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Biomedical subjects

M Yunus

Publications and source records attributed to M Yunus.

At least 91 records · Page 5Linked to original sources
PubMed1987

B subunit-whole cell and whole cell-only oral vaccines against cholera: studies on reactogenicity and immunogenicity.

We conducted a randomized trial among persons in rural Bangladesh to evaluate the side effects and immunogenicity of orally administered B subunit-killed whole cell (BS-WC) and killed whole cell-only (WC) cholera vaccines and a killed Escherichia coli strain K12 placebo proposed for field testing. Three doses of BS-WC, WC, E. coli, or a control agent were given with antacid to 1,257 women (aged greater than 15 years) and children (aged to to 15 years). The four groups exhibited no statistically significant differences in occurrence of symptoms after each dose, and rises in titers of vibriocidal (VC) antibodies to Inaba and Ogawa were twofold higher for vaccinees than for controls (P less than .001). Half of the persons with fourfold or greater VC responses to WC responded after the first dose; many additional patients, particularly young children, responded after subsequent doses. In contrast, 89% of persons who responded to BS-WC with twofold or greater rises in titer of IgG antibodies to cholera toxin did so after the first dose. After the third dose, vaccinees exhibited a fivefold higher rise in titer than did controls (P less than .001); a dose-to-dose booster effect was most evident in young children.

Administration, Oral↗
PubMed1986

Field trial of oral cholera vaccines in Bangladesh.

The protective efficacy of oral B subunit killed whole-cell (BS-WC) and killed whole-cell (WC) cholera vaccines was assessed in 63 498 Bangladeshi children aged 2-15 years and women aged over 15 years. Each received three doses of BS-WC, WC, or placebo in a randomised, double-blinded fashion. Surveillance for cases seeking medical care up to six months after the third dose revealed 26 cases of confirmed cholera in the placebo group, 4 cases in the BS-WC group (protective efficacy 85%; p less than 0.0001), and 11 cases in the WC group (protective efficacy 58%; p less than 0.01). For each vaccine protective efficacy was consistent in different age-groups (2-10 years versus greater than 10 years) and for different severities of cholera.

Administration, Oral↗
PubMed1985

Predisposition for cholera of individuals with O blood group. Possible evolutionary significance.

At the Matlab Hospital of the International Centre for Diarrhoeal Disease Research, Bangladesh, the authors examined the blood groups of patients hospitalized between January and September 1979 for diarrheal disease due to a variety of bacterial and viral agents. A significant association was identified only for cholera, in which cholera patients were twice as likely to have blood group O and one-ninth as likely to have blood group AB as community controls. A follow-up study of family contacts of cholera patients, carried out between September 1980 and July 1982, indicated that blood group did not affect an individual's risk of having a culture-proven infection with V. cholerae 01 but was directly related to the severity of disease. Individuals with the most severe diarrhea compared with those with asymptomatic infection were more often of blood group O (68% versus 36%, p less than 0.01) and less often of AB (0% versus 7%, p less than 0.01). It was not possible to identify the molecular basis for this genetically related protection using biologic models of cholera that are currently available. The constant selective pressure of cholera against people of O blood group may account in part for the extremely low prevalence of O group genes and the high prevalence of B group genes found among the people living in the Gangetic Delta.

ABO Blood-Group System↗
PubMed1983

Classical Vibrio cholerae biotype displaces EL tor in Bangladesh.

The EL Tor biotype of Vibrio cholerae caused all endemic and epidemic cholera in Bangladesh from 1973 until Sept. 3, 1982, when the first classical strain was isolated from a patient in Matlab. Since then the number of isolations of the classical biotype has increased very rapidly and spread to other districts, replacing the EL Tor biotype as the main epidemic strain. The classical strains isolated in the 1982 outbreak were indistinguishable by the standard tests from those isolated a decade ago and the very few isolates in 1979, 1980, and 1981. This suggests that beyond the taxonomic traits used to identify the classical and EL Tor strains, there may be other more crucial biological characteristics that have given this new strain an advantage over the existing strains. The mechanism by which a new biotype of V. cholerae 01 achieves such a crucial biological advantage to displace the existing strains may be a key point in control of the global spread of cholera.

