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Biomedical subjects

M Rahman

Publications and source records attributed to M Rahman.

At least 163 records · Page 9Linked to original sources
PubMed1996

Partner notification program and possibility of including it in the HIV prevention strategies in Japan.

This article discusses the possibility of implementing partner notification program as a part of HIV prevention strategy in Japan. Relevant factors, like HIV seroprevalence, general population attitudes toward HIV, legislation, resources, barriers, behavioral changes, cost and effectiveness are analyzed in Japanese perspectives. Effectiveness of this program is also predicted based on the two informal contact tracing program in Japan. At the same time a review was made on the global perspectives of partner notification program and operational procedures are also outlined. Published literatures were investigated regarding prevalence of new HIV infection among the partners who underwent testing (11-39%), cost per new HIV positive case found (US $810-3,205), and secondary infection rate (11-20%) in Japan. Having considered all relevant factors we recommend that the partner notification program be implemented, initially in a limited area, then all over Japan. Further analysis on cost-benefit of this program remains to be done.

Adult↗
PubMed1996

Diabetes mellitus among Swedish art glass workers--an effect of arsenic exposure?

OBJECTIVES: The purpose of this study was to search for evidence of an association between occupational arsenic exposure and diabetes mellitus, as implied by the relation of this disease to arsenic in drinking water in a recent study from Taiwan. METHODS: A case-referent analysis on death records of 5498 individuals in the art glass producing part of southeastern Sweden was performed. Out of all the enrolled subjects, 888 were glass workers. According to occupational title, glassblowers, foundry workers, and unspecified workers were regarded as potentially exposed to arsenic. Persons with a diagnosis of diabetes mellitus either as an underlying or contributing cause of death were considered cases. Referents were decedents without any indication of cancer, cardiovascular disease, or diabetes. RESULTS: A slightly elevated risk [Mantel-Haenszel odds ratio (MH-OR) 1.2, 95% confidence interval (95% CI) 0.82-1.8] was found for diabetes mellitus among the glassworks employees, especially in combination with cardiovascular disease (MH-OR 1.4, 95% CI 0.81-2.3). For the glassblowers, other foundry workers and unspecified glassworkers probably exposed to arsenic, the M-H odds ratio was 1.4 (95% CI 0.92-2.2). Unspecified glass workers, who probably included persons with high exposure, carried the higher risk (MH-OR 1.8, 95% CI 1.1-2.8). CONCLUSIONS: The observations from this study provide limited support for the possibility that occupational arsenic exposure could play a role in the development of diabetes mellitus. Many other metallic compounds are also used in art glass production, however, and there is a possibility of confounding.

Age Distribution↗
PubMed1996

A study of prolonged pyrexia in Dhaka.

In a prospective study conducted in the Institute of Postgraduate Medicine & Research (IPGMR), Dhaka, 212 patients with prolonged pyrexia were thoroughly evaluated clinically and with the help of laboratory investigations with a view to reaching the diagnosis. Their clinical and laboratory data were recorded. Clinical features pertaining to a particular organ gave appropriate clue in 52% cases. Imaging techniques were instrumental in 24%, microbiological or serological investigations in 35%, invasive procedures were diagnostic in 42%, laparotomy had to be resorted to in five cases. Infectious diseases were the commonest causes of prolonged pyrexia accounting for about 63.21% of cases followed by neoplasms (12.74%) and connective tissue disorders (10.85%). Tuberculosis was the most common infection (24.53% of all cases) followed by enteric fever (12.74%) and visceral leishmaniasis (9.43%). Pleura was the commonest seat for tuberculosis followed by lymph nodes and abdomen. Leukemias were the commonest neoplasm and SLE the commonest connective tissue disorder presenting with prolonged fever. Several fundamental observations were made in the study. Infections are the commonest cause of prolonged fever in our community, neoplasms and connective tissue disorders are also not rare. Secondly, patients with temperature between 100 to 101 degrees F should not be denied evaluation with the apprehension of unnecessarily investigating for habitual hyperthermia, as the condition was distinctly rare in the series. Thirdly, analysis of materials from organs or systems suspected to be abnormal clinically or by simple imaging techniques had high diagnostic yield. Finally, usual causes of prolonged fever are illnesses ordinarily encountered in clinical practice, pyrexia becomes protracted either because the presentation is atypical or incomplete, or because we fail to make proper use of available clinical or paraclinical information.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1995

Structural studies of the O-antigen oligosaccharides from two strains of Moraxella catarrhalis serotype C.

