The Oklahoma Canine Oral Health Index.
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Animals↗
Biomedical subjects
M Martin
Publications and source records attributed to M Martin.
Blood pressure in obese adolescents: effect of weight loss.
The BP distribution of a group of 72 obese adolescents was determined both before and after weight loss. Weight loss was produced by a program of caloric restriction and behavior change alone (n = 26) or with a combination of caloric restriction, behavior change, and exercise (n = 25). It was demonstrated that obese adolescents have a BP distribution that is skewed 1 SD to the right of normal (P less than .01), and that with weight loss this distribution was no longer different from that of the general population. It was also shown that a weight loss program that incorporates exercise and caloric restriction produces the most desirable effect on BP reduction (ie, greatest decrease in resting systolic BP and greatest decrease in exercise diastolic and mean BP). Finally, it was demonstrated that obese adolescents have structural changes present in the forearm resistance vessels and that these structural changes are reversed to the greatest extent in the weight loss program that includes exercise.
Adolescent↗
Separation by counter-current distribution of young-chick erythrocyte populations and numerical resolution of distribution curves.
The presence of two red cell populations in young chicks has been demonstrated after increasing the settling time used during counter-current distribution with charged 5% Dextran--4% poly(ethylene glycol) two-phase systems. A Fortran program using statistical methods was applied to show the resolution in two peaks (with two or three subpopulations assumed) of the counter-current distribution curves.
Animals↗
A novel metabolic pathway for leukotriene B4 in different cell types: primary reduction of a double bond.
Addition of leukotriene B4 together with trace amounts of tritiated leukotriene B4 to different cell types, such as bone marrow-derived macrophages, T-lymphocytes, mesangial cells or fibroblast tumor cells, led to the formation of several hitherto unknown degradation products within hours. None of them could be identified as 20-hydroxy- or 20-carboxyleukotriene B4, known to be produced by polymorphonuclear leukocytes. The primarily formed transient leukotriene B4 metabolite was less polar than leukotriene B4 and was detectable by measuring its ultraviolet absorbance at 232 nm or its radioactivity. Mass spectral analysis showed very similar fragmentation spectra of leukotriene B4 and its primary metabolite. The most abundant ion and the main fragments of the new metabolite were increased by two mass units compared to leukotriene B4. These observations suggest that, in a variety of cells, leukotriene B4 is first reduced to a 5,12-dihydroxyeicosatrienoic acid, which is further converted to secondary hydrophilic degradation products. This raises the question of the major route of leukotriene B4 metabolism in vivo.
Animals↗
Cellular telephone transmission of 12-lead electrocardiograms from ambulance to hospital.
Currently, only single-lead, serial telemetry rhythm strips can be transmitted from ambulances. Triage of patients with chest pain and administration of thrombolytic therapy in ambulances is limited by the lack of specific electrocardiographic (ECG) diagnosis. A new technique is described using cellular telephone transmission of simultaneous 12-lead ECGs from ambulance to hospital to overcome this limitation. A portable 12-lead ECG installed in an ambulance was connected via modern link to a cellular telephone and digitized ECG information was transmitted to an ECG device in the hospital emergency room. Paramedics in the field placed adhesive patch electrodes and attached ECG wires. Field ECGs from 23 patients were compared with corresponding transmitted ECGs. There were no differences in heart rate, PR interval, QRS duration, QT interval or R- and T-wave axes. Baseline and transmitted ECGs had identical morphologic characteristics. Differences in R-wave amplitude in 5 transmitted tracings compared with hospital-recorded ECGs resulted in computer diagnosis of left ventricular hypertrophy by voltage, possibly due to differences in patient position. Twelve-lead ECGs can be easily transmitted from a moving ambulance using cellular telephones. This allows diagnosis before hospital arrival, improves prehospital triage of patients and may facilitate prehospital therapy with lidocaine or streptokinase. In addition, the cellular telephone link can convey both verbal and digitized information and thus improve on current telemetry systems.
