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Biomedical subjects

M S Rose

Publications and source records attributed to M S Rose.

At least 55 records · Page 3Linked to original sources
PubMed1994

Falls among nursing home residents: an examination of incident reports before and after restraint reduction programs.

OBJECTIVE: To examine changes in the rate of falling of an experimental group of restrained subjects who underwent restraint reduction, and to compare their rate of falling with a group of subjects who did not have restraint orders during the study period. DESIGN: A quasi-experimental, multiple time-series study utilizing the principles of single-subject design. Each subject was followed for 25 weeks before and 25 weeks after initiation of the intervention. SETTING: Seven nursing homes. INTERVENTION: Formal programs aimed at reducing all bed and chair restraints were initiated in all sites after staff received education and training. Multidisciplinary teams implemented the restraint reduction process on a case-by-case basis, beginning with 1 unit/floor at a time in each site. Most experimental subjects reached their optimum restraint-elimination/reduced status within 2 weeks of intervention initiation. The implementation periods ranged from 4 months to more than a year. PARTICIPANTS: Subjects with chart orders for restraints at the start of the study comprised the experimental group and participated in the restraint reduction program (184 subjects). Subjects with no orders for restraints during the study period comprised the nonequivalent control group (111 subjects) and, therefore, did not undergo the intervention. MEASUREMENTS: Incident reports documenting all falls during the study period were examined. Falls, the dependent variable, were classified as serious or nonserious. The independent variable (intervention) was the restraint reduction program offered to experimental subjects. Based on the principles of single subject design, the impact of the intervention on falls was calculated before and after the date the restraint reduction process was initiated for an individual (experimental group) subject. For the control group, the pre- and posttest period was calculated from the start date of the restraint reduction program on the unit on which each subject resided. RESULT: Serious falls did not increase, but nonserious falls increased significantly after restraints were removed or reduced in experimental subjects. The total mean weekly fall rate for this group increased from 1.87% of residents falling per week during preintervention to 3.01% during postintervention. The mean weekly fall rate of the control group was 3.18% at pretest and did not change statistically over time. CONCLUSIONS: The increase in nonserious falls among the experimental group may be attributed to restraint reduction. The mean weekly fall rate in the experimental group postintervention (25 weeks) became comparable to the mean weekly fall rate for the control group during the entire study period (50 weeks). In light of such findings, policy makers have to confront the ethical choice between tying some frail, elderly subjects to beds and chairs versus exposing them to the risks of freedom in their old age.

Accidental Falls↗
PubMed1994

Effect of caffeine on submaximal exercise performance at altitude.

The purpose of this study was to determine if caffeine (CAF) could enhance exercise performance at high altitude (HA). Eight males (17 to 24 years) performed two submaximal endurance tests to exhaustion (ETX) while cycling at approximately 80% of their altitude-specific maximal aerobic power during each of three phases: 1) sea level (SL); 2) after 1 h (acute) at 4,300 m; and 3) after 2 weeks (chronic) at 4,300 m. Subjects received either CAF (4 mg.kg-1) or a placebo drink 1 h prior to each ETX bout at each phase in a double-blind crossover design. ETX was little affected during CAF treatment at SL (26.33 to 27.51 min, p = 0.21) but was increased by 54% (22.77 to 35.10 min, p = 0.004) during acute HA exposure and tended to improve (24%, 30.52 to 38.63 min, p = 0.084) during chronic HA exposure. The change in ETX during acute ALT could not be accounted for by differences in substrate metabolism, Q, diet, or RPE, but may have been due to either a CAF-induced increase in tidal volume or to a lessening of an ALT-induced impairment in muscular force production during submaximal exercise.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1993

Anxious attachment as a determinant of adult psychopathology.

Traditionally, an excess of interpersonal dependency has been used to characterize disturbed interpersonal relationships in adults. This approach stands in sharp contrast to that of attachment theorists who conceptualize attachment as functionally distinct from dependency. Attachment theory focuses on anxious attachment in the definition and dynamics of disturbed adult interpersonal relationships. The purpose of this study was to examine the relevance of anxious attachment to the differentiation of psychiatric outpatients from nonpatients. Empirically, three scales (feared loss of the attachment figure, proximity seeking, and separation protest) measure the components of anxious attachment as defined by Bowlby. The scales were administered to two research samples. Sample 1 was composed of 136 respondents to a survey within the Calgary community. Sample 2 consisted of 110 psychiatric outpatients drawn from the psychotherapy clinic of the Calgary General Hospital. The results indicate that the three components of anxious attachment offer a clinically relevant system for differentiating between psychiatric outpatients and nonpatients. Of these three components, feared loss has the predominant effect. The implications of this finding for the delineation of disturbed interpersonal relationships in adults is discussed.