The oligosaccharide parts from Moraxella (Branhamella) catarrhalis serotype C lipooligosaccharides were isolated by mild acid hydrolysis followed by gel permeation chromatography. Four different oligosaccharides could be identified from strain RS26 and two from strain RS10. The structures of the O-oligosaccharides were established by methylation analyses, mass spectrometry, and NMR spectroscopy. It is concluded that the oligosaccharide O-antigens from RS26 are a mixture of octa-, deca-, and undeca-saccharides, and most likely a heptasaccharide. Strain RS10 contains the deca- and the undeca-saccharide only. The structures for the oligosaccharides are shown below. [formula: see text] OS(7) [formula: see text] OS(8) [formula: see text] OS(10) [formula: see text] OS(11) Methylation analysis of the intact lipooligosaccharides showed that two Kdo residues were present, one terminal and one 4,5-substituted residue. It also showed that they consisted of a lipid A portion with 6-substituted glucosamine residues.

Carbohydrate Sequence↗
PubMed1995

Lack of serotype-specific antibody response to lipopolysaccharide antigens of Moraxella catarrhalis during lower respiratory tract infection.

An enzyme immunoassay (EIA) was used to determine the antibody response to different serotypes of lipopolysaccharide (LPS) antigens of Moraxella catarrhalis in adult patients with lower respiratory tract infections (LRTI). Moraxella catarrhalis was isolated from sputum or nasopharyngeal samples from 20 patients with LRTI. Sixteen of the isolates were serotype A, four were type B and none were type C. The antibody response to the different LPS serotypes was determined in paired sera from patients suffering from LRTI. In addition to the 20 patients with Moraxella catarrhalis isolated (Group 1), a group of seven patients with LRTI of unknown etiology (Group 2) and a group of ten patients with LRTI of known other bacterial etiology (Group 3) were selected for this study. An increase in antibody levels of > 1.5-fold (convalescent-/acute-phase serum) was recorded in approximately half of the patients, not only in the first group (Moraxella catarrhalis isolated) but also in the other two groups. However, in the first and second groups there was a correlation between an increase in antibody levels in the LPS EIA and in an EIA using whole bacterial cells as antigen. In the group of patients in whom Moraxella catarrhalis was isolated, the antibody response to LPS antigens was not serotype specific. The antibody response to type-A and type-B LPS was more predominant than the response to type-C LPS in most patients.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

Adult↗
PubMed1995

Mothers' knowledge about vaccine preventable diseases and immunization coverage in a population with high rate of illiteracy.

In a case-control analysis of cross-sectional data, 328 children aged 12-35 months and their mothers were studied to identify the factors associated with delayed or non-immunization of their children. Delayed or non-immunization was associated with low socio-economic status, maternal illiteracy, and lack of mothers' knowledge on vaccine preventable diseases as recommended by the Expanded Programme on Immunization (EPI). The association of this lack of mother's knowledge with no or delayed immunisation persisted after adjusting the effects of others in logistic regression analysis (Odds Ratio 16.7; 95 per cent confidence interval: 15.65-17.8; P < 0.0001). The results indicate that even in the presence of maternal illiteracy, educating mothers about the vaccines and vaccine preventable diseases may be highly effective in increasing the immunization coverage.

Bangladesh↗
PubMed1995

Pseudomonas aeruginosa infection in very low birth weight infants: a case-control study.

