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Biomedical subjects

M S Rose

Publications and source records attributed to M S Rose.

At least 37 records · Page 2Linked to original sources
PubMed1999

Behavior sequences of long-term care residents and their social partners.

OBJECTIVES: This study examines similarities and differences in social interactions of residents of an assisted living facility and those of a nursing home. Given increasingly popular alternative models of long-term care such as assisted living, the study seeks to identify how these long-term care settings differentially promote dependence and independence among their residents. METHODS: Data were collected during 256 observations of 64 residents and their social partners at meal times in public areas. Sequences of antecedent and response behaviors relating to independence and dependence in the two different long-term care settings were examined. RESULTS: Social partners responded consistently to behavior of long-term care residents, and the behavior of residents was consistently affected by that of their social partners. These sequential interactions were not affected by setting. DISCUSSION: Differences in the nursing home and assisted living facilities' stated philosophies of care were not manifested in the interactions of their staff and residents.

Activities of Daily Living↗
PubMed1999

CFP, the putative cercosporin transporter of Cercospora kikuchii, is required for wild type cercosporin production, resistance, and virulence on soybean.

Many species of the fungal genus Cercospora, including the soybean pathogen C. kikuchii, produce the phytotoxic polyketide cercosporin. Cercosporin production is induced by light. Previously, we identified several cDNA clones of mRNA transcripts that exhibited light-enhanced accumulation in C. kikuchii. Targeted disruption of the genomic copy of one of these, now designated CFP (cercosporin facilitator protein), results in a drastic reduction in cercosporin production, greatly reduced virulence of the fungus to soybean, and increased sensitivity to exogenous cercosporin. Sequence analysis of CFP reveals an 1,821-bp open reading frame encoding a 65.4-kDa protein similar to several members of the major facilitator superfamily (MFS) of integral membrane transporter proteins known to confer resistance to various antibiotics and toxins in fungi and bacteria. We propose that CFP encodes a cercosporin transporter that contributes resistance to cercosporin by actively exporting cercosporin, thus maintaining low cellular concentrations of the toxin.

Amino Acid Sequence↗
PubMed1998

Recruiting research participants: a comparison of the costs and effectiveness of five recruitment strategies.

Among the major costs associated with conducting survey research are the time and money spent recruiting a large and racially representative sample. Contrasted here are the costs of different recruitment strategies (agencies, support groups, snowballs, media, mass mailings) in terms of project time, supplies (e.g., postage, support materials), and staff time as they bear on the costs of recruiting 841 older mothers of offspring with lifelong disabilities. Results indicate that the costs of recruitment vary by method and race. Whereas agencies, support groups, and snowball recruitment were low- to moderate-cost strategies, they were less effective for recruiting African Americans than were media and demographic sampling unit strategies. These analyses suggest that with appropriate planning, funding, and implementation, nonprobability sampling methods can be used successfully to recruit a large and diverse sample. Suggestions for improving the implementation of future recruitment campaigns are also offered.

Adult↗
PubMed1998

Anxious attachment and self-reported depressive symptomatology in women.

OBJECTIVE: Lack of intimacy has been identified as an important provoking agent that increases the risk of depressive symptoms in women. This study precisely characterized lack of intimacy by assessing a woman's attachment style and investigated the specificity of association between depressive symptoms and an anxious attachment pattern. METHOD: Four hundred and twenty women participated in this cross-sectional study of depressive symptomatology and anxious attachment. All participants completed the following measures: a sociodemographic questionnaire, the Centre for Epidemiological Studies Depression Scale (CES-D), the Reciprocal Attachment Questionnaire, the Social Support Questionnaire, the Rosenberg Self-Esteem Scale, and the Global Assessment of Recent Stress Scale. RESULTS: A score of 16 or above on the CES-D, which indicates the presence of depressive symptoms, was used to divide the sample into 2 groups: a depressed group (N = 129) and a nondepressed group (N = 291). We found that women in the depressive symptomatology group were more likely than women in the nondepressive symptomatology group to exhibit anxious attachment and adverse social and cognitive characteristics. Lower levels of self-esteem and higher levels of recent stress were also predictive of depressive symptomatology. Feared loss of the attachment figure and a lack of use of the attachment figure were independent predictors of depressive symptomatology in the same model. CONCLUSION: The feared loss of security associated with an attachment figure seems to be related to an increased likelihood of depressive symptoms.

Adult↗
PubMed1997

First year serologic response to treatment for syphilis: a model for prediction of seroreversion.

