Determination of perloline by a fluorometric method.
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Alkaloids↗
Biomedical subjects
M Williams
Publications and source records attributed to M Williams.
Antineoplastic agents, 120. Pancratium littorale.
The bulbs of Pancratium littorale collected in Hawaii were found to contain a new phenanthridone biosynthetic product designated pancratistatin (4a) that proved to be effective (38-106% life extension at 0.75-12.5 mg/kg dose levels) against the murine P-388 lymphocytic leukemia. Pancratistatin also markedly inhibited (ED50, 0.01 microgram/ml) growth of the P-388 in vitro cell line and in vivo murine M-5076 ovary sarcoma (53-84% life extension at 0.38-3.0 mg/kg). An X-ray crystal structure determination of pancratistatin monomethyl ether (4c) and a detailed high resolution (400 MHz) nmr study of pancratistatin and its pentaacetate (4b) completed assignment of structure 4a. Companion antineoplastic constituents of P. littorale were found to be narciclasine (2c) and its 7-deoxy derivative (2a). The structure of 7-deoxynarciclasine (2c) was also confirmed by an X-ray crystallographic analysis.
Amaryllidaceae Alkaloids↗
Gender differences related to heterosexual condom use: the influence of negotiation styles.
The present study had three primary goals. The first was to identify gender differences related to negotiation styles associated with condom use. We hypothesized that women would report engaging in more negotiation behaviors associated with condom use than men. The second goal was to determine whether the relationships between intentions to use condoms and past condom use for women and men were moderated by negotiation behaviors. The third goal was to examine gender differences in responses to an open-ended question inquiring why participants did not use condoms. Male and female college students (N = 219) anonymously completed a series of measures. The results indicated that women and men have unique roles in the negotiation process; women play a more active role in negotiation of condom use, while men play a more reactive role. The relationship between intentions to use condoms and past condom use increased for men when their partners were more active in the process of deciding whether to use condoms. Responses to the open-ended item revealed that women identified perceptions of low risk as the most common reason for not using condoms, while men identified the inconvenience or unavailability of condoms as the most common reason. The implications of these results are discussed as they relate to health efforts to increase condom use.
Adolescent↗
Theoretical models used to guide NIDA's cooperative agreement research and intervention efforts. National Institute on Drug Abuse.
NIDA's Cooperative Agreement program to reach out-of-treatment drug users and provide HIV prevention to reduce HIV drug and sexual risks was initiated in September of 1990. By August, 1994 the program included 23 sites which used various theoretical models to guide prevention strategies, add conceptual coherence to many aspects of behavior change, and allow for clearer interpretation of why behavior change occurs. This article reviews the theoretical models used at each of the NIDA Cooperative Agreement sites, the perceived helpfulness of the models, and recommendations for future initiatives.
Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome↗
Age and forgetfulness: the effect of implicit priming.
Participants (i.e., perceivers) unscrambled either memory-related phrases (experimental group) or memory-neutral phrases (control group). Then perceivers read a vignette about a forgetful young, middle-aged, or old target person, after which they rated (a) the target's forgetfulness and (b) how difficult each of 12 tasks (4 low, 4 medium, and 4 high in memory load) would be for the target. High-memory-load tasks were rated as more difficult by perceivers in the experimental group than by perceivers in the control group. Thus, implicit priming of a forgetfulness schema resulted in harsher judgments about how difficult high-memory-load tasks would be for forgetful targets. However, this priming effect was no stronger for old than for young or middle-aged targets.
Adolescent↗
Recent Chinese migrants' health, adjustment to life in New Zealand and primary health care utilization.
A community survey of 271 Chinese migrants aged 15 years and older living in Auckland was conducted to assess self-rated adjustment and health. The majority of respondents came from Hong Kong and Taiwan. Despite significant changes in their lives, including the absence of family members, unemployment and underemployment, most did not report major adjustment problems or regret having come to New Zealand. Few considered their health to be poor. Forty-two per cent reported having consulted a doctor within the past 12 weeks. Factors significantly associated with having experienced major problems included being aged 26-35 years, rejection from locals and having low English proficiency. Factors associated with poor adjustment included expectations not having been met, regretting coming, low proficiency in English, recent arrival in New Zealand, unemployment, younger age and lower levels of education. Self-rated fair or poor health was found to be associated with Chinese-only reading knowledge, residency of more than 5 years and regretting having come to New Zealand.
