A case of urothorax that manifested as posttraumatic pleural effusion after a motorcycle crash.
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Accidents, Traffic↗
Biomedical subjects
M Kodama
Publications and source records attributed to M Kodama.
Effects of ginseng radix on sugar absorption in the small intestine.
Ginseng radix (GR) is often used in traditional Japanese kampo medicine. We studied the effect of GR on glucose and maltose transport in rat and human duodenal mucosa by Ussing's method, and on smooth muscle movement in rat duodenal muscle by Magnus' method. GR inhibited absorption of glucose or maltose in rat and human duodenal mucosa, but increased duodenal muscle movement. It suggests that the inhibition of sugar absorption by GR is more dominant than enhancement of duodenal muscle movement by GR.
Adult↗
Preparations and properties of a novel grafted segmented polyurethane-bearing glucose groups.
Novel grafted polyurethane-bearing glucose groups were synthesized through a graft copolymerization of a prefabricated polyurethane containing poly(butadiene) glycol (PBD) and hydrogenated poly(butadiene) glycol (HPBD) soft segments, and 4,4'-methylenediphenyl diisocyanate (MDI) hard segment with a hydrophilic monomer glycosylethyl methacrylate (GEMA) in solution in the presence of 2,2'-azobis(isobutyronitrile) (AIBN) as an initiator. The bulk characteristics of the grafted polyurethanes were investigated by infra-red (IR) spectroscopy and gel permeation chromatography (GPC) measurements. The glucose groups were oriented on the surface of the cast film of grafted polyurethane with different graft-on percentages as revealed by electron spectroscopy for chemical analysis (ESCA), attenuated total reflectance infra-red spectroscopy (ATR-FTIR), and water contact angle. The grafted polyurethane surfaces which showed decreased water contact angles also indicate that hydrophilic glucose groups are present at the surface. The hemocompatibilities of these polymer surfaces were evaluated by platelet-rich plasma (PRP) contacting tests. It was found that the surface of grafted polyurethane with a graft-on percentage of 23.4% showed a good hemocompatibility in terms of platelet adhesion and shape variation. It indicates that glucose groups on the surface are effective for the improvement of hydrophilicity as well as hemocompatibility.
Animals↗
Insulin resistance contributes to carotid arterial wall thickness in patients with non-insulin-dependent-diabetes mellitus.
The aim of this study was to clarify whether insulin resistance contributes to atherosclerosis in patients with non-insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus (NIDDM). Fifty-three NIDDM patients (36 males and 17 females, 53+/-10 years old (mean+/-SD)) were studied. As an index of atherosclerosis, we measured the average thickness (IMT) as well as basal thickness excluding the maximum thickness and the height of the maximum thickness of the carotid artery wall. Euglycemic hyperinsulinemic glucose clamp was conducted for 90 min to evaluate average glucose infusion rate (GIR) as an index of insulin sensitivity in the peripheral tissues. For another 180 min after intake of oral glucose load with 0.3 g/kg, the euglycemic hyperinsulinemic clamp was continued to measure ratio of splanchnic glucose uptake (SGU) as an index of insulin sensitivity of the liver. The patients were separated into three activity groups according to the grade of their leisure-time physical activity. GIR (r = -0.32, p < 0.05) but not SGU (r=0.139) showed a significant inverse relationship with IMT. Multivariant regression analysis indicated that age and total cholesterol remain as independent risk factors for basal thickness and GIR as only independent risk factor for the height of the maximum thickness. Paralleling the degrees of habitual exercise (low, moderate, and high active group), GIR was higher (6.19+/-1.02, 6.38+/-1.38, 7.44+/-1.80, respectively) and IMT was lower (1.34+/-0.33 mm, 1.20+/-0.31 mm, and 1.12+/-0.29 mm, respectively) in male NIDDM as well as in female NIDDM. These data suggest that insulin resistance in the peripheral tissues but not the splanchnic tissues may independently contribute to carotid arterial wall thickness and especially to plaque lesion, and that habitual exercise might reduce insulin resistance leading to attenuation of atherosclerosis.
Aged↗
Impaired diurnal cardiac autonomic function in subjects with type 2 diabetes.