There is no straightforward test available, within weeks of treatment for syphilis, to assess adequacy of serologic response. We propose a method to predict non-treponemal seroreversion based on short term response. To develop and illustrate this method, we used data from 370 individuals with infectious syphilis. Individual serologic response appears to be a linear function of (log) time, suggesting the possibility of using rapid plasma reagin titres recorded in the first few months after treatment to determine the slope of the linear treatment response line. The slope of the response line, during the first year after treatment, is an important predictor of seroreversion but must be considered in conjunction with pre-treatment titre. We recommend development of an action line be developed based on these variables. Such a line would indicate the necessity for retreatment if the line plotted from the patient's first year response failed to fall below the action line.

Adult↗
PubMed1997

Assessment of lack of fit in simple linear regression: an application to serologic response to treatment for syphilis.

A patient treated for infectious syphilis is cured when serologic tests become non-reactive, which may take years to achieve. Our objective is to develop a method to determine, within months, whether the patient has responded adequately to treatment. Previous research and our exploratory graphical analysis suggested that treatment response is linear when we applied logarithmic transformations of the axes. If the response to treatment is linear, titres recorded within the first few months of treatment will determine the slope of the line and one can develop an action line in future research. We used a non-parametric method to assess whether the logarithmic transformation improved the linearity and then we applied three different methods of testing lack of fit in linear regression. Based upon a sample size that reflects a clinically reasonable number of data points, the results of these tests provided no evidence against linearity.

Alberta↗
PubMed1997

Effect of Chinook winds on the probability of migraine headache occurrence.

Our objective was to determine if Chinook weather conditions in the Calgary area increase the probability of headache attacks in migraine sufferers. Environment Canada meteorologic summaries for January through June 1992 were analyzed and times of Chinook wind onset identified. Chinook weather conditions were defined as calendar days when Chinook winds were present and the calendar day immediately preceding Chinook wind onset. The diaries of 13 migraine patients were analyzed, and times of headache onset classified according to the existing weather conditions. The probability of migraine headache onset was greater on days with Chinook weather (17.26%) than on non-Chinook days (14.65%) (P = 0.042). Older patients appeared more weather sensitive than younger patients. For patients over age 50, the probability of migraine occurrence on Chinook weather days was much greater than on non-Chinook days (P = 0.007). Chinook weather conditions increase the probability of migraine headache occurrence. Older migraine sufferers appear particularly vulnerable to this effect.

Adult↗
PubMed1997

Improvement of sensitivity of breast cancer diagnosis with adaptive neighborhood contrast enhancement of mammograms.

Mammograms are difficult to interpret, especially of cancers at their early stages. In this paper, we analyze the effectiveness of our adaptive neighborhood contrast enhancement (ANCE) technique in increasing the sensitivity of breast cancer diagnosis. Seventy-eight screen-film mammograms of 21 difficult cases (14 benign and seven malignant), 222 screen-film mammograms of 28 interval cancer patients and six benign control cases were digitized with a high-resolution of about 4096 x 2048 x 10-bit pixels and then processed with the ANCE method. Unprocessed and processed digitized mammograms as well as the original films were presented to six experienced radiologists for a receiver operating characteristic (ROC) evaluation for the difficult case set and to three reference radiologists for the interval cancer set. The results show that the radiologists' performance with the ANCE-processed images is the best among the three sets of images (original, digitized, and enhanced) in terms of area under the ROC curve and that diagnostic sensitivity is improved by the ANCE algorithm. All of the 19 interval cancer cases not detected with the original films of earlier mammographic examinations were diagnosed as malignant with the corresponding ANCE-processed versions, while only one of the six benign cases initially labeled correctly with the original mammograms was interpreted as malignant after enhancement. McNemar's tests of symmetry indicated that the diagnostic confidence for the interval cancer cases was improved by the ANCE procedure with a high level of statistical significance (p-values of 0.0001-0.005) and with no significant effect on the diagnosis of the benign control cases (p-values of 0.08-0.1). This study demonstrates the potential for improvement of diagnostic performance in early detection of breast cancer with digital image enhancement.

Breast Neoplasms↗
PubMed1996

Incidence of deep-vein thrombosis in patients with fractures of the lower extremity distal to the hip.

