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M T Clegg

Publications and source records attributed to M T Clegg.

At least 37 records · Page 2Linked to original sources
PubMed1993

Phylogenetic analysis of rbcL sequences identifies Acorus calamus as the primal extant monocotyledon.

The identity of the oldest lineage of monocotyledons is a subject of debate. Alternative interpretations of morphological homologies are variously consistent with proposals that species of Alismatanae, Dioscoreales, or Melanthiales were the earliest descendants of the first monocotyledons. We present phylogenetic analyses based on DNA sequences of the plastid locus rbcL in which Acorus calamus, an herb with unspecialized floral features and of uncertain affinities, is supported as a member of the oldest extant lineage of monocotyledons. This conclusion is consistent with a substantial body of morphological, anatomical, and embryological evidence and offers an explanation for the failure to identify any close relationship between Acorus and other genera.

Chloroplasts↗
PubMed1993

Chloroplast gene sequences and the study of plant evolution.

A large body of sequence data has accumulated for the chloroplast-encoded gene ribulose-1,5-biphosphate carboxylase/oxygenase (rbcL) as the result of a cooperative effort involving many laboratories. The data span all seed plants, including most major lineages from the angiosperms, and as such they provide an unprecedented opportunity to study plant evolutionary history. The full analysis of this large data set poses many problems and opportunities for plant evolutionary biologists and for biostatisticians.

Biological Evolution↗
PubMed1993

Evolution of a noncoding region of the chloroplast genome.

The relative rate of occurrence of nucleotide substitutions versus indel (insertion/deletion) events is investigated by comparing complete DNA sequence data from the noncoding portion of the chloroplast genome that maps between the genes rbcL and atp beta. The sequence data are obtained from nine species that represent three tribes of the grass family. Indels could be categorized by those that are deletions or duplications of adjacent or proximal sequences and those that do not appear to be permutations of adjacent sequences. The first category represents 82% of the recorded indels. These indels may also be characterized by being direct duplications of one to several bases usually within runs of As or Ts or by being duplications or deletions of more complex sequences. When viewed from within groups of closely related taxa, indel events appear to occur at an equal or slightly faster rate than do nucleotide substitution events. However, the apparent rate of accumulation of indels in more distantly related species is significantly slower than that of nucleotide substitutions. This difference in apparent accumulation rates between indel events and nucleotide substitutions suggests that the proportion of superimposed changes has been higher among all indel events than among all nucleotide substitution events. Indeed the indels involving more complex sequences were found to be confined across taxa to a number of highly labile sites. Independent, though similar, indel events occur at identical sites in unrelated taxa, yet may not be shared among related taxa, resulting in a type of molecular parallelism. As a result, the phylogenetic tree based on indel events represents an evolutionary hypothesis which is inconsistent with the accepted phylogeny of these grasses. The phylogenetic tree based on nucleotide substitutions is consistent with accepted phylogeny.

Base Sequence↗
PubMed1993

Relative rates of nucleotide substitution in the chloroplast genome.

Coding sequences from maize, rice, tobacco, and liverwort chloroplasts are aligned and subjected to relative rate tests. Results of rate tests suggest that coding sequences from maize and rice are evolving with homogeneous rates of nucleotide substitution while coding sequences from the grass lineages (i.e., maize and rice) are evolving at a faster rate than coding sequences from the tobacco chloroplast. Rate tests also suggest that particular loci evolve at significantly faster rates in grass chloroplast genomes than the tobacco chloroplast genome. These loci encode proteins important to RNA polymerase, the H(+)-ATPase complex, and the ribosomal proteins. Much of the variation at these loci can be attributed to differences in nonsynonymous substitution rates. Taken together, these studies suggest that the chloroplast DNA molecular clock varies both between evolutionary lineages and between protein coding loci.

Biological Evolution↗
PubMed1993

A chloroplast DNA mutational hotspot and gene conversion in a noncoding region near rbcL in the grass family (Poaceae).

