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Biomedical subjects

M Hammond

Publications and source records attributed to M Hammond.

At least 55 records · Page 3Linked to original sources
PubMed1995

Preterm infant follow-up project: a multi-site field experiment of hospital and home intervention programs for mothers and preterm infants.

This study was designed as a multi-site field experiment to test the efficacy of hospital and home visit interventions to improve interaction between mothers and preterm infants. Hospital intervention consisted of State Modulation (SM) treatment, which focused on teaching mothers to read the behavioral cues and modulate the states of consciousness of preterm infants during feedings. Home visit intervention was a field-tested program, Nursing Systems for Effective Parenting-Preterm (NSTEP-P), implemented during the first five months after the infant's hospital discharge. A hospital program on car seats (CS) and standard public health nursing home visits (PHN) served as comparison treatments. The sample consisted of 327 mothers and their preterm infants who were less than 36 weeks of gestational age at hospital discharge. Mothers were randomly assigned to intervention groups on the basis of their education. High education (HE) was > or = 13 years of education, while low education (LE) was < or = 12 years of education. HE mothers were only assigned to hospital programs, while LE mothers were assigned to combinations of hospital and home visit programs. Evaluations were conducted at 40 weeks conceptual age (expected date of birth), at 46 weeks conceptual age (1.5-months-corrected age), and 60 weeks conceptual age (5-months-corrected age). Comparisons were made within each educational group. For HE groups, SM infants gave significantly more clear cues during observations of feeding interactions at 1.5-months-corrected age and teaching interactions at 5-months-corrected age than infants in the CS group. During the teaching interaction, well-educated SM mothers provided significantly more social-emotional and cognitive stimulation than CS mothers. For LE groups, infants in the SM group combined with either PHN or NSTEP-P exhibited significantly more responsive behavior during feeding observations than those infants in the CS/PHN group at 1.5-months-corrected age. LE mothers in the SM/NSTEP-P group demonstrated more sensitivity and more stimulation during teaching interactions at 5-months-corrected age than mothers in the SM/PHN or CS/PHN groups. Findings suggest that State Modulation treatment is effective in influencing positive social interaction of infants regardless of the level of maternal education. State modulation treatment combined with NSTEP-P is most effective in improving the social interaction between preterm infants and mothers with limited formal education. Such treatment-specific programs suggest avenues for providing cost-effective care that complements the changing transactional needs of mothers and preterm infants.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1995

Parent perspectives of peer relationships and friendships in integrated and specialized programs.

In-depth interviews of a large community-based sample of mothers of preschool-age children with established disabilities and those classified as at-risk were conducted focusing on issues of children's peer relations and friendships. Results revealed that mothers of children enrolled in both integrated and specialized programs perceived their respective settings as valuable for the development of their child's peer relations and friendships. Mothers of children in integrated settings reported that their child played better and was more social due to the participation of children without special needs. A similar pattern was obtained for mothers of children enrolled in specialized programs in response to a hypothetical situation. Nevertheless, both groups of mothers were clearly concerned about peer rejection and noted the importance of having other children with special needs in the program available as a means of promoting tolerance and acceptance.

Attitude↗
PubMed1993

Alveolar bone grafting for cleft lip and palate patients.

The principles of treatment in patients with cleft lip and palate have recently been outlined in Dental Update. One aspect of this treatment is alveolar bone grafting which is discussed in this article and is illustrated by case reports.

Alveolar Process↗
PubMed1992

Learning and behavioral--emotional problems of children born preterm at second grade.

A longitudinal prospective study examined the question, "which child and family factors discriminate between children born preterm who are characterized by the presence or absence of learning or behavioral-emotional problems at second grade?" Assessments were completed during the child's hospital stay at birth, at 4, 8, and 24 months, and 8 years of age for 68 children born preterm and their mothers. Discriminant analyses identified the variables that statistically maximized the differentiation between two groups of children defined to exhibit or not exhibit school age problems. Three categories of discriminators were used in the analyses: infant status, family interactive quality, and family context. The three significant discriminators were variables from the family categories. The results of this study highlight the importance of understanding the presence or absence of school age problems from a multivariate model of development that takes into account the quality of the child's interactions within the family during early childhood and school age and the current stress levels in the family context.

Achievement↗
PubMed1992

In vitro antifungal activities and in vivo efficacies of 1,3-beta-D-glucan synthesis inhibitors L-671,329, L-646,991, tetrahydroechinocandin B, and L-687,781, a papulacandin.