Adult↗
PubMed1993

Effects of altitude acclimatization on fluid regulatory hormone response to submaximal exercise.

To determine the effect of altitude acclimatization on plasma levels of atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP) during submaximal exercise and its relationship with renin and aldosterone, seven male volunteers aged 17-23 yr exercised to exhaustion on a cycle ergometer at 80-85% of their maximum O2 uptake at sea level (SL; 50 m), during 1 h in a hypobaric chamber [acute altitude (AA); 4,300 m], and after 14 or 16 days of residence on the summit of Pikes Peak, CO [chronic altitude (CA); 4,300 m]. Plasma samples taken before exercise, 10 min after the start of exercise, and 5 min postexercise were analyzed for ANP, plasma renin activity (PRA), and aldosterone (ALDO). ANP showed a progressive increase from rest to postexercise [7.49 +/- 1.63 to 11.32 +/- 1.80 (SE) pmol/ml and 6.05 +/- 2.55 to 10.38 +/- 7.20 pmol/ml; P = 0.049, exercise] at SL and AA, respectively, but not at CA (P = 0.039, altitude). Similarly, PRA and ALDO rose from rest to postexercise (P < 0.001, exercise), but the rise in ALDO with exercise was less during AA than during SL and CA (P = 0.002, phase). The decreased ANP levels during exercise after altitude acclimatization, with no change in PRA and ALDO, suggest that ANP has little effect on PRA and ALDO under these conditions.

Acclimatization↗
PubMed1992

Women's social roles and their exercise participation.

How women's social roles such as parenthood, marital status and employment status affect their exercise participation, is important for the rational planning of suitable and effective exercise programs for women in different social contexts. A secondary analysis of a large data-base of urban women aged 20-49 (n = 5939) was carried out to determine if social roles, their characteristics and their combinations were related to women's exercise participation. Parenthood and marital status were significantly related to whether women exercise, and among those exercising, all three roles were significantly related to the amount of exercise. Statistical modelling, including all three roles and their interactions, controlling for age and education, showed that with respect to whether women exercise, parenthood affected exercise participation most and that its effect was dependent on age. Of the role characteristics only the number of children and overall satisfaction with daily activities improved the prediction of exercising. With respect to how much women exercise, the effect of parenthood interacted with marital status. Married parents were least likely to exercise very much. Of the role characteristics only overall satisfaction with daily activities improved the prediction of the amount of exercise.

Activities of Daily Living↗
PubMed1991

Carbohydrate-electrolyte solutions during field training: an overview.

The rationale and methods of evaluating two carbohydrate-electrolyte solutions at a field training exercise in hot weather are presented in this overview. The carbohydrate-electrolyte solutions were formulated to produce a multipurpose replacement beverage which could satisfy diverse requirements of troops working in hot climates. Several uses of these beverages include replacement of electrolytes and fluid while in Mission Oriented Protective Posture IV, fluid replacement for mild heat casualties, and oral rehydration therapy for treatment of diarrheal losses.

Adult↗
PubMed1991

Fluid replacement during sustained activity in the heat: nutrient solution vs. water.

This study examined the thermoregulatory and hydrational status of men during sustained activity in a hot-dry (37 degrees C, 20% rh) environment while they consumed only a nutrient solution (nutrient), or consumed only colored, flavored water (control). Eleven heat acclimated young men attempted 24-h sustained activity experiments. These experiments consisted of alternating 45-min bouts of treadmill walking (410 W, approximately 30% VO2max) and rest (including sedentary activity). Data were analyzed through 13 h (after 13 h subjects began to discontinue testing). No significant differences between trials were observed for metabolic rate, fluid intake, skin or rectal temperature, sweating rate, plasma volume (as indicated by hemoglobin concentration) or plasma glucose concentrations. By the 8th h plasma osmolality was higher and by the 11th h plasma free fatty acids were lower during the nutrient trial compared to the control. In separate experiments with nine different men, the gastric emptying rates of the nutrient solution and water were compared during exercise (55% VO2max) in the heat (35 degrees C, 20% rh). The gastric emptying rates of the nutrient solution and water were similar (approximately 20 ml.min-1). These data indicate that during 13 h of sustained activity in a hot environment, the nutrient solution and water provided similar thermoregulatory and hydrational benefits.

Adult↗
PubMed1991

Incidence of hypohydration when consuming carbohydrate-electrolyte solutions during field training.