Acculturation↗
Comments on "Potential human cancer risks from exposure to PCBs: a tale of two evaluations".
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Humans↗
Histological and function changes in the ears of cats after subcutaneous administration of gentamicin.
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Animals↗
Photo-oxidized bovine arterial grafts: short-term results.
Biologic grafts are the conduit of choice for vascular reconstructive procedures. The short-term thrombogenicity, patency, and stability of bovine arterial grafts, altered by a dye-mediated photo-oxidation process, was evaluated in the canine common femoral vein (CFV) and artery (CFA) model. Modified bovine interposition grafts were implanted in the CFV of 12 dogs and in the CFA of 11 dogs, respectively. Polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE) implants on the contralateral side served as controls. Patency and histology were assessed at 1, 2, 4, and 6 weeks. In the CFV, patency of photo-oxidized grafts was 83% at 1 week and 71% at 2 weeks, compared to 17% and 0% for PTFE, respectively (p = 0.0033). In CFA, patency was 82% for the photo-oxidized graft and 63% for PTFE at 6 weeks (p = NS). Photo-oxidized grafts were nonreactive, without evidence of degenerative changes or cellular infiltration at all time periods. Compared to commercially available PTFE, photo-oxidized arterial grafts have superior patency in the CFV, and comparable patency in the CFA. Preliminary results demonstrate that these xenografts are stable and without degenerative changes. If corroborated by long-term data, these grafts may be a suitable alternative to currently available prosthetics for peripheral vascular reconstructive procedures.
Animals↗
Cardiac assist devices for end-stage heart failure.
Cardiac assist devices have become an important therapy for patients with end-stage cardiac failure. These devices continue to evolve. Most current devices provide temporary, left-sided support for patients with cardiogenic shock from postcardiotomy syndrome or for patients awaiting cardiac transplantation. The two most frequently used left ventricular assist devices as a bridge to transplant are the Thermocardiosystems (HeartMate I) and the Novacor devices. The selection criteria for the use of these devices and treatment of these patients will be reviewed. Additionally, other currently available devices and future devices are also presented and discussed.
Cardiovascular Surgical Procedures↗
Maternal fatigue: implications of second stage labor nursing care.
The parameters of fatigue have been studied in recent years in relation to women's health and the childbearing period. Less research emphasis has been placed on second stage labor, a period of time that can encompass considerable physiologic and psychologic fatigue. Consideration to minimizing second stage labor fatigue by altering conventional support practices is needed. This includes minimizing long periods of strong pushing or bearing down efforts in conjunction with sustained breath holding, particularly for women receiving epidural anesthesia. The potential sequelae of second stage labor fatigue, recommendations for practice changes, and new research directions are discussed.
Fatigue↗
Hispanic women's perceptions regarding cervical cancer screening.
OBJECTIVE: To examine factors affecting cervical cancer screening behaviors. DESIGN: Qualitative, descriptive. SETTING: Interviews were conducted in participants' homes. PARTICIPANTS: Purposive sample of 20 Hispanic women 18 to 65 years of age. RESULTS: Participants accessed the health care system primarily during times of illness or in association with impending marriage, obtaining birth control, or childbearing. Barriers to screening participation included personal/cultural and provider/ system factors. Motivators included personal experience with others having cervical cancer, perceived importance of the Pap smear in maintaining health, reduction of financial barriers, and access to culturally appropriate health care. CONCLUSIONS: Factors affecting cervical cancer screening behavior among Hispanic women are identifiable and describable. Knowledge of barriers and motivators can be utilized to design effective nursing interventions and community-based programs.
Adolescent↗
Rehabilitating the frail and elderly on renal replacement therapy.
The World Federation of Occupational Therapists defines Occupational Therapy as "...the treatment of physical and psychiatric conditions through specific activities in order to help people reach their maximum level of function and independence in all aspects of daily life." Occupational Therapy has long been associated with the frail and elderly, both in hospital and the community. In the United Kingdom however, it appears formal input to the renal multidisciplinary team is a relatively new development. Certainly across Europe, none of us needs reminding of the increasing incidence of older patients with renal failure. United Kingdom figures released in the Second Annual Report of the UK Renal Registry in December 1999 state that, "At the start of treatment 46% of patients were aged 65 or more" (1).
