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Biomedical subjects

M Rosenbaum

Publications and source records attributed to M Rosenbaum.

At least 91 records · Page 5Linked to original sources
PubMed1987

Incidence and determinants of multiple morphologically distinct sustained ventricular tachycardias.

The incidence and determinants of multiple morphologically distinct ventricular tachycardias were examined prospectively in 71 consecutive patients with at least one documented spontaneous episode of sustained monomorphic ventricular tachycardia. Mean frontal and horizontal QRS axes were determined from the 12 lead electrocardiograms (ECGs) of 190 spontaneous and 352 induced tachycardias. Two or more morphologically distinct spontaneous tachycardias were observed in 19 (43%) of 44 patients who had at least two documented spontaneous episodes. In 43 (61%) of the 71 patients, multiple morphologically distinct tachycardias were induced by programmed ventricular stimulation. Overall, 57 (80%) of the 71 patients had at least two morphologically distinct tachycardias. Predictors of multiple tachycardia configurations were selected by multivariate analysis from clinical and angiographic variables and were similar for both spontaneous and induced ventricular tachycardia: presence of multiple previous myocardial infarctions (p = 0.032 spontaneous, p = 0.005 induced) and number of different antiarrhythmic drug treatments during which ventricular tachycardia was documented (p = 0.0089 spontaneous, p less than 0.0001 induced). These data demonstrate that a large majority of patients with sustained monomorphic ventricular tachycardia exhibit more than one distinct QRS configuration when adequate ECG documentation of multiple episodes is obtained during different antiarrhythmic drug treatments. In individual patients, caution should be used in attributing clinical significance to a single unique QRS configuration.

Anti-Arrhythmia Agents↗
PubMed1987

Recall of parental behavior by acute depressives, remitted depressives, and nondepressives.

The goal of this study was to determine whether depressives' recall of parental behavior is a stable characteristic that persists even during asymptomatic periods. Recall of parental behavior was measured in a large community sample that was followed for one year. Four groups of subjects were formed according to their depression status: depressed, remitted depressed who had a history of depression but were not depressed during the study, cases who became depressed during the follow-up period, and never-depressed subjects. The results were generally consistent with the hypothesis that recalling one's parents as having been rejecting and unloving is not a stable personality characteristic of depression-prone persons. The currently depressed subjects differed as expected from the nondepressed subjects; however, the remitted depressed, regardless of how many past episodes of depression they had, did not differ from the nondepressed controls in their recall of parental behavior. The comparison of controls and cases resulted in an unexpected and difficult-to-interpret Sex X Group interaction. The implication of these findings for cognitive theories of depression are discussed.

Adult↗
PubMed1986

Effects of oral meclofenamate therapy in psoriasis.

One hundred three patients entered a study to evaluate the effects of oral meclofenamate sodium therapy on psoriasis. The first 4 weeks of the study were double-blind, with patients receiving either meclofenamate or placebo. Most patients receiving meclofenamate had no change in their psoriasis, in comparison with their pretherapy condition. There was no difference in the response of the psoriasis between the group taking meclofenamate and the group taking placebo. Eighty-nine patients continued in a 4-week open trial of meclofenamate. Approximately one third of the patients showed improvement, but this result appeared to be related to the open trial design. Since oral meclofenamate therapy was not associated with frequent worsening of psoriasis, it is an appropriate treatment for psoriatic arthritis.

Administration, Oral↗
PubMed1986

Cognitive and personality factors in the delay of gratification of hemodialysis patients.