Carbohydrate-electrolyte solutions (CE1, CE2) were evaluated for their ability to reduce the incidence of hypohydration during field training in hot weather (max Tamb = 88 degrees-100 degrees F). Hydration status was monitored twice daily in Army reservists who consumed ad libitum CE1, or CE2, or water, or a flavored water placebo. The water group had the highest percentage incidence of urine specific gravity greater than or equal to 1.030 (22%), whereas CE2 and flavored water placebo groups had the lowest (6% and 8%, respectively). Average total fluid intake was greatest in CE2 and lowest in CE1. CE2 and flavored water placebo were more effective than CE1 and water in reducing the overall incidence of hypohydration during this field exercise.

Adult↗
PubMed1991

Acceptability and effect of carbohydrate-electrolyte solutions on electrolyte homeostasis during field training.

Two lemon-lime flavored 2.5% carbohydrate-electrolyte solutions (CE1 supplemented with Na+, K+, and Mg+; and CE2 supplemented with NA+) were compared to plain water (water) and lemon-lime flavored water placebo (placebo) to evaluate their acceptability and consumption during 8 days of field training in hot weather. Acceptability ratings and consumption of CE2 and the flavored water placebo were similar and greater, respectively, than those for CE1. Average Na+ and K+ intakes, and serum electrolytes levels, were not affected during the 8-day trial. If food intake is adequate, consumption of carbohydrate-electrolyte solutions is apparently unnecessary to maintain electrolyte homeostasis.

Carbohydrates↗
PubMed1989

Operation Everest II: plasma lipid and hormonal responses during a simulated ascent of Mt. Everest.

To examine the effect of hypobaric hypoxia on plasma lipid profiles, fasting blood samples were collected from six men (21-31 yr) at 760 Torr and periodically during a 40-day exposure to decreasing barometric pressure culminating in a final ambient pressure of 282 Torr. Preascent plasma total cholesterol concentration ([TC]) was decreased by 25% after the 40-day exposure (P less than 0.01). High-density lipoprotein concentrations ([HDL-C]) decreased 32% (P less than 0.001) with no alteration in the TC-to-HDL-C weight ratio. Plasma triglyceride concentration increased twofold during this period (P less than 0.01). There were no significant differences in fasting plasma free fatty acid concentrations or free fatty acid-to-albumin molar ratio throughout the study. Fasting plasma insulin levels were increased approximately twofold with no significant changes in glucagon concentration or the insulin-to-glucagon molar ratio. Plasma norepinephrine concentrations were increased threefold on reaching 282 Torr (P less than 0.01), with no significant changes in plasma epinephrine concentrations. Mean energy intake (kcal/day) decreased 42%, whereas mean body weights decreased by 8.9 +/- 0.8% (P less than 0.01) with exposure. Increased concentrations of insulin may lead to increased hepatic production of triglyceride-rich lipoproteins, thus eliciting metabolic changes independent of weight loss and dietary intake.

Adult↗
PubMed1988

Operation Everest. II: Nutrition and body composition.

Progressive body weight loss occurs during high mountain expeditions, but whether it is due to hypoxia, inadequate diet, malabsorption, or the multiple stresses of the harsh environment is unknown. To determine whether hypoxia due to decompression causes weight loss, six men, provided with a palatable ad libitum diet, were studied during progressive decompression to 240 Torr over 40 days in a hypobaric chamber where hypoxia was the major environmental variable. Caloric intake decreased 43.0% from 3,136 to 1,789 kcal/day (P less than 0.001). The percent carbohydrate in the diet decreased from 62.1 to 53.2% (P less than 0.001). Over the 40 days of the study the subjects lost 7.4 +/- 2.2 (SD) kg and 1.6% (2.5 kg) of the total body weight as fat. Computerized tomographic scans indicated that most of the weight loss was derived from fat-free weight. The data indicated that prolonged exposure to the increasing hypoxia was associated with a reduction in carbohydrate preference and body weight despite access to ample varieties and quantities of food. This study suggested that hypoxia can be sufficient cause for the weight loss and decreased food consumption reported by mountain expeditions at high altitude.

Adult↗
PubMed1985

A monoclonal antibody raised to rat liver cytochrome P-448 (form C) which recognises an epitope common to many other forms of cytochrome P-450.

A murine monoclonal antibody has been raised against a partially purified preparation of hepatic cytochrome P-448 (form c) from beta-naphthoflavone-treated rats. The monoclonal origin of the antibody was established by limiting dilution culture and isoelectricfocusing. The antibody has been designated 3/4/2. It reacts with apparently homogeneous cytochrome P-448 from rat liver in solid phase assay. It also cross reacts with a number of other cytochromes P-450, from rat and rabbit. In addition, a positive reaction was obtained with microsomal fractions from a variety of species, including man. None of the species tested was negative. The antibody does not react appreciably with purified haemoproteins other than cytochromes P-450. Antibody 3/4/2 is not inhibitory, either in reconstituted systems or with intact microsomal fraction. However, evidence was obtained that the antibody does cause some perturbation of the tertiary structure of the apoprotein at or near the haem.