The noncoding DNA region of the chloroplast genome, flanked by the genes rbcL and psaI (ORF36), has been sequenced for seven species of the grass family (Poaceae). This region had previously been observed as a hotspot area for length mutations. Sequence comparison reveals that short duplications, probably resulting from slipped-strand mispairing, account for many small length differences between sequences but that major mutational hotspots are localized in three small areas, two of which show potential secondary structure. Mutation in one of these hotspots appears to be a result of more complex recombination events. All seven species contain a pseudogene for rpl23 and evidence is presented that this pseudogene is being maintained by gene conversion with the functional gene. Different transition/transversion biases and AT contents between the pseudogene and the surrounding noncoding sequences are noted. In the subfamily Panicoideae there is a deletion in which almost 1 kb of ancestral sequence, including the 3' end of the rpl23 pseudogene, has been replaced by a non-homologous 60-base sequence of unknown origin. Two other deletions of almost the same region have occurred in the grass family. The deleted noncoding region has mutational and compositional properties similar to the rbcL coding sequence and the rpl23 pseudogene. The three independent deletions, as well as the pattern of mutation in the localized hotspots, indicate that such noncoding DNA may be misleading for studies of phylogenetic inference.

Base Sequence↗
PubMed1993

Nucleotide polymorphism in the Adh1 locus of pearl millet (Pennisetum glaucum) (Poaceae).

We investigated nucleotide polymorphism in the Adh1 locus of pearl millet (Pennisetum glaucum) (Poaceae) by determining the DNA sequence of 20 alleles from 10 individuals. The individuals were sampled from throughout pearl millet's indigenous range and represent both wild and cultivated accessions. Our results indicated that there is little nucleotide polymorphism in the Adh1 locus. Estimates of per site nucleotide polymorphism did not differ significantly between cultivated and wild millet accessions. We compared nucleotide polymorphism in pearl millet Adh1 with nucleotide polymorphism in maize (Zea mays) Adh1 and conclude that the maize Adh1 sample is more polymorphic. Increased polymorphism in maize Adh1 may be attributable, in part, to faster substitution rates in the maize lineage. Analysis suggests that substitution rates in the maize Adh1 lineage are approximately 1.7 times faster than substitution rates in the millet Adh1 lineage.

Alcohol Dehydrogenase↗
PubMed1992

Evolution of Ac and Dsl elements in select grasses (Poaceae).

We present data on evolution of the Ac/Ds family of transposable elements in select grasses (Poaceae). An Ac-like element was cloned from a DNA library of the grass Pennisetum glaucum (pearl millet) and 2387 bp of it have been sequenced. When the pearl millet Ac-like sequence is aligned with the corresponding region of the maize Ac sequence, it is found that all sequences corresponding to intron II in maize Ac are absent in pearl millet Ac. Kimura's evolutionary distance between maize and pearl millet Ac sequences is estimated to be 0.429 +/- 0.020 nucleotide substitutions per site. This value is not significantly different from the average number of synonymous substitutions for coding regions of the Adh1 gene between maize and pearl millet, which is 0.395 +/- 0.051 nucleotide substitutions per site. If we can assume Ac and Adh1 divergence times are equivalent between maize and pearl millet, then the above calculations suggest Ac-like sequences have probably not been strongly constrained by natural selection. The level of DNA sequence divergence between maize and pearl millet Ac sequences, the estimated date when maize and pearl millet diverged (25-40 million years ago), coupled with their reproductive isolation/lack of current genetic exchange, all support the theory that Ac-like sequences have not been recently introduced into pearl millet from maize. Instead, Ac-like sequences were probably present in the progenitor of maize and pearl millet, and have thus existed in the grasses for at least 25 million years. Ac-like sequences may be widely distributed among the grasses. We also present the first 2 Ds1 controlling element sequences from teosinte species: Zea luxurians and Zea perennis. A total of 10 Ds1 elements had previously been sequenced from maize and a distant maize relative, Tripsacum. When a maximum likelihood network of genetic relationships is constructed for all 12 sequenced Ds1 elements, the 2 teosinte Ds1 elements are as distant from most maize Ds1 elements and from each other, as the maize Ds1 elements are from one another. Our new teosinte sequence data support the previous conclusion that Ds1 elements have been accumulating mutations independently since maize and Tripsacum diverged. We present a scenario for the origin of Ds1 elements.

