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Biomedical subjects

M Kunze

Publications and source records attributed to M Kunze.

At least 145 records · Page 8Linked to original sources
PubMed1984

Modifying risk of developing lung cancer by changing habits of cigarette smoking.

Data from a hospital based case-control study of lung cancer in Western Europe were used to examine changes in the risk of developing lung cancer after changes in habits of cigarette smoking. Only data for subjects who had smoked regularly at some time in their lives were included. The large size of the study population (7181 patients and 11 006 controls) permitted precise estimates of the effect of giving up smoking. Risks of developing lung cancer for people who had given up smoking 10 or more years before interview were less than half of those for people who continued to smoke. The reduction in risk was seen in men and women and in former smokers of both filter and non-filter cigarettes but varied by duration of smoking habit before giving up. The protective effect of giving up became progressively greater with shorter duration of smoking habit. The risks after not smoking for 10 years for both men and women who had previously smoked for less than 20 years were roughly the same as those for lifelong non-smokers. Reducing the number of cigarettes smoked a day or switching from non-filter to filter cigarettes also lowered the risk of developing lung cancer but not to the extent associated with giving up smoking.

Europe↗
PubMed1984

Patterns of lung cancer risk according to type of cigarette smoked.

A case-control study of lung cancer involving interviews with 7,804 cases and 15,207 hospital-based controls was carried out in seven locations in Western Europe. The large study size permitted the calculation of precise estimates of the relative risk of lung cancer associated with smoking different types of cigarettes. Lifelong nonfilter smokers were at nearly twice the risk of lung cancer compared to lifelong filter smokers after controlling for duration of cigarette use and number smoked per day (RR = 1.7 for males and 2.0 for females). Lung cancer risks for filter, nonfilter and mixed smokers increased in proportion to intensity and duration of smoking and decreased with years since stopping smoking. The findings indicate that prevention activities should continue to emphasize smoking cessation, although switching to low-tar cigarettes may also yield some reductions in lung cancer risk.

Adult↗
PubMed1984

[Effect of carrageenan, galactose and 2,4-dinitrophenol on leukocyte phagocytosis of Staphylococcus aureus and E. coli].

The influence of carrageenan (0.1, 0.05 and 0.01%), galactose (1 X 10(-1), 1 X 10(-2) and 5 X 10(-2) mol/l) and 2,4-dinitrophenol (5 X 10(-4), 1 X 10(-4), 5 X 10(-5) and 1 X 10(-5) mol/l) on the phagocytosis of Staphylococcus aureus SG 511 and E. coli 04/K31 by polymorphonuclear neutrophil granulocytes was studied. At the same time the capacity of the germs to grow and multiply in presence of different concentrations of the analysed compounds was tested. The phagocytosis of Staphylococcus aureus SG 511 was not inhibited by carrageenan, galactose and 2,4-dinitrophenol, but an influence on the phagocytosis of E. coli 04/K31 could be clearly demonstrated (0.1 and 0.05% carrageenan, 1 X 10(-1) mol/l galactose, 5 X 10(-4) and 1 X 10(-4) mol/l 2,4-dinitrophenol). The multiplication of Staphylococci and E. coli was not influenced by all three compounds.

2,4-Dinitrophenol↗
PubMed1984

[Effect of colchicine and indomethacin on leukocytic phagocytosis of Staphylococcus aureus and E. coli].

The phagocytosis of S. aureus SG 511 and E. coli O4/K31 by human polymorphonuclear leucocytes is inhibited by colchicine in concentrations of 0.05 and 0.04%. In comparison to the controls the growth of bacteria was reduced but not stopped. If human blood is added to the culture medium, staphylococci multiply in the presence of all colchicine concentrations tested. In contrast E. coli grows only at a concentration of colchicine of 0.02-0.03%. Indomethacin dissolved in ethanol inhibited clearly the phagocytosis of S. aureus and E. coli. This inhibition was significant for concentrations of 2 X 10(-4) and 1 X 10(-4) mol/l. The behavior of the tested bacteria with respect to growth and multiplications was not affected. Indomethacin, however, retarded the bacterial growth in concentrations from 2 X 10(-4) up to 3.75 X 10(-5) mol/l. The multiplication of E. coli was stopped by indomethacin at a concentration of 2 X 10(-4) mol/l. If human blood is added to the phagocytosis test system with S. aureus and indomethacin, the bacteria will show a little reduction in the rate of the multiplication in concentrations of the compound from 2 X 10(-4) up to 3.75 X 10(-5) mol/l. At a concentration of 2 X 10(-4) mol/l, the growth of E. coli was inhibited. It is concluded that for the inhibition of phagocytosis--f. e. in blood culture systems--the concentration of colchicine must be 0.03-0.02%; for indomethacin an optimal concentration of 1 X 10(-4) mol/l is recommended.