Animals↗
PubMed1985

Biochemical, histological, and ultrastructural changes in rat and mouse liver following the administration of trichloroethylene: possible relevance to species differences in hepatocarcinogenicity.

Trichloroethylene (TRI), administered by gavage for 10 consecutive days, at doses of 500 to 1500 mg/kg body wt increased liver weight (175% of control), decreased hepatic DNA concentration (66% of control), and increased the synthesis of DNA (500% of control; as measured by [3H]dT incorporation) in B6C3F1 mice and Alderley Park mice. Similar treatment of Osborne-Mendel rats or Alderley Park rats resulted in smaller increases in liver weight (130% of control) and decreases in DNA concentration (83% of control). No effect of TRI on DNA synthesis was seen in rats. The increased DNA synthesis in the mouse was not apparently due to regenerative hyperplasia since no signs of necrosis were seen. Furthermore the increased [3H]dT incorporation probably represented semiconservative replication of DNA and not repair, since a parallel increase of mitotic figures was observed. Hence, the liver growth noted after TRI administration appears to be due to liver cell enlargement (hypertrophy) in the rat, but both hypertrophy and hyperplasia (cell proliferation) in the mouse. An important observation has been that TRI induced the peroxisomal enzyme activities, catalase, and cyanide-insensitive palmitoyl-CoA oxidation (147 and 786% of control, respectively), in mice but not in rats. Furthermore, increases in peroxisome volume density (up to 1110% of control) were observed in mice receiving TRI. These observations lead us to suggest that the species difference in hepatocarcinogenicity of TRI, seen between the rat and mouse, is possibly due to a species difference in peroxisome proliferation and cell proliferation, the peroxisome proliferation leading to increased reactive oxygen species and DNA damage, and the cell proliferation then acting to promote this lesion.

Animals↗
PubMed1984

Quantitation of specific myeloid cells in rat bone marrow measured by in vitro 35S-sulphate incorporation.

A biochemical measurement which can be used for quantitation of specific early myeloid cells in rat bone marrow has been developed. This measurement consists of a rapid, simple assay for the in vitro quantitation of 35S-sulphate incorporation into rat bone marrow cells. Incubation of bone marrow cells with 35S-sulphate led to a time-dependent increase in radioactivity obtained in perchloric acid insoluble fractions of bone marrow cell suspensions. This incorporation was inhibited by cyanide and puromycin. Autoradiography has demonstrated the radiolabel to be specifically associated with immature cells of the myeloid series. The cells most active in this respect were eosinophils. When rats were treated with endotoxin, the rate of 35S-sulphate incorporation was increased. Cell number measurements, using conventional histopathology and a Coulter Counter, demonstrated that endotoxin caused an initial release of mature granulocytes from the bone marrow. The regeneration of this mature population in the marrow was rapid, and was characterized by an increase in the number of immature cells and a concomitant increase in the rate of 35S-sulphate incorporation measured in preparations of bone marrow cells in vitro. Furthermore, this response to endotoxin has demonstrated that Coulter Counting techniques can be used to distinguish specific populations of cells (e.g. mature granulocytes) within the bone marrow.

Animals↗
PubMed1982

Characterization of the effects of known hepatic monooxygenase inducers on male and female rat and mouse kidneys.

Few studies have been designed to quantify the response of the mammalian kidney to agents known to induce monooxygenase activity of renal monooxygenase response to three agents representing different classes of inducers: 2,4,2',4'-tetrachlorobiphenyl (2,4,2',4',-TCB), representative of the barbiturate class, beta-naphthoflavone (BNF), representative of the polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon class and isosafrole (ISO) as a novel class of inducing agent. Studies were carried out using adult rats and mice of both sexes. Treatment with BNF and ISO stimulated ethoxycoumarin and ethoxyresorufin deethylase activities in renal microsomes from male and female rats and mice, whereas treatment with 2,4,2',4',-TCB had no effect on either enzyme in rats of either sex. NADPH-cytochrome-c-reductase activity was unaffected by any treatment. In rat renal microsomes, cytochromes P-450 and b5 were increased by treatment with BNF and ISO but were not altered by 2,4,2',4'-TCB. Sodium dodecyl sulphate-polyacrylamide gel treated with BNF showed the appearance of a protein band in the 50-60000 dalton range which is similar to that observed in liver microsomes following BNF treatment. These studies confirm and extend previous observations that rat kidney is refractory to induction by inducers of the phenobarbital class, but responds to ISO and the polycyclic aromatic class of inducers. In addition, the studies have demonstrated the presence of a protein in renal microsomes after pretreatment of rats with BNF that was not apparent in microsomes from control rat kidneys.

7-Alkoxycoumarin O-Dealkylase↗