Amino Acid Sequence↗
PubMed1992

Relative rates of nucleotide substitution at the rbcL locus of monocotyledonous plants.

We subjected 35 rbcL nucleotide sequences from monocotyledonous taxa to maximum likelihood relative rate tests and estimated relative differences in rates of nucleotide substitution between groups of sequences without relying on knowledge of divergence times between taxa. Rate tests revealed that there is a hierarchy of substitution rate at the rbcL locus within the monocots. Among the taxa analyzed the grasses have the most rapid substitution rate; they are followed in rate by the Orchidales, the Liliales, the Bromeliales, and the Arecales. The overall substitution rate for the rbcL locus of grasses is over 5 times the substitution rate in the rbcL of the palms. The substitution rate at the third codon positions in the rbcL of the grasses is over 8 times the third position rate in the palms. The pattern of rate variation is consistent with the generation-time-effect hypothesis. Heterogenous rates of substitution have important implications for phylogenetic reconstruction.

Genes, Plant↗
PubMed1992

Constraints on the evolution of plastid introns: the group II intron in the gene encoding tRNA-Val(UAC).

The evolution of the group II intron in the plastid gene encoding tRNA(Val)UAC (trnV) from seven plant taxa was studied by aligning secondary and other structural features. Levels of evolutionary divergence between six angiosperms and a liverwort, Marchantia polymorpha, were compared for the six domains commonly demonstrated for group II introns and were shown to be statistically heterogeneous. Evolutionary rates varied substantially among various domains and other features. Domain II showed the highest evolutionary rate, approaching the synonymous substitution rate reported for cpDNA-encoded genes, while domain VI and the helix and loop region bearing EBS1 evolved at rates similar to those for nonsynonymous substitutions of a number of cpDNA-encoded genes. The minimum free-energy structure of domain I varied among the seven taxa, suggesting that possible protein-RNA or tertiary interactions are important for intron processing.

Base Sequence↗
PubMed1991

Molecular evolution of alcohol dehydrogenase 1 in members of the grass family.

The molecular evolution of the alcohol dehydrogenase 1 (Adh1; alcohol:NAD+ oxidoreductase, EC 1.1.1.1) locus in members of the grass family is analyzed. We report the complete DNA sequence of a genomic clone of Adh1 from Pennisetum glaucum cv. Tift 23DB (pearl millet). The gene is characterized by ten exons and nine introns. The 5' flanking region of the gene contains sequences corresponding to the anaerobic regulatory element as well as sequences corresponding to the TATA box and the CAAT box identified in the maize Adh1-1S flanking regions. Exon sequences from Pennisetum and maize have been subjected to relative rate tests; the maize and Pennisetum Adh1 lineages evolve at equal rates. These results are compared with similar relative rate studies by using the chloroplast DNA encoding the ribulose-1,5-bisphosphate carboxylase (rbcL) gene. Evolutionary rates of Adh1 are estimated. Nonsynonymous rates are found to be 2.50 x 10(-10) substitutions per site per year, whereas synonymous rates are approximately 7.90 x 10(-9) substitutions per site per year. Molecular phylogenies of the Poaceae based upon Adh1 data are presented.

Alcohol Dehydrogenase↗
PubMed1990

Chloroplast DNA sequence from a miocene Magnolia species.

DNA has been successfully extracted from several samples of preserved tissue, the oldest so far reported originating from a 13,000-year-old ground sloth. Both severe damage to the preserved DNA, primarily due to oxidation of the pyrimidines, has prevented the acquisition of sequence data from ancient samples except in a few cases. We report here the extraction of DNA from fossil leaf samples from the Miocene Clarkia deposit (17-20 Myr old), the amplification of an 820-base pair (bp) DNA fragment from the chloroplast gene rbcL from a fossil of the genus Magnolia, and its subsequent sequencing. The sequence was verified by comparison with published and unpublished rbcL sequences. These results extend our ability to analyse ancient DNA and may open new avenues into problems in palaeobotany, biogeography, and in the calibration of mutation rates.