On the basis of Mischel's (1984) social learning analysis of the process of delay of gratification in children and in line with Bandura's (1977) self-efficacy theory, we developed a model of delay of gratification in adults and tested it on dialysis patients who were continuously required to comply with a stringent regimen of fluid-intake to keep alive. We hypothesized that patients' self-evaluations of their past compliance and their efficacy expectations would be associated with their actual delay behavior. Underlying these process-regulating cognitions would be stable competencies, such as learned resourcefulness (i.e., one's self-control skills). Fifty-three dialysis patients self-evaluated their fluid intake compliance, their efficacy expectations, and their health beliefs. Resourcefulness was assessed by Rosenbaum's Self-Control Schedule. Actual fluid-intake compliance was reliably assessed by the mean body weight increase between dialyses during the 3-month period prior to the study and during two follow-up periods. The results supported the model. On the one hand, self-efficacy expectations were related to persistence with the fluid diet and on the other hand to subjects' self-evaluation of their past adherence behavior as well as to their resourcefulness. Although the path model suggested a causal pattern, the correlational nature of the study precluded any conclusions on cause-effect relationship.

Adult↗
PubMed1986

Homicide and depression.

The relationship of depression to homicide has been overlooked in clinical psychiatry. The authors report on six homicidal depressed control compare them with nonhomicidal depressed control subjects. They also analyze data from 81 case summaries found elsewhere in the literature. Their preliminary data suggest that homicidal depressed patients are more likely to have a personality disorder, to have been physically abused as a child, to abuse alcohol or drugs, and to be suicidal than are nonhomicidal depressed patients. In homicidal patients, the event precipitating the depression is more likely to be sexual infidelity, either real or fantasized.

Adult↗
PubMed1985

Learned helplessness and learned resourcefulness: effects of noncontingent success and failure on individuals differing in self-control skills.

We designed two experiments to investigate the role of self-control processes in learned-helplessness studies by assessing the differential reactions to uncontrollability of subjects who presumably had either a rich (high resourceful, or HR) or poor (low resourceful, or LR) repertoire of self-control skills. HR and LR subjects received noncontingent success feedback, failure feedback, or no feedback on a task that ostensibly assessed "therapeutic abilities." Subjects were subsequently tested on insolvable puzzles (Experiment 1) or on solvable anagrams (Experiment 2). According to Kanfer and Hagerman's (1981) self-regulation model, self-regulatory activities are evoked primarily in situations in which subjects are faced with repeated failure. Hence we predicted that individual differences in self-control would influence performance on the insolvable puzzles and not anagram performance after exposure to noncontingent failure. This prediction was confirmed: Only the performance of LR subjects on the insolvable puzzles was debilitated by the helplessness induction, whereas HR and LR subjects showed equal helplessness-induced deficits on the anagrams. The latter finding was interpreted in terms of the learned-helplessness model without the mediating effects of self-regulatory processes. As predicted from the self-control model, HR subjects more frequently checked statements indicating positive self-evaluations and task-oriented thoughts and less frequently checked negative self-evaluations than did LR subjects during exposure to uncontrollability in both experiments. We concluded that the self-control model accounts best for subjects' self-reactions during exposure to uncontrollability or failure, whereas the learned-helplessness model accounts for the generalization of helplessness from uncontrollable situations to controllable ones.

Environment↗
PubMed1985

Personal efficacy, external locus of control, and perceived contingency of parental reinforcement among depressed, paranoid, and normal subjects.

Bandura (1982) suggested that judgments of personal efficacy and outcome expectancies (i.e., locus of control) jointly affect behavior. We hypothesized that different combinations of these two sets of beliefs would characterize the thought structures of normal subjects and of psychiatric patients suffering from distinctly different disorders. Normal subjects, depressed subjects, and paranoid subjects completed scales with which we measured beliefs in personal efficacy and beliefs that outcomes are controlled either by chance or by powerful others, as well as a scale with which we assessed perceived contingency of parental reinforcement. The major findings were as follows: Normals judged themselves to be more efficacious than did psychiatric subjects; whereas depressives expected outcomes to be controlled by chance, paranoids expected outcomes to be under the control of powerful others; among the normals, outcome expectancies were strongly associated with personal efficacy, but among the psychiatric patients, these beliefs were unrelated; depressives and paranoids equally reported more noncontingent parental reinforcement than did normals; and perceived contingency of parental reinforcement was predictive of outcome expectancies but not of personal efficacy. The data suggest that low personal efficacy may be a distinguishing characteristic of all psychiatric patients, whereas outcome expectancies may determine the specific nature of the psychiatric disorder.