Cell Division↗
PubMed1983

[Compliance studies: factor analysis study on non-compliance].

The repeatedly described influence variables of the compliance of hypertensive patients were assessed in 195 patients and 101 medical doctors using a questionnaire. Subsequent factor analysis showed five essential influence criteria for non-compliance: "drug dilemma" (reduced drug-compliance through confounding of patients), "ignored independence and impeded patient responsibility" (as cause of insufficient information and organisation), "hypochondriac belief in medicine" (readiness to undergo treatment without active contribution towards improvement of disease, particularly in assumed increased proneness to disease), "prescription-happy mentality" (exaggerated trust in drugs of doctors), and "cognitive and emotional excess demands" (insufficient understandability and retainability of advice, too many recommendations at once.

Attitude to Health↗
PubMed1983

[Epidemiology of drug consumption in Austria--recommendations for health counselling].

A representative survey of the Austrian population showed these results: 31% (women 39%, men 23%) use pharmaceutical drugs on a regular basis; high consumption rates are observed among people of 50 years and above (50-59 years of age 49%, 60 years and above 64%), among people in bad health condition (68%), among overweight (38%) or people who report being under stress (46%). Another group with high consumption of pharmaceutical drugs are those who already have reduced consumption of tobacco or alcohol. On the basis of epidemiological findings a concept "how to use pharmaceutical drugs" is designed which stresses the differentiation between necessary (and often not applied) medication and abuse of pharmaceutical drugs.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1983

Tar yields of cigarettes and male lung cancer risk.

Of 252 male lung cancer patients, 248 or 98% were cigarette smokers, significantly (P less than .001) more than in the control group (526 = 64% of 839). In relation to the relative risks (RR) of never-smokers, the adjusted (for age, total years smoked, and average number of cigarettes smoked per day) lung cancer RR for smokers who had exclusively smoked cigarettes belonging to group II (15-24 mg tar/cigarette) was 10.4 (P less than .001); for smokers who had exclusively smoked cigarettes belonging to group III (greater than 24 mg tar/cigarette), it was 25.1 (P less than .001). The respective RR of smokers who had mainly smoked cigarettes belonging to group I (less than 15 mg tar/cigarette), group II, or group III were 10.9 (P less than .001), 20.6 (P less than .001), and 36.7 (P less than .001). After the differences in daily consumption were taken into account, the adjusted (for age and total years smoked) lung cancer RR for smokers who had consumed mainly cigarettes belonging to the various groups were the following: group II (11-20 cigarettes/day) compared to group III (11-20 cigarettes/day), RR = 0.6 (P less than .05); group II (greater than 20 cigarettes/day) compared to group III (greater than 20 cigarettes/day), RR = 0.8; group II (greater than 20 cigarettes/day) compared to group III (11-20 cigarettes/day), RR = 1.3 (P less than .001); group II (greater than 20 cigarettes/day) compared to group III (less than 10 cigarettes/day), RR = 7.8 (P less than .001); and group II (11-20 cigarettes/day) compared to group III (less than 10 cigarettes/day), RR = 2.5 (P less than .001).

Adolescent↗
PubMed1982

[The significance of air contamination for the taking of blood cultures in open systems].

The importance of the air contamination, when open blood culture systems were used, was emphasized by investigation series in 20 test persons. The proportion of contaminated cultures correlated with the opening time and the size of the opening area of the culture systems applied. The moist cleaning of the room performed before the taking of the blood culture and low numbers of patients in the rooms clearly improved the portion of contamination.

Air Microbiology↗