Base Sequence↗
PubMed1990

rbcL sequence divergence and phylogenetic relationships in Saxifragaceae sensu lato.

Phylogenetic relationships are often poorly understood at higher taxonomic levels (family and above) despite intensive morphological analysis. An excellent example is Saxifragaceae sensu lato, which represents one of the major phylogenetic problems in angiosperms at higher taxonomic levels. As originally defined, the family is a heterogeneous assemblage of herbaceous and woody taxa comprising 15 subfamilies. Although more recent classifications fundamentally modified this scheme, little agreement exists regarding the circumscription, taxonomic rank, or relationships of these subfamilies. The recurrent discrepancies in taxonomic treatments of the Saxifragaceae prompted an investigation of the power of chloroplast gene sequences to resolve phylogenetic relationships within this family and between the Saxifragaceae and other major plant lineages. Sequence data from the gene rbcL (ribulose-1,5-bisphosphate carboxylase, large subunit) reveal that (i) Saxifragaceae sensu lato is at least paraphyletic, and probably polyphyletic, (ii) the genera Parnassia and Brexia are only distantly related to other members of Saxifragaceae, and (iii) representatives of the Solanaceae (subclass Asteridae) appear more closely related to Saxifragaceae (subclass Rosidase) than traditionally maintained. These data illustrate the value of chloroplast gene sequence data in resolving genetic, and hence phylogenetic, relationships among members of the most taxonomically complex groups.

Base Sequence↗
PubMed1990

Chloroplast DNA evolves slowly in the palm family (Arecaceae).

A survey of cpDNA restriction-site variation for 22 species representing five of the six subfamilies of the palm family was conducted. Phylogenetic reconstructions based on the restriction-site data are in general agreement with conventional analyses based on morphological characters. Base-substitution estimates, derived from the restriction-site data, indicate a potential 5-13-fold decrease in substitution rates within the palms relative to rate estimates for annual plant taxa. Approximately 1,000 bp of the rbcL gene (ribulose-1,5-bisphosphate carboxylase, large subunit) were sequenced from species representing two subfamilies of the palms. The complete DNA sequence data are in accord with the restriction-site data and indicate a total rate of nucleotide substitution that is about eightfold lower than that observed for annual plants.

Base Sequence↗
PubMed1987

The Ds1 controlling element family in maize and Tripsacum.

Hybridization experiments indicated that the maize genome contains a family of sequences closely related to the Ds1 element originally characterized from the Adh1-Fm335 allele of maize. Examples of these Ds1-related segments were cloned and sequenced. They also had the structural properties of mobile genetic elements, i.e., similar length and internal sequence homology with Ds1, 10- or 11-bp terminal inverted repeats, and characteristic duplications of flanking genomic DNA. All sequences with 11-bp terminal inverted repeats were flanked by 8-bp duplications, but the duplication flanking one sequence with 10-bp inverted repeats was only 6 bp. Similar Ds1-related sequences were cloned from Tripsacum dactyloides. They showed no more divergence from the maize sequences than the individual maize sequences showed when compared with each other. No consensus sequence was evident for the sites at which these sequences had inserted in genomic DNA.

Base Sequence↗
PubMed1985

Multiallelic restriction fragment polymorphisms in genetic counseling: population genetic considerations.

The use of selectively neutral, multiallelic molecular markers to trace the transmission of tightly linked genes is examined theoretically for all genetic counseling situations in which the diagnosis of deleterious progeny is desired. Formulae are computed in terms of the gametic frequency distribution in the population, for the expected fraction of matings (alpha i) which allow exact diagnosis on the basis of the marker alleles transmitted, assuming an arbitrary number (n) of alleles segregating at the marker locus and possibly nonrandom associations between the loci. In each case, it is shown that the diagnostic value of a multiallelic marker increases as n increases, with approximately 1-1/n matings informative, on average.

Alleles↗