Aged↗
Pediatric endoscopy: a review of 616 cases.
Congenital and acquired lesions of the pediatric airway may lead to significant morbidity and mortality. A review of 616 endoscopic procedures, carried out over a 2-year period, was undertaken. Of these procedures, 270 were diagnostic and 346 were therapeutic. This paper outlines the clinical indications, the role of radiology, and the diagnoses revealed by this retrospective review. Of particular interest was the fact that 11.5% of the patients had lesions in more than one anatomic site in the upper aerodigestive tract. The complications were divided into intraoperative, immediate postoperative, and delayed. In total, there was a 1.6% complication rate.
Adolescent↗
Optimal design of clinical outcome studies in nutrition and cancer: future directions.
Many studies have assessed the benefits of nutrition support in cancer patients. Except for studies directed at the treatment of severe malnutrition, most clinical trials have failed. Although prospective randomized controlled clinical trials (Phase III) remain the most reliable means of evaluating the efficacy of therapy, the available literature reports only results from small trials (Phase II to III), most of which appear to be contradictory and none of which conclusively answer the question being considered. To address this gap in knowledge, tools such as meta-analysis have been adapted from the field of statistics. Meta-analysis involves pooling results across several studies and provides a more precise estimate of treatment effect than can each individual study. However, clinical trials selected for meta-analysis, although broadly similar, can differ significantly in terms of therapies used and clinical populations studied. Major cancer types with differing effects on food intake and malnutrition (eg, the mechanical obstruction in head and neck cancer vs the cytokine-induced metastases associated with lung, ovarian, colon, and breast cancer) cannot be subject to the same analytic criteria. In this paper, the current state of clinical outcome trials in nutrition and cancer is examined, and the desired design for future studies is proposed. Research priorities include the conduct of Phase II clinical trials that use as outcome measures quality of life, performance status, and survival to identify optimal cancer-specific and patient-specific nutrition support. The next round of Phase III efficacy studies should establish the appropriate use of nutrition support in cancer therapy.
Bias↗
A review of the carcinogenicity of chemicals most frequently found at National Priorities List sites.
Several studies have shown that numerous National Priorities List (NPL) sites have been contaminated with arsenic (747), cadmium (791), chloroform (596), or nickel (664). The National Toxicology Program (NTP, 1991) has classified these substances as known human carcinogens (arsenic and certain arsenic compounds) or as substances that may reasonably be anticipated to be carcinogens (cadmium and certain cadmium compounds, chloroform, and nickel and certain nickel compounds). The general population is probably exposed to low levels of these hazardous substances through drinking water, eating food, or inhaling contaminated air. People working or living near industries and facilities that manufacture and use chloroform, nickel, arsenic, or cadmium may be exposed to higher than background levels of these hazardous substances. Multiple pathways of exposure may exist for populations near hazardous waste sites. For example, high levels of chloroform (1,890 ppb) were found in well water near a waste site; high levels of cadmium exposure may exist for individuals living near cadmium-contaminated waste sites.
Animals↗
Quality, philosophy and Riehl's model of nursing.
It is theoretically possible to use Riehl's model of nursing as a vehicle for quality assurance. The individual's view of quality is a critical determinant. Patients should be partners in care, negotiating and instigating outcomes together with nurses whenever possible. A holistic approach and a humanistic philosophy for care in combination are important considerations in determining quality of care. Empowerment of the patient through an internal locus of control should enable care to be individualised. A patient thus empowered may then be able to assume responsibility for his/her health status.
Humans↗
Onychomycosis: an analysis of 50 cases and a comparison of diagnostic techniques.
Onychomycosis is an extremely common condition that is increasing in prevalence. Although often innocuous, it may be complicated by discomfort and secondary bacterial infections. Recently introduced oral medications may be highly effective in the eradication of this condition; however, they may carry with them significant expense and potentially serious side effects. Prior to the initiation of antifungal oral therapy, definitive diagnosis is mandatory. This study compares the sensitivity of potassium hydroxide (KOH) preparations, surgical pathology diagnostic testing (SPDT), and culture techniques for the detection of onychomycosis in 50 cases of clinically suspected onychomycosis. Analysis showed that SPDT was significantly more sensitive when compared to KOH and culture. The results suggest that SPDT may be the true gold standard for the diagnosis of onychomycosis.
Adolescent↗