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Biomedical subjects

M Shah

Publications and source records attributed to M Shah.

209 records · Page 12Linked to original sources
PubMedDate not supplied

The effects of expiratory positive airway pressure on functional residual capacity in normal subjects.

Functional residual capacity (FRC) was determined by constant volume, whole body plethysmography in seven normal subjects under resting conditions and following the addition of increasing levels of expiratory positive airway pressure (EPAP). There was a significant increase in FRC in six of the seven subjects studied. Grouped data showed a progressive increase in FRC with increasing EPAP (p less than 0.01). The highest level of EPAP (15 cm H2O) was associated with a 20% increase in FRC. We have been able to confirm that EPAP provides a simple and effective method of increasing FRC which could be applied to the treatment of conditions characterized by temporary and reversible reduction in lung volume.

Adult↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Focal xanthogranulomatous pyelonephritis simulating a renal tumor: CT characteristics.

Xanthogranulomatous pyelonephritis is the replacement of renal parenchyma by large lipid-filled macrophages clinically associated with an enlarged, nonfunctioning kidney containing a calculus in the diffuse form or tissue destruction in one pole of a duplicated kidney associated with a calculus in the focal form. We report a case where a focal mass in a functioning kidney with no evidence of calculus, duplication, or fat density simulated a primary renal tumor.

Adult↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Volume T1-weighted gradient echo MRI in multiple sclerosis patients.

Three-dimensional (3D) volume turbo fast low angle shot (FLASH) techniques have become available which produce heavily T1-weighted images, similar to inversion recovery scans, utilizing the appropriate flip angle and inversion time. The purpose of this study was to compare the sensitivity of a rapid volume gradient echo technique [3D magnetization prepared rapid acquisition gradient echo (MP RAGE)] in identifying multiple sclerosis (MS) plaques with a conventional T2-weighted spin echo (SE) sequence. Ten patients with clinical MS were evaluated. Patients underwent a routine examination consisting of an axial T2-weighted SE sequence (2,500,22/90) and a coronal 3D MP RAGE, 10/4/10, acquired as 128 two mm partitions. In six patients, area measurements of 22 plaques were determined on both the axial T2-weighted SE examinations and the axial reformatted MP RAGE examinations. The overall number of plaques utilizing each technique was approximately the same. One hundred twenty-two plaques were visualized for the 3D MP RAGE sequence, and 128 plaques for the T2-weighted SE sequence. There were differences in detection of plaques in different regions, with plaques in gray matter better demonstrated utilizing the conventional T2-weighted SE sequence. Plaques in the corpus callosum, pons, and brachia pontis were better demonstrated utilizing 3D MP RAGE. No significant difference was found between the areas measured on the MP RAGE sequence and on the T2-weighted SE sequence. Three-dimensional MP RAGE provides a sensitive and complementary method to conventional T2-weighted SE sequences in the evaluation of patients with MS.

Adult↗
PubMedDate not supplied

3D MPRAGE evaluation of the internal auditory canals.

A heavily T1-weighted three-dimensional (3D) gradient echo sequence utilizing a 180 degrees inversion pulse has become available for clinical use, called magnetization prepared rapid acquisition gradient echo (MPRAGE). With the appropriate choice of repetition time, echo time, flip angle, and inversion time (TI), T1-weighted imaging can be performed with excellent anatomic detail and a good signal-to-noise ratio. We performed an initial evaluation of this sequence for detection of abnormalities of the internal auditory canals compared with conventional spin echo (SE) imaging. Fifteen men and 15 women were evaluated. Diagnoses included normal (n = 15 patients), acoustic neuromas (n = 7 tumors in 4 patients), cerebellopontine angle meningiomas (n = 3), postoperative for acoustic neuroma without residual tumor (n = 2), postoperative with evidence of residual tumor (n = 3), glomus jugulare (n = 1), Bell palsy (n = 1), and vestibular enhancement of probable viral etiology (n = 1). The 3D MPRAGE study consisted of 128 coronal partitions, (10/4/1), 10 degrees flip angle, 130 x 256 matrix, 2 mm slice thickness. TI time of 350 ms, 1 s recovery time, and 5.43 min examination time. All enhancing lesions identified on the conventional SE T1-weighted imaging were also identified on the MPRAGE imaging. No diagnostic difference existed between the MPRAGE and conventional SE sequences when pathology was present, but the MPRAGE sequence did have poorer resolution in the axial reformats related to the 130 x 256 in-plane matrix. While not currently able to replace conventional two-dimensional SE imaging, 3D MPRAGE may provide a valuable adjunct to the routine imaging protocol. This technique could replace the coronal T1-weighted SE sequence and provide excellent gray-white differentiation and many contiguous thin sections without a great increase in overall examination time.