OBJECTIVE: To assess diurnal cardiac sympathetic and parasympathetic nerve functions in diabetic subjects with variable diabetic neuropathy. RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS: Frequency domain analysis of 24-h Holter ECG was done for 132 diabetic subjects (84 without any symptomatic neuropathy; 37 with only symptomatic peripheral neuropathy; 11 with symptomatic autonomic neuropathy) and 57 normal volunteers to calculate the low frequency (LF) component representing the beta-adrenoceptor function and the high frequency (HF) component representing the cardiac parasympathetic nerve function. RESULTS: Cardiac LF and HF components in diabetic subjects without peripheral neuropathy showed values comparable to those of normal volunteers and a similar circadian rhythm. Diabetic subjects with peripheral neuropathy or autonomic neuropathy showed significantly depressed LF and HF components and loss of the circadian rhythm of LF and HF components compared with diabetic subjects without neuropathy. Impairment of the LF component in the afternoon could be accounted for by the duration of diabetes and elevated HbA1c level. Impairment of the HF component at night could be accounted for by the duration of diabetes but not an elevated HbA1c level. CONCLUSIONS: These data indicated that diabetic subjects with peripheral neuropathy and diabetic subjects with symptomatic autonomic neuropathy, but not diabetic subjects without neuropathy, showed a marked decrease in cardiac sympathetic and parasympathetic nerve functions and loss of circadian rhythm.
Adult↗
Effect of dietary sesamin on metabolic fate of an exogenous linolelaidic acid in perfused rat liver.
To estimate the relative significance of exogenous and endogenous fatty acid substrates in decreasing hepatic triacylglycerol secretion after sesamin feeding, livers from rats fed diets supplemented with and without sesamin (sesamin: episesamin, 1:1, w/w) were perfused in the presence and absence of an exogenous di-trans isomer of linoleic acid (linolelaidic acid, trans,trans-9,12-octadecadienoic acid). Both exogenous trans fatty acid and dietary sesamin, as compared with respective controls, resulted in a marked increase in hepatic ketogenesis; however, the beta-hydroxybutyrate to acetoacetate ratio was elevated by exogenous fatty acid and decreased by dietary sesamin. On the other hand, hepatic secretions of triacylglycerol, phospholipid and cholesterol were markedly lowered in rats fed sesamin, especially when exogenous fatty acid substrate was provided. The relative significance of the exogenous fatty acid was observed in the dietary sesamin-induced decrease in hepatic secretion of triacylglycerol. These results suggest that increased fatty acid oxidation by dietary sesamin, as reflected by enhanced ketone body production, leads to decreased partition of fatty acid substrates to the esterification pathways, and this in turn reduces the synthesis and secretion of triacylglycerol. The altered metabolism of exogenous fatty acids in the liver was therefore a major determinant for the synthesis and secretion of triacylglycerol.
Animals↗
Statistical analysis of the age-adjusted incidence rates of human neoplasias: changes in time and space from early 1960's to mid 1980's with special reference to the steroid criminal hypothesis of carcinogenesis.
Our earlier reports indicated that the changes of age-adjusted incidence rates (AAIRs) of any 2 tumors in time and space, as investigated by the sequential regression analysis, showed a good fitness to the equilibrium model under the control of the law of mass action. The purpose of this study is to investigate the problem of whether or not the changes of AAIRs of individual tumors in time and space show a similar fitness to the equilibrium model of the law of mass action. The cancer risk data set of: a) 20 neoplasias in scope; b) 6 cancer registration areas in space; and c) 5 sequential investigations from early 1960's to mid 1980's in time, were subjected to the sequential regression analysis - a modification of the least square method. Results obtained are as follows: a) out of 20 tumors tested, all tumors other than 5 tumor types showed a good fitness (P<0.05) to the equilibrium model of the law of mass action in their risk changes in space. The 5 tumor types that failed to fit to the equilibrium model were male gall-bladder cancer, male breast cancer, male thyroid cancer, female liver cancer and female laryngeal cancer. They were all classified as the members of low-risk gender in the cancer family with sex discrimination of cancer risk. b) All tumors other than male thyroid cancer of Birmingham-England showed a good fitness to the equilibrium model of the law of mass action in their risk changes in time. c) It is argued that the good fitness to the equilibrium model of the law of mass action and the poor fitness to the equilibrium model can be taken each as indication of the predominant expression of oncogene activation and the emergence of intervention of tumor suppressor gene inactivation to the full expression of oncogene activation in the mathematical structure of the cancer risk data set. The significance of the above findings as the supporting evidence of the steroid criminal hypothesis of carcinogenesis as well as the pertinence of the least square method to the mathematical analysis of cancer risk are discussed in the light of historical development of science from early 19th century to late 20th century.