Ambulances↗
Alterations in platelet aggregation and microsomal benzo-alpha-pyrene hydroxylase activities after exposure of rats to a Prudhoe Bay crude oil.
Administration of a Prudhoe Bay crude oil (PBCO) to rats has been shown to (a) inhibit platelet aggregation induced by adenosine diphosphate (ADP), arachidonic acid, or epinephrine and (b) induce benzo-alpha-pyrene hydroxylase (BPH) in the liver and small intestine. Maximum inhibition of aggregation (90%) was seen 12 to 16 hours subsequent to dosing. However, substantial inhibition was observed as early as four hours and as late as 48 hours after dosing. Of particular interest was the sensitivity of the platelet response compared with the putatively sensitive response of monooxygenase induction in liver. As little as 0.1 ml of PBCO per kilogram body weight (bw) caused an inhibition of aggregation with all three agonists. A similar inhibition of the release of ADP from platelets in the presence of arachidonic acid or epinephrine was also observed. In contrast, hepatic BPH activity showed only a modest increase (67%) over the control value even after administration of 2 ml of PBCO per kilogram body weight. Small intestine BPH activity was more sensitive, showing a gradual increase of up to 19-fold 24 hours after dosing with 2 ml of PBCO per kilogram body weight. The sensitivity of the platelet response is of general environmental interest and evaluating platelet aggregation in humans may be important as a noninvasive assay for exposure to either accidental or "acceptable" levels of petroleum hydrocarbons in the occupational environment.
Adenosine Diphosphate↗
Fluorescent inhibitor probes of enzyme active site conformation: anion binding to angiotensin-converting enzyme.
Dansylated tight-binding inhibitors are effective fluorophoric probes for detecting conformational changes of enzyme active sites. In this study they have been employed to examine the effect of anions on the conformation of angiotensin-converting enzyme. The efficiency of radiationless energy transfer between enzyme tryptophan residues and an active site-bound dansyl inhibitor has been shown to be enhanced by the addition of chloride. Half-maximal fluorescence enhancement occurs at about 2 mM chloride and is the same for both N-(1-carboxyl-5-dansylamino-pentyl)-glycyl-L-phenylalanine [Ki,app = 50 nM (pH 7.5, 300 mM NaCl)] and N-(1-carboxyl-5-dansylamino-pentyl)-glycyl-L-lysine (Ki,app = 5.7 nM). Other activating anions also evoke similar increases in enzyme-inhibitor energy transfer. Fluorescence changes are not due to binding additional inhibitor molecules but rather to an anion-induced change in protein conformation.
Angiotensin-Converting Enzyme Inhibitors↗
Standardized physician preparation of death certificates.
One method for determining cause of death in a clinical trial is to use standard nosological coding of death certificates. In order to look at an alternative approach, the Hypertension Detection and Follow-up Program (HDFP) assessed underlying causes of death through the use of three physicians. These physicians were trained and standardized in the proper recording of cause of death on death certificates. Each physician completed a death certificate for each of the 768 deaths in the HDFP, utilizing all available information, including HDFP records, plus any additional hospital and autopsy records. The new standardized death certificates were then transmitted to a panel of three nosologists who coded the cause of death. The physician preparation procedure was compared with a procedure wherein a panel of three nosologists coded the original death certificate for the underlying cause of death. The procedures agreed on the three-digit International Classification of Disease, Adapted code in 60.1% of the cases. The agreement rate improved to 72.5% when disease codes were collapsed into broad disease categories utilized in the HDFP.
Adult↗
Trout (Salmo gairdneri R.) liver 5-aminolevulinate synthetase: subcellular distribution and properties.
The subcellular distribution of trout liver 5-aminolevulinate synthetase has been studied. A cytosolic form of the enzyme has been found. Its activity was a 30% of the mitochondrial enzyme. The cytosolic form has a molecular weight of 110,000, larger than the mitochondrial enzyme (70,000). The two enzyme forms showed a pH optimum of 7.5. The kinetic characteristic of both forms suggest that the cytosolic form is a precursor of the mitochondrial ALA-synthetase.