The perinatal histories and hospital courses of all neonates born at Grady Memorial Hospital who developed Pseudomonas aeruginosa sepsis or meningitis in the 5-year period 1989-1993 were reviewed. In addition a case-control study was performed to evaluate selected risk factors for this infection. Twenty-one patients had one or more blood cultures positive for P. aeruginosa. An additional patient had P. aeruginosa meningitis without bacteremia. All infections occurred after 5 days of age. The overall incidence of P. aeruginosa infection was 0.7/1000 live births. All cases occurred in infants < 1500 g at birth, for a birth weight-specific rate of 19.5/1000 livebirths in this weight class. Clinical manifestations of disease did not distinguish P. aeruginosa from other causes of fulminant neonatal sepsis. Fifty percent of cases died. Mortality was inversely related to postnatal age at diagnosis. The 22 cases were compared with 44 controls matched for birth weight, gestational age, sex, duration of hospital stay and admission date. Cases were more likely than controls to have a history of feeding intolerance, interrupted enteral intake and prolonged parenteral hyperalimentation. Case infants received intravenous antibiotics for a significantly longer period of time than did controls. There was an association between P. aeruginosa sepsis and necrotizing enterocolitis (36% cases vs. 7% of controls had prior or concurrent necrotizing enterocolitis, P < 0.01). In summary P. aeruginosa sepsis is primarily a late onset nosocomial infection in very low birth weight infants. The case fatality rate of 50% in this series emphasizes its continued importance.

Bacteremia↗
PubMed1995

Pilus biogenesis gene, pilC, of Neisseria gonorrhoeae: pilC1 and pilC2 are each part of a larger duplication of the gonococcal genome and share upstream and downstream homologous sequences with opa and pil loci.

Pili of Neisseria gonorrhoeae mediate attachment of the bacteria to target cells and undergo both phase and antigenic variation. PilC is a 110 kDa minor pilus-associated protein involved in pilus biogenesis and attachment. The expression of PilC is turned on and off at high frequency and is controlled by frameshift mutations in a run of G residues positioned in the region encoding the signal peptide. Most strains of N. gonorrhoeae carry two copies of pilC. The DNA sequence of pilC1 of strain MS11 is presented and compared to the sequence of the 3' end of pilC2. These two genes are highly homologous, but not identical. The putative transcriptional terminator of pilC1 contains a pair of inverted uptake sequences for gonococcal DNA (5'-GCCGTCTGAA-3'). An 88 bp sequence located upstream of the pilC1 gene has also been reported to precede several opa genes of N. gonorrhoeae. Shorter regions positioned both downstream and upstream of pilC1 can also be found in silent pil loci as well as close to opa genes. The pilC genes are part of a duplication of a larger DNA region extending more than 2 kb downstream of the coding region.

Amino Acid Sequence↗
PubMed1995

Isolation of sucrose late-fermenting and nonfermenting variants of Vibrio cholerae O139 Bengal: implications for diagnosis of cholera.

The sucrose-containing selective medium thiosulfate-citrate-bile salt-sucrose agar missed a sucrose nonfermenting and four sucrose late-fermenting variant strains of Vibrio cholerae O139 Bengal from diarrheal stools. These strains were, however, correctly identified as V. cholerae O139 on a sucrose-deficient selective medium, taurocholate-tellurite-gelatin agar.

Cholera↗
PubMed1995

Diabetes mellitus and arsenic exposure: a second look at case-control data from a Swedish copper smelter.

OBJECTIVES: To find out whether a newly found association between diabetes mellitus and arsenic in drinking water in Taiwan could be reproduced in copper smelters with arsenic exposure. METHODS: Extended analysis of a previous case-control study from 1978 was based on death records and objective exposure information from the company. The final analysis included only those employed at the smelter. Cases were 12 people with diabetes mellitus on the death certificate and those for whom there was clinical information on this disease. Controls were 31 people without cancer, cardiovascular and cerebrovascular disease as these disease categories had been associated with arsenic exposure in the original study and elsewhere. RESULTS: The odds ratios found for diabetes mellitus with increasing arsenic exposure categories were (reference level = 1), 2.0, 4.2, and 7.0, but the 95% confidence intervals included unity. Unstratified test for trend was weakly significant, P = 0.03. CONCLUSIONS: Although based on small numbers, the findings provide some support for the suggestion that arsenic exposure could sometimes play a part in the development of diabetes mellitus.

Adult↗
PubMed1995

Development and evaluation of co-agglutination test to detect rotavirus antigens in stools of patients with diarrhoea.