Canada↗
Topological transition of the parametric expression site of tumor suppressor inactivation as a marker evidence of environmental hormone-oriented cancer risk increase.
The present study is an extension of our recent study in which we attempted statistical analysis of the data assembly of age-adjusted incidence rates (AAIRs) of a tumor without topological data manipulation for each of 20 individual tumors in scope, for each of 6 cancer registration areas in space, and for a period of early 1960's to mid 1980's in time. This time, a data assembly of log AAIR changes in time and space first passed through the process of topological data manipulation, and then underwent the sequential regression analysis so that we could assess the fitness of log AAIR changes either in space or in time to the equilibrium model of the law of mass action from the viewpoint of the interaction between oncogene activation and tumor suppressor gene inactivation. For the sake of comparison, the fitness of the cancer risk data to the equilibrium model was assessed in the framework of 3 sets of coordinates: a) the original (x org, y org) coordinates in which most of the log AAIR data assemblies in their data variations were classified as the oncogene activation type in the field of centripetal force (r seq=-1.000). b) The rect (X rect, Y rect) coordinates in which the log AAIR data assemblies were very often classified as the tumor suppressor gene inactivation type in the field of centrifugal force (r seq=+1.000). c) The para (X para, Y para) coordinates in which the log AAIR data assemblies were mostly classified as the intermediate type as regards the fitness to the equilibrium model. The rect-coordinates and the para-coordinates, 2 variants of angular rotation of the original coordinates, were so designed as to allow their X-axes to run each at a right angle and parallel to the regression line of the original pair data block. The results obtained were as follows: a) poor fitness of the log AAIR changes in space to the equilibrium model in the rect-coordinates was found in male breast cancer, male thyroid cancer, female esophageal cancer, female laryngeal cancer and female lung cancer. The summation of the present study and the last study from our laboratory led to the conclusion that the members of low-risk gender in the tumor family with sex discrimination of cancer risk were inclined to show either failed expression of oncogene activation or failed expression of tumor suppressor gene inactivation or both. b) There was a subtle difference of the fitness of log AAIR data to the equilibrium model between the log AAIR changes in time and those in space in that the log AAIR changes in time within the framework of the rect-coordinates, which usually represented the field of centrifugal force or site of tumor suppressor gene inactivation expression, showed an increase in the number of oncogene activation type data sets as compared with the log AAIR changes in space. c) Upon further insight into the AAIR changes in time, consistent association of prominent cancer risk increase in time with the transition of tumor suppressor gene inactivation expression (r seq=+1.000) from the rect-coordinates to the para-coordinates was detected in skin cancer of both sexes, testicular tumor, liver cancer of both sexes and thyroid cancer of both sexes, all of which were related to the prevalence of environmental hormones as regards the recent boost of their cancer risks in the Western countries. In summary, the log AAIR, a cancer risk parameter, in its changes in time and space was found to provide useful information in assessing the interaction between the oncogene-tumor suppressor gene complex and the hormonal milieu of the host in the genesis of both environmental hormone-dependent and -independent human neoplasias. The significance of our statistical maneuver (the sequential regression analysis) is discussed in the light of the development of mathematics in early 19th century.
Age Factors↗
[The effect of 5-HT 2 antagonist for urinary frequency symptom on diabetes mellitus patients].
17 cases of patients with diabetes mellitus who had urinary frequency symptom for which anti-cholinergic agents proved ineffective were given Sarpogrelate Hydrochloride (Anplag), a selective 5-HT 2 receptor antagonist. Efficacy was judged using IPSS and QOL scores after 2 weeks medications, these showed that all cases had improved their urinary frequency during the days as well as the night. This was especially true for the QOL score. One time urinary volume markedly increased, but there was no statistical significance after medication in maximum flow rate and residual urine. At the same time, a separate group of 14 mainly BPH cases did not improve entirely. It is believed that reaction in the detrusor muscle with hyperreflexia of diabetes mellitus patients can reach 5-HT, and its reaction is believed to reach via the 5-HT 2 receptor. This paper is a first clinical report of making use of 5-HT 2 antagonist as hyperactive detrusor on diabetes mellitus patients.