5-Aminolevulinate Synthetase↗
Salvage irradiation of oropharyngeal cancers using iridium 192 wire implants: 5-year results of 70 cases.
Between May 1971 and November 1980, 70 patients with recurrent or new oropharyngeal cancers arising in previously irradiated tissues were treated using iridium 192 afterloading techniques. The actuarial local control was 72% at 2 years and 69% at 5 years. Although local control of the tumor was achieved in the majority of these patients, only 10 patients remained alive at 5 years (14%). Patients with lesions of the faucial arch and posterior pharyngeal wall had the best results; local control was achieved in 100% of these patients. Patients with lesions of the base of tongue and of the glosso-tonsillar sulcus had poorer results; local control was achieved in 61%. Because these results compare favorably with the results of previously published series, we recommend re-irradiation with brachytherapy for recurrent or new malignancies arising in a previously irradiated oropharynx. When the lesion is located in the faucial arch, brachytherapy is the treatment of choice. When the lesion is located in the base of tongue, brachytherapy is a reasonable option.
Adult↗
Embryotoxic evaluation of a Prudhoe Bay crude oil in rats.
The embryotoxic potential of a Prudhoe Bay crude oil (PBCO) was investigated in rats. PBCO was administered orally to pregnant rats as (i) a single dose on various gestation days, (ii) a single variable dose on gestation day 6, or (iii) as daily doses from day 6 to day 17 of pregnancy. PBCO administered during the earlier stages of pregnancy (day 3, 6 or 11) but not during the later stages, affected the reproductive performance of pregnant rats by significantly increasing the number of resorptions including fetal death and by decreasing the fetal weight. A dose-dependent increase in fetomortality was also observed. Multiple exposure to low levels of crude oil also caused a significant reduction in maternal body weight besides other embryotoxic changes.
Administration, Oral↗
Performance of patients with a "frozen pelvis" in an in vitro fertilization program.
It is now possible to identify and study the performance of different subgroups of patients in in vitro fertilization (IVF) programs. Patients with severe pelvic adhesions due to pelvic inflammatory disease (PID) or endometriosis were classed as having a frozen pelvis if less than or equal to 20% of total ovarian surface was visible and if the rest of the ovary was bound down with significant adhesions. IVF offers the only hope of pregnancy for these patients. Fifty-one treatment cycles in 23 such patients were matched against 51 cycles in 48 patients with adhesion-free ovaries. The study group had a significantly higher number of cancelled oocyte retrievals because of poor estradiol (E2) response. They also had a significantly lower rate of E2 rise and a lower peak value of E2 before and after the administration of human chorionic gonadotropin. These patients took longer to respond to a hyperstimulation regime, and when a response occurred they formed fewer follicles, as measured with the use of ultrasound. Lower numbers of oocytes were obtained from this group, but the fertilization rate of oocytes was the same for both groups. One pregnancy occurred in the study group and 11 in the control group. It is possible that disruption of ovarian blood supply or mechanical factors due to the pressure of significant adhesions prevent a good follicular response in patients with a frozen pelvis.
Adult↗
Use of gene transfer approaches to study regulation of neuropeptide gene expression.
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Cell Line↗
The immunosuppressive activities of different cyclosporins are correlated to inhibition of the early membrane phospholipid metabolism in activated lymphocytes.
Recently, it could be shown that Cyclosporin A (CsA) inhibited the activation of T and B lymphocytes by interfering with an early step of the activation, namely the stimulation of the plasma membrane-bound lysophosphatide acyltransferase. In this report, we compared three CsA-derivatives, Dihydro-Cyclosporin C (Dihydro-CsC), "C9-O-Acetyl"-CsA (CsAAC), Cyclosporin H (CsH), regarding the inhibition of proliferation and the interference with the activation of the phospholipid metabolism. At concentrations below 1 microgram/ml, CsAAC and CsH had no effect on any parameter measured. Dihydro-CsC, however, closely resembled CsA: it inhibited the induction of DNA- and RNA-synthesis in T and B lymphocytes from mesenteric lymph nodes of rabbits. Similar to CsA, Dihydro-CsC also interfered with the enhanced incorporation of arachidonic acid into plasma membrane phospholipids by inhibiting the activation of the lysophosphatide acyltransferase. The close correlation between inhibition of proliferation and interferences with the phospholipid metabolism of the plasma membrane suggested that Dihydro-CsC as well as CsA interfered with an early step of lymphocyte activation at the level of the plasma membrane.