Our purpose was to determine the incidence of deep-vein thrombosis (DVT) in patients who have had early operative fixation of fractures of the lower extremity distal to the hip. There is a high incidence of distal thrombosis in patients who have undergone early operative fixation of lower-extremity fractures. The incidence of DVT is higher with proximal extremity fractures than with distal extremity fractures. Most clots are occult and do not progress clinically. Given the high incidence of DVT with femoral and tibial plateau fractures, older age, and longer operating times, anticoagulation prophylaxis may be indicated. Ours was a prospective incidence study. All patients who had had early operative fixation of lower-extremity fractures were eligible (n = 176). Seventy-four were excluded based on specific criteria. The remaining 102 patients underwent lower-extremity venography an average of 9 days after operative fixation of their fractures (range 3-22 days). Eight patients had bilateral lower-extremity fractures. The patients were followed clinically for 6 weeks to identify complications related to venous disease. The overall incidence of clinically occult DVT was 28%. Of the represented fractures, 40% were of the femoral shaft (eight of 20), 43% of the tibial plateau (12 of 28), 22% of the tibial shaft (12 of 54), and 12.5% of the tibial plafond (one of eight). Four of the thrombi were proximal to the popliteal fossa. Four of the patients had clinical evidence of pulmonary embolism while in the hospital. One of them had objective confirmation on further testing. No patient had clinical evidence of pulmonary emboli as an outpatient by follow-up criteria. The incidence of DVT has not been determined for patients with early stabilization of lower-extremity fractures. This study suggests a higher DVT incidence in more proximal fractures, but little risk of embolization. Thrombus formation proximal to the popliteal fossa is rare. Older age, longer operating times, and longer times before fracture fixation all correlate with an increased incidence of DVT.

Adult↗
PubMed1996

A polyketide synthase is required for fungal virulence and production of the polyketide T-toxin.

Race T of the fungal pathogen Cochliobolus heterostrophus is highly virulent toward Texas male sterile (T) maize and differs from its relative, race O, at a locus (Tox1) that is responsible for the production of T-toxin, a family of linear long-chain (C35 to E41) polyketides. In a previous study, the restriction enzyme-mediated integration procedure was used to mutagenize and tag Tox1. Here, we report that the DNA recovered from the insertion site of one mutant encodes a 7.6-kb open reading frame (2530 amino acids) that identifies a multifunctional polyketide synthase (PKS)-encoding gene (PKS1) with six catalytic domains arranged in the following order, starting at the N terminus: beta-ketoacyl synthase, acyltransferase, dehydratase, enoyl reductase, beta-ketoacyl reductase, and acyl carrier protein. PKS1 is interrupted by four apparent introns (74, 57, 49, and 41 bp) and exists in the genome as a single copy surrounded by highly repetitive, A + T-rich DNA. When PKS1 in race T was inactivated by targeted gene disruption, T-toxin production and high virulence were eliminated, indicating that this PKS is required for fungal virulence. Race O strains, which do not produce T-toxin, lack a detectable homolog of PKS1, suggesting that race T may have acquired PKS1 by horizontal transfer of DNA rather than by vertical inheritance from an ancestral strain.

Amino Acid Sequence↗
PubMed1995

The relationship between chinook conditions and women's physical and mental well-being.

The objective of this study was (1) to determine the relationship between chinook conditions and physical and psychological symptoms in women aged 20-49 years, and (2) to examine the possibility of subgroups of chinook-sensitive women. The evidence for this relationship is at present merely anecdotal. The study carried out in 1985-1986 in Calgary comprises the secondary analysis of a large survey of various health and health-related factors, including different symptoms, of urban women aged 20-49 years. The interview date was used to link these data to days on which pre-chinook, chinook, post-chinook and non-chinook conditions occurred. Between November 1, 1985 and February 28, 1986, 182 women were interviewed on pre-chinook days, 74 on chinook days, 229 on post-chinook days and 886 on non-chinook days. Autonomic reactions and skin disorders were found to be significantly related to chinook conditions. None of the psychological symptoms was related to chinook conditions. However, a significant relationship was found between symptoms and chinook conditions in women with a history of emotional disorders. This type of information is important to educate chinook-sensitive women and health professionals as well as for hospital emergency departments in order to be able to prepare for potential increases in workload.

Acclimatization↗
PubMed1995

The relationship between chinook conditions and women's illness-related behaviours.

The objective of this study was to (1) to describe the relationship between chinook conditions and illness related behaviour in women, aged 20-49 years, and (2) to examine the possibility of the existence of subgroups of chinook-sensitive women. At present no empirical evidence is available regarding a relationship between chinook conditions and illness related behaviours. This study comprises the secondary analysis of a large survey of various health and health-related factors of urban women aged 20-49 years, carried out in 1985-1986 in Calgary. The interview date was used to link behaviours to chinook conditions. We found no evidence of a significant relationship between the behaviours investigated and chinook conditions in the general population. However, the data strongly supported the concept of chinook sensitivity. Women with a history of chronic health problems were more likely to visit a health care professional on chinook days than healthy women and women in the subgroup aged less than 35 years cut down their usual daily activities during chinook conditions. Women with a history of recurring migraine headaches were less likely to take prescription medication on chinook days, and women with a history of emotional disorders were more likely to have higher scores on the accident scale and to report bursts of energy or excitement during chinook days. More research is needed to identify subgroups of susceptible persons, as well as to determine whether chinook sensitive persons are equally susceptible to weather changer of other types.