Adult↗
PubMed1984

Self-control behavior in hyperactive and nonhyperactive children.

This study was aimed at evaluating the self-control behaviors of hyperactive (HA) and nonhyperactive ( NHA ) first-grade pupils under conditions of repeated failure on a previously learned concept formation task. Subjects were divided into HA and NHA groups on the basis of their scores on the Conners (1969) Teacher Rating Scale. During the training stage of the experiment the children learned a concept formation task under a schedule of contingent positive reinforcement. In the test stage they performed the same task but under a negative noncontingent reinforcement schedule. The results revealed no differences in initial rate of learning the task between the groups. After the introduction of the negative noncontingent reinforcement schedule, however, the HA group showed a marked decrease in the use of effective problem-solving strategies. The HA children's performance on the concept formation task was accompanied by the emission of negative self-evaluations and solution-irrelevant statements. The NHA group used significantly more statements showing useful goal-directed cognitive mediations than the HA children. The results suggested that HA children may have deficits in self-control skills.

Attention Deficit Disorder with Hyperactivity↗
PubMed1984

Rorschach markers in euthymic manic-depressive illness.

Bipolar manic-depressive patients in remission are considered normal by phenomenological criteria but many psychotherapists have noted specific personality markers. The Rorschach test was chosen to study such personality markers since it may provide rich information at a psychological level distant from overt behavior and symptoms. 35 bipolar manic-depressives in a euthymic state were tested with the Rorschach Projective Technique. The scores were analyzed using Exner's Comprehensive System methods and compared with his stratified normal control sample. Nine variables differentiated the patients from controls so that at least 50% of the patients were beyond one standard deviation from the controls' mean. These variables might be personality expressions of the genetic predisposition to bipolar illness and might thus be measurable even when the patients are clinically free of affective illness.

Adult↗
PubMed1983

Crime and punishment--the suicide pact.

Interviews with four suicide pact survivors, date from two cases in the literature, and review of 54 clinical vignettes of murder-suicide revealed the following of suicide pacts with survivors. First, the instigator is the deceased partner and is more likely to be the male member of the pair, to be psychiatrically ill with a depression, and to have a history of previous suicidal behavior. Second, the survivor is more likely the woman and cooperator, is not likely to be psychiatrically ill, and has shown no previous suicidal behavior. There are striking similarities between noncriminal murderers, perpetrators of murder-suicide, and instigators of suicide pacts: depression is the most common psychiatric illness in all three groups. The clinician must assay the "murder risk" as well as the "suicide risk" in depressed patients.

Adult↗
PubMed1983

Learned helplessness: the role of individual differences in learned resourcefulness.

The term 'learned resourcefulness' refers to an acquired repertoire of behaviours and skills by which a person self-regulates internal events (such as emotions, pain, and cognitions) that interfere with the smooth execution of a target behaviour. Sixty undergraduate students were rated as either high resourceful (HR) or low resourceful (LR) according to their scores on Rosenbaum's Self-Control Schedule. Subjects were then pre-treated with inescapable, escapable or control aversive tone followed by anagram solution testing. As hypothesized the learned helplessness phenomenon, the interference with new learning following inescapable aversive events, appeared only in LR subjects and not in HR subjects. No relationship was found between subjects' causal attributions for their performance on the noise task and their subsequent performance on the anagrams as would be predicted from the attributional part of the recent reformulation of the learned helplessness model. It was concluded that subjects' general repertoire of self-control skills, and their general expectations for self-efficacy, might be at least as important in explaining the generalization of helplessness from the training task to the test task as the kinds of causal attributions subjects make for their performance on the training task.

Adaptation, Psychological↗