1-Acylglycerophosphocholine O-Acyltransferase↗
Unusual end-tidal CO2 waveform.
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Anesthesia↗
The effect of nitrous oxide on in vitro fertilization success rate.
The authors studied the effect of nitrous oxide on success rates for in vitro fertilization and pregnancy in women undergoing laparoscopy for oocyte retrieval. Ninety-eight patients in an in vitro fertilization program were randomly assigned to an anesthetic regimen including either 0.7% (end-tidal) isoflurane with 60% nitrous oxide in oxygen, or 1.4% (end-tidal) isoflurane in oxygen. Success rates for fertilization and pregnancy in 44 additional patients who declined randomization were also studied. Among the 51 randomized patients who did not receive nitrous oxide, 192 oocytes were obtained and 122 fertilized (63.5%), resulting in eight pregnancies (16.3%). From the 47 randomized patients given nitrous oxide, 168 oocytes were retrieved and 114 fertilized (67.9%), resulting in nine pregnancies (19.1%). No significant differences between rates of fertilization or pregnancy emerged between groups. Such differences would have been found with an 80% probability had nitrous oxide had a 20% effect on oocyte fertilization.
Female↗
Theophylline clearance during and after mild upper respiratory infection.
Theophylline clearance was estimated by a single-sample technique in 19 subjects with acute clinical respiratory infections. Mean (+/- SD) theophylline clearance during acute illness was 0.044 +/- 0.011 L X h-1 X kg-1 compared to 0.043 +/- 0.012 L X h-1 X kg-1 1 month later. In a subset of five subjects, single-sample clearance estimates were not different from standard multi-sample clearance estimates. Mild upper respiratory infection does not appear to alter theophylline clearance in adults.
Adult↗
Effect of a Prudhoe Bay crude oil on hepatic and placental drug metabolism in rats.
Administration of a Prudhoe Bay crude oil (PBCO) to pregnant rats resulted in induction of hepatic microsomal P-450 levels and various monooxygenases in a dose-dependent manner. The activities of aniline hydroxylase, benzo[a]pyrene hydroxylase, aminopyrine-N-demethylase, ethoxyresorufin-O-deethylase, and pentoxyresorufin-O-depentylase were increased 2-3-fold, 12-15-fold, 1.4-1.8-fold, 20-24-fold, and 6-8-fold, respectively, on gestation day 18, when a single dose of PBCO (5-10 mL/kg body weight, p.o.) had been administered 24 h earlier. Glutathione-S-transferase, UDPG transferase, and DT-diaphorase activities were also increased; however, maximum induction was noticed when crude oil was given 72 h earlier. Repeated exposure (day 6-day 17, daily) of crude oil at lower levels was able to produce similar induction patterns in enzyme systems at day 18 of gestation. The xenobiotic-metabolizing enzyme systems were also induced transplacentally: treatment of pregnant rats with PBCO induced both placental and fetal hepatic enzyme systems. Liver microsomal P-450 contents, benzo[a]pyrene hydroxylase, and ethoxyresorufin-O-deethylase activities were increased 2-fold, 2-3-fold, and 10-12-fold, respectively in 18-day-old fetuses. Similar trends were noticed in placenta. Activities of phase II enzymes such as glutathione-S-transferase, UDPG transferase, and DT-diaphorase were also significantly elevated. It is suggested that crude oil induces maternal hepatic drug metabolism and that some of its constituents (mainly aromatic hydrocarbons) and (or) their metabolites pass through the placenta and thus induce drug-metabolizing enzymes transplacentally. The practical importance of the results in relation to human and environmental health is also discussed.
Animals↗