Rotavirus is the most common cause of acute diarrhoea in infants and children in both the developed and developing countries including Bangladesh. Information about rotavirus diarrhoea in Bangladesh is insufficient primarily due to the lack of diagnostic facilities due to the high cost of reagents and equipment and lack of skilled personnel. A simple, suitable and less costly technique of co-agglutination test using protein-A secreting staphylococci was developed and evaluated against a commercially available ELISA kit to detect rotavirus antigen in stools of patients with diarrhoea. Staphylococcus cowan strain 1 was grown and coated with rabbit antisera raised against RV5 and SA11 rotavirus strains. The antibody-coated staphylococci were agglutinated specifically by rotavirus present in faecal samples within one or two minutes. A total of 1332 stool specimens were tested by co-agglutination and ELISA, of which 210 (15.77%) were positive by ELISA and 276 (20.72%) by co-agglutination test. Compared to ELISA, sensitivity of co-agglutination test was 76.19%, specificity 89.66% and predictive values of a positive and a negative test were 57.97% and 95.26% respectively. The results indicate that the co-agglutination test is a simple and suitable technique for rapid screening of rotavirus infection which could be adopted in clinical practice.

Agglutination Tests↗
PubMed1995

[A case of renal cell carcinoma extending into the inferior vena cava in a long-term hemodialysis patient].

We report a case of left renal cell carcinoma extending into the inferior vena cava associated with the acquired cystic disease of the kidney (ACDK). The patient was a 46-year-old man, who had been treated with hemodialysis for 12 years. In November 1992, ACDK was observed on computed tomography (CT) for routine check up, but no tumorous lesions were detected. He noticed bleeding from the urethra in May 1994. CT and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) revealed left renal tumor with intrahepatic vena caval tumor thrombus. There were no findings of distant metastasis. Left radical nephrectomy and partial removal of vena cava were performed. Histopathologically, renal cell carcinoma, pT3b, pN0, stage III was diagnosed.

Carcinoma, Renal Cell↗
PubMed1995

Colovesical fistula due to sigmoid colon diverticulitis: a case report.

We present a case of colovesical fistula due to sigmoid colon diverticulitis. A 63-year-old woman was referred to our department with the complaints of dysuria, turbid and foul smelling urine. She was treated twice for acute cystitis at the referral hospitals. A diagnosis of colovesical fistula was confirmed on barium enema. She underwent partial resection of sigmoid colon with primary anastomosis and partial cystectomy with repair of bladder wall and covered with omentum. Retrograde cytography taken on the 20th post-operative day revealed no leakage of contrast medium. She was asymptomatic at 3 months of follow-up.

Diverticulitis↗
PubMed1995

Variability in calculations of dialysis adequacy in patients using nightly intermittent peritoneal dialysis compared to CAPD.

Increasing numbers of patients receive peritoneal dialysis using noncontinuous methods such as nightly intermittent peritoneal dialysis (NIPD) rather than continuous ambulatory peritoneal dialysis (CAPD). We hypothesized that blood solute levels before and after NIPD would be large enough to produce significant variability in formulas based on the continuous peritoneal dialysis (PD) model. We found no diurnal differences in serum creatinine in NIPD or CAPD. However, our data demonstrate a 7.9% difference in serum urea measurements from evening to morning in patients treated by NIPD. This mathematical difference contributes to a 6.3% difference in the calculated value of KT/V and a 9.4% difference in the calculation of total urea clearance (liters per week) in these patients. By contrast, no difference in serum values or in calculated values of adequacy could be shown in patients on CAPD. These observations support the premise that CAPD represents a steady-state condition. NIPD patients demonstrate variability in serum levels of urea which may result in inaccurate calculations of dialysis adequacy. When blood samples are obtained in the morning soon after completing a cycle of NIPD, dialysis adequacy as measured by KT/V or total urea clearance (but not by total creatinine clearance) may be systematically overestimated.

Adult↗
PubMed1994

Structural studies of the O-polysaccharide from the lipopolysaccharide of Moraxella (Branhamella) catarrhalis serotype A (strain ATCC 25238).

The polysaccharide of the Moraxella (Branhamella) catarrhalis serotype A lipopolysaccharide was prepared by mild acid hydrolysis followed by gel permeation chromatography. The structure was established by methylation analysis, mass spectrometry, and NMR spectroscopy. It is concluded that the O-antigenic polysaccharide has the following structure. [formula see text] Methylation analysis of the intact lipopolysaccharide showed that the lipid A portion consisted of 6-substituted glucosamine residues. Methylation followed by methanolysis showed that two Kdo residues were present, one terminal and one 4,5-substituted residue. A terminal Kdo thus substitutes the branch-point Kdo in the 4-position.

Carbohydrate Conformation↗