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Biomedical subjects

M Hossain

Publications and source records attributed to M Hossain.

134 records · Page 8Linked to original sources
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Dynamic Recovery: comparative study of therapeutic communities in homeless shelters for men.

The Dynamic Recovery Project examined relationships between homelessness, substance abuse, and recovery, and investigated the effectiveness of the therapeutic community (TC) treatment model in helping homeless drug users move toward stable, drug-free living. This project compared two short-term TCs that were situated within pre-existing homeless shelters with a clean and sober dormitory. In a separate condition, peer counselors and staff were provided additional training in TC philosophy and practice to reduce program dropout. Dramatic decreases in drug and alcohol use at follow-up were verified by urinalysis. Length of time in treatment rather than specific program accounted for decreased alcohol and drug use. Important decreases in posttreatment criminality for both treatment programs were documented. The comparison group, starting with low criminality, experienced smaller, nonsignificant decreases unrelated to type of program or time in treatment. Major declines in Beck Depression Scores were evident, but were unrelated to groups or time in treatment. Training had no measurable impact on client retention or outcomes and there were no significant differences between TCs and the comparison group on posttreatment drug use, criminality, or depression. This report documents that short-term therapeutic communities can be successfully implemented in public shelters for homeless men.

Adolescent↗
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Effect of late fetal irradiation on adult behavior of mouse: Dose-response relationship.

Pregnant Swiss mice were exposed to 0.3-1.5 Gy of gamma radiation on day 17 of gestation and allowed to deliver the offspring. When the F1 mice were 6 months old, they were subjected to a number of behavioral tests. Open-field and dark-bright arena tests were conducted to study locomotor and exploratory activities. Learning and memory were tested by holeboard activity, conditioned avoidance response, and radial arm maze performance. After all the tests, 20 animals (10 males and 10 females) from each group were killed, and their brain weight was taken. The open-field and dark-bright arena tests showed a significant dose-dependent decrease in the locomotor and exploratory activities. Reduction in time spent in the dark area and higher locomotor activity in the bright area indicated a reduced aversion to bright light. But the emotional activities like rearing and grooming did not change. The learning and memory functions also showed a significant impairment, even at 0.3 Gy. The deficit in the performance in the holeboard test, conditioned avoidance response, as well as maze-learning efficiency, decreased linearly with increase in radiation dose. The brain weight showed a linear dose-dependent decrease. But the brain/body weight ratio was not significantly affected even at 1.5 Gy. These results demonstrate that exposure of a mouse on day 17 of gestation to radiation doses below 1.0 Gy can induce significant impairment in the adult brain function, without producing any notable effects on brain morphology. This study also suggests that the retardation of higher brain function by exposures during the late fetal period may have a threshold of around 0.3 Gy.

Animals↗
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Primary malignant melanoma of the urinary bladder diagnosed by urine cytology: a case report.

BACKGROUND: Primary melanoma of the urinary bladder is a rare neoplasm, and there have been no prior reports in which the initial diagnosis was made by urinary cytology. CASE: An 82-year-old woman presented with vaginal spotting, gross hematuria and dysuria. Voided urine cytology revealed malignant cells, several of which exhibited cytoplasmic melanin pigment and were accompanied by many macrophages also containing melanin. Cystoscopy revealed a darkly pigmented, polypoid mass at the bladder neck. Biopsy confirmed the diagnosis. CONCLUSION: Primary melanoma of the urinary bladder is rare. The diagnosis can be made on cytologic examination of voided urine if careful study of exfoliated malignant cells reveals cytoplasmic melanin pigment. Macrophages may also harbor melanin pigment, and their presence should alert the cytopathologist to search carefully for pigmented malignant cells. Clinical and radiologic studies are essential to rule out melanoma metastatic to the bladder.

Aged↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Pressure ulcers: the Minimum Data Set and the Resident Assessment Protocol.

As Americans age and live longer with chronic disabilities, more elderly citizens will reside in nursing homes. The nationally mandated Minimum Data Set (MDS) and Resident Assessment Protocol (RAP) were designed to help plan for the care of the frail elderly residing in nursing homes. One of the areas specifically targeted was pressure ulcers. This study was designed to describe the prevalence, incidence, and current management practices relating to pressure ulcers in nursing homes based on MDS data. In addition, a cross-sectional investigation was performed to examine the MDS items found in the pressure ulcer RAP. The MDS data for 2,011 nursing home residents, aged 60 or older, who lived in 270 facilities from 10 states were evaluated. The results found a prevalence of 11.2% for Stage II-IV lesions and a 6-month incidence of 6.2%. Logistic regression analysis determined that dependence in transfer or mobility, being bedfast, having diabetes mellitus, and having had a pressure ulcer in the past were significantly associated with a Stage II-IV pressure ulcer. The MDS and its associated RAP for pressure ulcers provide the data to begin devising a care plan for patients with pressure ulcers.

Aged↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Patterns of orthostatic blood pressure change and their clinical correlates in a frail, elderly population.

OBJECTIVES: To determine patterns of within-day orthostatic blood pressure (BP) changes and clinical factors correlated with them in frail, elderly nursing home residents. DESIGN: Prevalence study of orthostatic BP change. SETTING: Sample of 45 nursing homes. PARTICIPANTS: A total of 911 long-stay residents, aged 60 years or older, able to stand for at least 1 minute. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: Supine and 1-minute and 3-minute standing BP measurements and heart rates, taken by a random-zero sphygmomanometer before and after breakfast and before and after lunch, symptoms upon standing, medication use, and clinical and functional assessments. RESULTS: Four orthostatic hypotension (OH) groups were defined based on the frequency of a 20 mm Hg or greater orthostatic BP decline during any of 8 postural change measures: no OH group (48.5%); isolated OH group (only once, 18.3%); variable OH group (2-3 times, 19.9%); and persistent OH group (> or =4 times, 13.3%). Orthostatic hypotension was most prevalent before breakfast, especially 1 minute after standing (21.3%), and least prevalent after lunch after 3 minutes of standing (4.9%) (P=.001). A regression approach to repeated measures analysis (method of general estimating equations) showed the following to be significantly associated with OH (P< or =.05): elevated supine systolic BP before breakfast, dizziness/light-headedness on standing, male sex, medication for Parkinson disease, time of day (particularly before breakfast), greater independence in activities of daily living, and low body mass index. CONCLUSIONS: Orthostatic hypotension occurs in more than half of frail, elderly nursing home residents, but is highly variable over time. It is most prevalent in the morning when subjects first arise and when supine BP is highest. The relationship of OH with elevated BP, but not antihypertensive medication use, suggests that the treatment of hypertension may improve postural BP regulation.

Aged↗