associated with the disease.

Aged↗

PubMed2004

Biological removal of methanol from process condensate for the purpose of reclamation.

The biological removal of methanol from condensate of ammonia manufacturing processes for the purpose of reclamation using contact type reactor was studied. Methanol of 60 mg/L was removed completely under an HRT of 1.12 h. Optimal inorganic nutrient dose was determined on evaluating methanol removal performance and dehydrogenase activities (DHA) under different nutrition doses. The optimal inorganic nutrient dose only gave an increase of conductivity of ca. 10 micros/cm2 in the effluent on treating synthetic condensate containing methanol of 30 mg/L. The results demonstrated that biological removal of methanol was effective for the purpose of recovering the methanol-bearing condensate.

Ammonia↗

PubMed2004

[Construction of plasmid with green fluorescent protein gene for analysis of yeasts in yeast wastewater treatment].

Green fluorescent protein (GFP) can be utilized in analysis of the characteristics and distribution of a targeted strain in microbial communities. This study is the first step to establish a dynamic yeast monitoring technique in a wastewater treatment system using yeast by constructing a fluorescent yeast containing gfp gene. The gfp gene was inserted into pACT1-URA3, a powerful plasmid for introducing a foreign gene into Candida boidinii, and then transformed into E. coli JM109. The gfp gene was expressed, though not very highly. The results of the electrophoresis and polymerase chain reaction suggested that the newly constructed plasmid containing gfp gene might not exist in free form in the cells, but in some special way such as interaction with the chromosome.

Candida albicans↗

PubMed2004

[Removal of humic substances using cerium-iron adsorbent].

A rare earth metal inorganic adsorbent, cerium-iron adsorbent (CFA), was developed, and its performance for fulvic acid (FA) removal was evaluated. Experimental results show that rare earth metal adsorbent had a relatively high adsorption capacity and good kinetic property for FA ion under the pH range of 3.0-6.5, then the adsorption capacity decreased with the increase of pH. FA seriously inhibited the removal of arsenate, suggesting that the adsorption sites for As(V) and FA were similar. Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectra of CFA before and after FA adsorption demonstrated that M-OH groups plays an important role for FA removal. The pH(icp) is 5.6 through the measure of Zeta potential.

Adsorption↗

PubMed2004

[Decolorization of reactive blue KN-R by Penicillium oxalicum BX1 adsorption].

The biomass of Penicillium oxalicum BX1 could adsorb many kinds of dyes. The effect of temperature, carbon source and pH on its growth and its adsorption to Reactive Blue KN-R were studied. To avoid the toxicity of the dye on BX1 biomass growth, BX1 culture and its adsorption to the dye were separated. It was found that there were three phases during BX1 growth: spore activation, linear growth and decay. The rate of BX1 growth in different carbon sources followed the order of starch > xylose > sucrose > maltrose> glucose > lactose. The optimum pH value of BX1 growth was 4.0. The decolorization rate for KN-R was 93.7% after 120 min adsorption. The maximum adsorption capacity (Reactive Blue KN-R/dry biomass) was 159 mg/g in 20 degrees C.

Adsorption↗