Adult↗
[Histologic occurrence of Barrett's carcinoma].
It is generally agreed that the diagnosis of Barrett's esophagus is justified when the columnar epithelium 3 cm or more from the E-C junction is involved. Microscopically, the epithelium has three distinct appearances: (1) gastric fundic type; (2) junctional type: and (3) specialized columnar type. In mucin histochemistry in 6 cases of Barrett's carcinoma, 5 cases of Barrett's esophagus were positive for HID-AB. Four cases of Barrett's carcinoma were also positive. These results suggest that Barrett's carcinoma developed from the specialized columnar type of Barrett's esophagus.
Barrett Esophagus↗
Troglitazone inhibits bicarbonate secretion in rat and human duodenum.
Troglitazone is a new, orally effective antidiabetic agent that decreases plasma glucose in obese patients with non-insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus. Unfortunately, troglitazone also has a propensity to cause edema. This study was designed to determine how troglitazone affects intestinal ion transport and water absorption. Short circuit current (I(sc)) was measured in rat and human duodenal mucosa in Ussing chambers. Five minutes later, the serosal addition of troglitazone caused I(sc) to decrease gradually, and after 50 min, I(sc) reached the peak of decrease. EC(50) values and maximum response to I(sc) in rat and human mucosa were 8.4 and 8.7 microM and 8.56 +/- 1.0 and 8.00 +/- 2.0 microA/cm(2), respectively. In an HCO(3)(-)/CO(2)-free system, the decrease in I(sc) caused by troglitazone was 1.31 +/- 0.83 microA/cm(2). When 10 mM acetazolamide was preadministered, the small decrease in I(sc) evoked by troglitazone (20 microM) was 4.56 +/- 0.22 microA/cm(2), whereas the preadministration of 100 microM amiloride and 100 nM tetrodotoxin did not influence the decrease in I(sc) evoked by troglitazone. The serosal preadministration of 100 nM vasoactive intestinal peptide potently enhanced the decrease in I(sc) evoked by 20 microM troglitazone (21.1 +/- 1.63 microA/cm(2)). The cyclic AMP contents of rat duodenal mucosa incubated with and without troglitazone (20 microM) for 50 min were 3.2 +/- 0.25 and 5. 8 +/- 0.46 pmol/mg protein, respectively (P <.01). These results indicate that the ionic basis for the decrease in I(sc) that is induced by troglitazone may be inhibition of electrogenic bicarbonate secretion. The alteration of intestinal ion transport by troglitazone could cause edema.
Animals↗
[Is there solid evidence for reorganization of the neural network associated with development of behavioral sensitization to psychostimulants?].
Behavioral sensitization or reverse tolerance induced by repeated treatment of psychostimulants, such as amphetamine and cocaine, has been widely used as an animal model for schizophrenia. This phenomenon may result from almost eternally lasting plastic functional adaptation in the brain. Such long-lasting plasticity must accompany anatomical and morphological neural changes. Histological studies revealed that chronic treatment of psychostimulants induced thickness, elongation and an increased branch number of neurites and dendrites in cortices and accumbens, and an increased spine density. These changes may seem a positive adaptation for neural transmission, however, similar histological changes were seen after toxicity of methamphetamine as deafferation compensation. Therefore, further studies are needed to establish the significance of these morphological changes induced by chronic psychostimulants. On the other hand, neuromolecular studies showed increased phosphorylation of neuromodulin, increased expression of tissue-type plasminogen activator, synaptotagmin IV and arc, which are assumed to play roles in neural outgrowth and synaptogenesis. Although all of these histological and neuromolecular findings may suggest reorganization of the neural network should grow along with behavioral sensitization, more solid evidence is indispensable to confirm it.
Adaptation, Physiological↗
[Immunohistochemical study of p53 and Ki-67 antigen expression in bladder carcinoma].