Bangladesh↗
PubMed1982

Home-administered oral therapy for diarrhoea: a laboratory study of safety and efficacy.

Serum electrolytes were measured for persons treated for diarrhoea at home with prepackaged or locally available sugar and salt oral rehydration therapy (ORT) solutions and for persons with diarrhoea who received no ORT but were treated according to local customs. No detrimental effect was found for persons treated with ORT at home; no significant difference was found in the frequency at which members of the groups had hypernatraemia. The rates of hyponatraemia and hypokalaemia were significantly lower for persons who took estimated appropriate volumes of ORT than for those who took less than appropriate volumes or for persons treated according to local customs without ORT. These laboratory results indicate that ORT administered in rural homes in Bangladesh was safe and effective under the conditions of our study.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1982

Longitudinal studies of infectious diseases and physical growth of children in rural Bangladesh. I. Patterns of morbidity.

Longitudinal studies were done in two villages in rural Bangladesh to learn more about the interactions between infectious diseases and the nutritional status of children. An intensive system of surveillance was used to determine the occurrence and frequency of infectious diseases in a cohort of 197 children aged 2-60 months in 1978-1979. This surveillance revealed that illnesses of the upper respiratory tract, such as purulent rhinitis and pharyngitis, had the highest prevalence. Diarrheas were the second most common illnesses, with a peak prevalence rate in children 6-11 months of age. Diarrhea was also the most frequent reason for hospitalization of study children. The overall prevalence of infectious diseases was high: at least one and often several concurrent illnesses were noted on 75% of all days of observation. Compared with children in the surrounding area, children in this study had a low mortality rate, perhaps because of medical services provided during the study. Nevertheless, the extensive morbidity from infectious diseases may have had adverse effects on the growth and development of the children.

Bangladesh↗
PubMed1982

Adrenal defect in adrenomyelodystrophy.

Adrenomyelodystrophy (AMD), a variant of adrenoleukodystrophy, is associated with both neurologic and adrenal dysfunction. Data from an endocrinologic evaluation of a 41-year-old pigmented white man with AMD showed elevation in basal plasma ACTH, 11-deoxycortisol, 17-alpha OH-progesterone and progesterone concentrations, and low normal plasma cortisol levels. Free urinary cortisol and 17-ketosteroid secretion values were within normal limits. These data suggest that the principal adrenal enzymatic defect in this patient was a partial block of 11-hydroxylase and that the elevation of precursors was ACTH-dependent. However, this patient may have other enzymatic defects.

Adrenal Cortex Hormones↗
PubMed1982

Clinical trial of ampicillin v. trimethoprim-sulphamethoxazole in the treatment of Shigella dysentery.

Following a nationwide outbreak of Shigella dysentery type 1 and the recognition of Shigella isolates resistant to ampicillin, the drug of choice, we conducted a clinical trial to compare the efficacy of ampicillin v. trimethoprim-sulphamethoxazole for the treatment of Shigella dysentery. Patients with symptoms of dysentery and no other complicating illness were randomized into one of two treatment groups. Patients in the two groups were comparable at the time of hospital admission with regard to age, sex, presenting complaints and Shigella strains. They responded well with both regimens and there was no significant difference in the mean time until stool became culture negative (1.4 days), temperatures returned to normal (2.7 days) and faecal leucocytes disappeared (3.0 days); abdominal pain, tenesmus and stool blood and mucus improved significantly more rapidly with trimethoprim-sulphamethoxazole than with ampicillin. There was no evidence of toxicity with either drug. While both drugs are effective for the treatment of Shigella dysentery, trimethoprim-sulphamethoxazole was considered to be superior.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1982

Primary fibromyalgia.

Primary fibromyalgia is a common but often unrecognized rheumatic condition. The typical patient is a young woman who complains of diffuse aches, pains and stiffness in joints and muscles. The symptoms are affected by weather and activities. Patients sleep poorly, feel tired and are often anxious. Physical examination reveals multiple tender points without evidence of arthritis or muscle weakness. Laboratory findings are normal. Management requires a program of patient education and reassurance, analgesics, physical therapy, restful sleep and occasional injection of tender areas with lidocaine. Psychoactive drugs are frequently useful.

Adult↗