Adult↗
PubMed1995

Competence of long-term care residents to participate in decisions about their medical care: a brief, objective assessment.

Data from 50 residents of a long-term care facility were used to examine the extent to which performance on a brief, objective inventory could predict a clinical psychologist's evaluation of competence to participate in decisions about medical care. Results indicate that the competence to participate in medical decisions of two-thirds of the residents could be accurately assessed using scores on a mental status instrument and two vignette-based measures of medical decision-making. These procedures could enable nursing home staff to objectively assess the competence of residents to participate in important decisions about their medical care.

Aged↗
PubMed1995

Interpersonal disorder in schizoid and avoidant personality disorders: an attachment perspective.

OBJECTIVE: To investigate the characteristics related to avoidant attachment of 13 schizoid/avoidant psychiatric outpatients and 20 nonschizoid/avoidant psychiatric outpatients. METHOD: Three scales ("maintains distance in relationships", "high priority on self-sufficiency" and "attachment relationship is a threat to security") differentiated schizoid and avoidant personality disordered patients from other personality disordered patients. RESULTS: The results are discussed in terms of the attachment and DSM diagnostic models of avoidant styles in relationships. CONCLUSION: The 2 groups of schizoid and avoidant personality disordered patients were not significantly different on the desire for close affectional bonds scale.

Adult↗
PubMed1994

In vitro and in vivo antitumor activity of ZENECA ZD0490, a recombinant ricin A-chain immunotoxin for the treatment of colorectal cancer.

ZENECA ZD0490 is a recombinant ricin A-chain-containing immunotoxin that recognizes an antigen that is expressed on approximately 65% of colorectal tumors. The antigen CA242 is recognized by a mouse monoclonal antibody designated C242. C242 antibody was conjugated to recombinant ricin A-chain via a methyl-hindred disulfide linker which confers in vivo stability. ZD0490 was extremely potent against colorectal cell lines CoLo201 and CoLo205, which express the CA242 antigen. ZD0490 activity was determined in vitro by both protein synthesis inhibition (50% inhibitory concentrations of 1-20 ng/ml after 24-h exposure) and clonogenic assay (76-95% cell kill after 24-h exposure to a 50% inhibitory concentration for protein synthesis inhibition; > 99.99% cell kill at 1000 ng/ml). This in vitro activity was translated to in vivo efficacy where single dose i.v. administration of 2.5 mg/kg of ZD0490 was sufficient to induce substantial growth delays of both CoLo201 and CoLo205 s.c. tumors in nude mice. This growth delay equates to between 40 and 60% inhibition of tumor protein synthesis as quantified by an in vivo [14C]leucine incorporation assay. Using this technique, it was shown that protein synthesis inhibition persisted for at least 96 h after a single dose of ZD0490. Administration of the same total dose given as daily doses over 5 days did not alter the antitumor efficacy of ZD0490 in either the growth delay or the protein synthesis inhibition assays. The in vitro and in vivo activity of ZD0490 detailed in this paper show that this novel immunotoxin is worthy of clinical evaluation, which is currently under way in the United Kingdom.

Animals↗
PubMed1994

A prevalence study of multiple sclerosis in the Crowsnest Pass region of southern Alberta.

Reports of a high prevalence rate for multiple sclerosis in Southern Alberta led to an epidemiologic study of this disease in the Crowsnest Pass and Cardston regions. In Cardston, the prevalence rate for multiple sclerosis was 88 per 100,000. In the Crowsnest Pass, the prevalence rate was 217 per 100,000. Previous epidemiologic studies of the prevalence rate of multiple sclerosis in Western Canada have shown rates between 93 and 111 per 100,000. Two prevalence studies of multiple sclerosis in Barrhead County, Alberta and Westlock County, Alberta show prevalence rates of 196 and 201 per 100,000. The prevalence rate in the Crowsnest Pass is comparable to the prevalence in Barrhead County and Westlock County, Alberta. However, there is no statistically significant difference between prevalence rates in the Cardston and Crowsnest Pass regions and our overall feeling is that the results of studies of small populations should be interpreted with caution.

Adult↗
PubMed1994

Restraint reduction: can it be achieved?

This article describes a step-by-step process for implementing restraint reduction programs in two skilled nursing facilities. The combination of using standardized guidelines, customizing others, and involving direct-care staff in facing challenges led to success. A research-practice partnership enabled a formal evaluation of the program. A pre- and posttest study design revealed significant reductions in physical restraints without increasing staff. This project demonstrates that frail, elderly people in nursing homes need not be physically restrained to receive effective care, but that alternatives can include more dignified options.

Accidental Falls↗