We examined the relationship between the expression of mutant p53 and Ki-67 antigens in urinary bladder transitional cell carcinoma and the pathological and clinical findings. Tissues were obtained from 28 patients with bladder carcinoma who underwent total or partial cystectomy. An ABC immunostaining method and two primary antibodies (DO-7 and MIB-1 antibodies) were used. The percentages of p53 and Ki-67 antigen-positive cells to the total number of cells were regarded as the p53 and Ki-67 labeling indices (LI) respectively. There were no statistically significant correlations between p53 LI and the histological grade or stage, although p53 LI increased slightly in the high grade and high stage group. There was a statistically significant correlation between Ki-67 LI and the histological grade and stage (p < 0.05). The correlation between p53 LI and Ki-67 LI was linear. Some cases had a p53 LI below the mean even though the Ki-67 LI was higher. The clinical course was characteristic of superficial bladder carcinoma initially, but progressed to invasive bladder carcinoma over the next several years. These results suggest that even cases initially diagnosed as superficial bladder carcinoma with a low p53 LI may progress to invasive bladder carcinoma in subsequent years. Therefore, it is important that the patient be followed-up.
Aged↗
T cells with similar T-cell receptor beta-chain complementarity-determining region 3 motifs infiltrate inflammatory lesions of synthetic peptides inducing rat autoimmune myocarditis.
Experimental autoimmune myocarditis (EAM) resembles the giant cell myocarditis seen in humans, and recurrent forms lead to dilated cardiomyopathy. EAM has been shown to be a T cell-mediated autoimmune myocarditis. We have previously shown that cDNA encoding Vbeta complementarity-determining region (CDR) 3 from heart- and pericardial space-infiltrating T cells in EAM induced by rod cardiac myosin contains more restricted sequences than that from normal spleen T cells. Recently, it has become apparent that several epitopes of EAM exist in rod cardiac myosin; therefore, T cells infiltrating into lesions may recognize certain epitopes in EAM induced by rod cardiac myosin. In this study, we examined heart- and pericardial space-infiltrating T-cell clonotypes in EAM induced by synthetic peptides of cardiac myosin. EAM was produced by immunization with synthetic peptides corresponding to N-terminally acetylated amino acids 1539 to 1555 of rat cardiac myosin alpha heavy chain. Five of 12 rats receiving synthetic peptides developed macroscopic signs of myocarditis. To examine T-cell receptor (TCR) Vbeta expression and CDR3 of the TCR beta chain of lesion-infiltrating T cells in EAM, total RNA was isolated from heart, pericardial effusion, spleen, lymph node, and peripheral blood. TCR Vbeta expression of the T cells infiltrating the lesions revealed a predominance of Vbeta4. On the basis of single-strand conformation polymorphism analysis for CDR3 of the TCR Vbeta4 chain, heart- and pericardial space-infiltrating T cells were considered to be oligoclonal, whereas spleen, lymph node, and peripheral blood in a rat with EAM and spleen in a native rat were considered to be polyclonal. In the same rat, clonotypes of heart-infiltrating T cells were almost the same as those of pericardial space-infiltrating T cells. Furthermore, on sequence analysis for CDR3 of the TCR Vbeta4 chain, the amino acid motifs were similar among T cells infiltrating into lesions of different EAM rats. In the present study, TCR beta chains of heart- and pericardial space-infiltrating T cells in EAM induced by synthesized peptide consisting of 17 amino acids were examined. Vbeta4+ T cells with similar Vbeta CDR3 motifs that infiltrate the heart and pericardial space may recognize the same epitope.
Amino Acid Sequence↗
A robust increase in expression of arc gene, an effector immediate early gene, in the rat brain after acute and chronic methamphetamine administration.