Cerebellopontine Angle↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Compliance with group B streptococcal disease prevention guidelines.

PURPOSE: This study assessed the degree of clinician compliance with nationally recommended guidelines for the prevention of early onset Group B Streptococcal (GBS) disease in infants. A secondary objective was to identify areas for specific educational interventions to enhance clinician compliance. STUDY DESIGN AND METHODS: A hospital-based retrospective cohort study was undertaken at a tertiary medical center. Mothers (N = 515) with any known risk factor for GBS sepsis who delivered live infants (N = 537) in a 9-month study period participated. No interventions were done. Compliance of obstetric and pediatric clinicians with nationally recommended management algorithms for pregnant women and infants at risk for GBS disease was evaluated. RESULTS: In the combined risk factor and culture-based algorithm for maternal management, clinician compliance with administration of intrapartum antibiotic prophylaxis (when indicated) ranged from 75% to 84%. Unindicated antibiotics were administered in 22% of the women. Among the women for whom antenatal cultures were indicated, 65% received them. Only 9% of the cultures were performed from the anogenital site, as recommended. In the risk factor-based maternal management algorithm, indicated antibiotics were administered to 76% of the women and unindicated antibiotics to 15% of the women. Use of penicillin, the recommended antibiotic, ranged from 0% to 9%. Among the infants, between 14% to 75% received recommended evaluations and 61% to 94% were observed for at least 48 hrs postdischarge. CLINICAL IMPLICATIONS: Clinician compliance with current GBS disease prevention guidelines for mothers and infants is less than ideal. Targeted education efforts are warranted.

Female↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Nutrient and food intake in obese women on a low-fat or low-calorie diet.

The low-fat group consumed significantly fewer calories from fat and more calories from carbohydrate at both 6 and 12 months than the low-calorie group, but their fat intake was still about twice their goal at both 6 months (39 gm per day) and 12 months (46 gm per day). The low-calorie group achieved their fat goal of 30% of calorie intake, but they consumed from 300 to 700 kcal more than their calorie goal. Caloric intake, physical activity, palatability, satiety, quality of life, and weight loss were not significantly different by treatment. Two studies, which gave patients hypocaloric diets of varying fat and carbohydrate content (fat calories 10% to 45%) for from 10 to 12 weeks, found no effect of diet composition on weight loss. In addition, one study, which gave patients a low-fat, energy-unrestricted diet (fat calories 19%), reported a weight loss of 10.1 lb at 16 to 20 weeks and 5.7 lb at 9 to 12 months, which is similar to that seen in the low-fat group in the this study. Most of the decrease in fat intake (90%) in the low-fat group resulted from a reduction in intake of fat from fat and oils; meat, fish, and poultry; dairy products; and sweets. The dietary changes in the low-fat group are consistent with those found in one study, which prescribed a 15% fat calorie diet to women with breast cancer. Intake of vitamin C increased in the low-fat group and decreased in the low-calorie group. This difference was significant and was caused by an increased intake of fruits and vegetables in the low-fat group and a decreased consumption of fruits in the low-calorie group. Calcium intake decreased significantly more in the low-calorie group because of a decreased intake of dairy foods.

Adult↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Clinico-chemical changes in goats given carbon tetrachloride.

Six healthy castrated male goats were each given 1.0, 1.25 or 1.5 ml of carbon tetrachloride per 10 kg BW by stomach tube (2 animals at each dose level). Definite signs of dose dependant liver damage were seen, starting about 4 hours after administration of the drug. The clinico-chemical changes included increased total and conjugated plasma bilirubin, decreased blood clotting activity, and increased activities of P-ASAT and P-GT. Further experiments are needed in animals afflicted with liverflukes to establish the lowest possible anthelmintic dose of carbon tetrachloride.

Animals↗