The effect of acute and chronic administration of methamphetamine (METH) on the levels of activity-regulated cytoskeleton-associated protein (arc), an effector-immediate early gene, mRNA has been investigated in rat brain using in situ hybridization. Levels of arc mRNAs in the brain regions examined increased significantly from 0.5-1 h after an acute METH (4 mg/kg) administration compared with basal levels. The increase in arc mRNA continued by 3 h, and then subsided to basal levels by 6 h. The degree of increase in arc mRNA and the peak time after METH administration varied according to brain area. Arc mRNA in cerebral cortices showed robust increase 1 h after METH administration. In the striatum and hippocampus, it showed earlier and later increase, respectively, and its degree of both was less than in the cortices. Microscopic examination revealed that the METH-induced arc mRNAs in the parietal cortex were enriched in layers IV and VI, and those in the striatum existed mainly in the medium-sized neuron. Pretreatment with either 0.5 mg/kg SCH23390 or 0.25 mg/kg MK-801 almost completely blocked the enhanced striatal arc mRNA levels induced by acute METH administration, whereas such pretreatments only partially reduced the effect of METH in the cerebral cortical regions. In the chronic treatment experiment, the arc mRNA levels of the group that received chronic treatment with METH followed by a METH challenge showed an increase like seen after acute METH administration. Since previous studies proposed that arc is one of cytoskeleton-associated proteins and is selectively localized in neural dendrites, the results of the present study suggested that arc may play an important role in the synaptic plasticity underlying METH-induced adaptational changes including behavioral sensitization.
Animals↗
Recombinant murine interleukin-12 facilitates induction of cardiac myosin-specific type 1 helper T cells in rats.
Autoimmunity after viral myocarditis is considered to be one of the causes of dilated cardiomyopathy. Cytokines are assumed to play an important role in the pathogenesis. We recently reported that interleukin (IL)-2 and interferon (IFN)-gamma mRNA are expressed in the myocardium of rats with experimental autoimmune myocarditis (EAM). However, the role of cytokines in autoimmune myocardial injury in detail is still not clear. Reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction identified IL-12 (p40) mRNA in antigen-presenting cells in the initial phase of EAM. Cardiac myosin-specific T lymphocytes (MSTLs) were cultured with cardiac myosin peptide (CMP) in the presence of IL-2 and/or IL-12 and were transferred to other naive rats. The results showed that EAM could be effectively induced by transfer of MSTLs cultured with IL-12, whereas transfer of MSTLs cultured with IL-2 was less effective. However, IL-2 acts synergistically with IL-12, and MSTLs cultured with both cytokines most efficiently induce EAM. In vitro experiments showed that MSTLs cultured with both IL-12 and IL-2 produced a much greater amount of IFN-gamma than did MSTLs cultured with either IL-12 or IL-2 alone. The amount of IFN-gamma production was correlated with pathogenicity of MSTLs. Transfer experiments after sorting further demonstrated that the transfer was affected by CD4+ helper T (Th) cells but not by CD8+ cytotoxic T lymphocytes. IL-12 and IL-2 synergistically enhance the pathogenicity of MSTLs. Furthermore, a type 1 Th (Th1) cytokine, IFN-gamma, which is a potent regulatory cytokine of autoimmunity, is produced by MSTLs. IL-12 and IL-2 potentiate the expansion of cardiac myosin-specific Th1 cells and play an important role in the development of autoimmune myocardial injury.
Animals↗
Schizophrenic psychoses and the CNTF null mutation.
Genetic susceptibility plays an important role in the development of schizophrenic psychoses, and the neural maldevelopment hypothesis is suggested by neuropathological and neuroimaging findings. We investigated the association between a null mutation in the ciliary neurotrophic factor (CNTF) gene and functional psychoses including schizophrenia and schizoaffective disorder. The frequency of mutant allele was significantly increased in patients with schizoaffective disorder, but not in those with schizophrenia in comparison with controls. The CNTF null mutation resulting in CNTF deficiency may confer potential susceptibility to schizoaffective disorder.
Adult↗
Effect of ultrahigh-dose methylcobalamin on compound muscle action potentials in amyotrophic lateral sclerosis: a double-blind controlled study.
To develop a symptomatic treatment for amyotrophic lateral sclerosis, we compared the effects of ultrahigh-dose and low-dose (25 and 0.5 mg/day, intramuscularly, for 14 days) methylcobalamin on averaged compound muscle action potential amplitudes (CMAPs) in a double-blind trial. No significant changes in CMAP amplitude were found in 12 patients who had the low-dose treatment at either 2 or 4 weeks after start of treatment. By contrast, 12 patients assigned to the ultrahigh-dose group demonstrated a significant increase at 4 weeks. This method may provide a clinically useful measure to improve or retard muscle wasting, if a larger extended trial fulfills its promise.
Action Potentials↗