The in vivo anti-Candida activities of 1,3-beta-D-glucan synthesis inhibitors L-671,329, L-646,991 (cilofungin), L-687,901 (tetrahydroechinocandin B), and L-687,781 (a papulacandin analog) were evaluated by utilizing a murine model of disseminated candidiasis that has enhanced susceptibility to Candida albicans but increased sensitivity for discriminating antifungal efficacy. DBA/2 mice were challenged intravenously with 1 x 10(4) to 5 x 10(4) CFU of C. albicans MY1055 per mouse. Compounds were administered intraperitoneally at concentrations ranging from 1.25 to 10 mg/kg of body weight twice daily for 4 days. At 6 h and 1, 2, 3, 4, 7, and 9 days after challenge, five mice per group were sacrificed and their kidneys were homogenized and plated for enumeration of Candida organisms (CFU per gram). Progressiveness of response trends and no-statistical-significance-of-trend doses were derived to rank compound efficacy. 1,3-beta-D-Glucan synthesis 50% inhibitory concentrations were determined by using a C. albicans (MY1208) membrane glucan assay. Candida and Cryptococcus neoformans MICs and minimal fungicidal concentrations were determined by broth microdilution. L-671,329, L-646,991, L-687,901, and L-687,781 showed similar 1,3-beta-D-glucan activities, with 50% inhibitory concentrations of 0.64, 1.30, 0.85, and 0.16 micrograms/ml, respectively. Data from in vitro antifungal susceptibility studies showed that L-671,329, L-646,991, and L-687,901 had similar MICs ranging from 0.5 to 1.0 micrograms/ml, while L-687,781 showed slightly higher MICs of 1.0 to 2.0 micrograms/ml for C. albicans MY1055. Lipopeptide compounds were ineffective against C. neoformans strains. Results from in vivo experiments comparing significant trend and progressiveness in response analyses indicated that L-671,329 and L-646,991 were equipotent but slightly less active than L-687-901, while L-687,781 was ineffective at 10 mg/kg. Fungicidal activities of L-671,329, L-646,991, and L-687,901 were observed in vivo, with significant reduction in Candida CFU per gram of kidneys compared with those in sham-treated mice at doses of > or = 2.5 mg/kg evident as early as 1 day after challenge.

Animals↗
PubMed1992

Antipneumocystis activity of water-soluble lipopeptide L-693,989 in rats.

Water-soluble lipopeptide L-693,989 was evaluated for its antipneumocystis activity in rats. Rats from colonies with latent Pneumocystis carinii infections were immunosuppressed with dexamethasone for 6 weeks to facilitate the development of acute P. carinii pneumonia (PCP). After 6 weeks, the rats were maintained on dexamethasone and were treated twice daily for 4 days with various concentrations of L-693,989. At a dose of 0.15 mg/kg of body weight, the compound effectively eliminated 90% of the cysts in 4 days. Trophozoite forms of P. carinii were still present in these animals, as determined by using a P. carinii-specific DNA probe. A 3-week therapy study showed that the trophozoite load did not expand during treatment and that the trophozoites already present at the initiation of therapy appeared to persist. This may be a consequence of the stage specificity of the compound for cyst development and the severe immunosuppressive effects of dexamethasone on rats. When evaluated as a daily parenteral prophylactic agent, L-693,989 was effective in preventing the development of both P. carinii cysts and trophozoites, demonstrating its potential for use in prophylaxis and implying that the cyst stage of P. carinii is an obligatory step in trophozoite multiplication. The foamy exudate commonly associated with P. carinii infections was absent in the lungs of rats on prophylaxis. The compound was also evaluated via oral administration and was found to have a 90% effective dose of 32 mg/kg for therapy of acute infections and 5 mg/kg for daily prophylaxis.

Animals↗
PubMed1992

Effects of hypoxemia at sea level and high altitude on sodium excretion and hormonal levels.

Acute hypoxemia at sea level is associated with decreased aldosterone secretion. This inhibition is thought to be mediated through secretion of atrial natriuretic factor (ANF). The interaction of these two hormones should result in enhanced renal salt excretion during hypoxemic conditions. This hypothesis was tested by administration of a standardized salt load to seven normal subjects during normoxemia at sea level (SL), acute hypoxemia (AH) at sea level, and high altitude (HA) (3,000 m). Urine and venous blood samples were collected and analyzed. A natriuresis and diuresis was observed only under AH conditions. It was accompanied by a decrease in plasma aldosterone levels, but did not correlate with changes in plasma aldosterone levels, ANF, or other hormones. Increased plasma renin activity (PRA) and increased norepinephrine levels were encountered at HA, suggesting sympathetic nervous system activation. No change in anti-diuretic hormone (ADH) levels with increased plasma osmolality was seen at HA. We conclude that excretion of a salt load during normobaric hypoxemia is enhanced by a decrease in plasma aldosterone levels, unrelated to changes in ANF or other hormones. The differences observed in norepinephrine, PRA, and ADH levels during HA versus AH conditions suggest that hypobaria or chronic hypoxemia may influence these hormonal responses.

Acute Disease↗
PubMed1991

HLA antigens in donovanosis (granuloma inguinale).

OBJECTIVE: To compare the frequencies of HLA antigens in patients with donovanosis and in controls. DESIGN: HLA Class I, Class II and DQ antigens were detected in patients with genital ulceration caused by donovanosis and in a control group. SETTING: City Health STD Clinic, King Edward VIII Hospital, Durban, South Africa. Participants--Sixty (47 men, 13 women) patients with donovanosis. RESULTS: HLA B57 was detected in nine of 60 (15%) with donovanosis and 75 of 1478 (5.1%) controls (RR = 3.3 chi 2 = 11.0, p = 0.001, p corrected = 0.026). CONCLUSIONS: A possible link between donovanosis and HLA B57 could be explained by coexisting alleles or immune response genes in linkage disequilibrium altering disease susceptibility.

Disease Susceptibility↗
PubMed1991

How to share control with workshop participants.

The authors discuss the five steps they have used to share control with participants over the planning, implementation and evaluation of a workshop: (1) establish a co-operative learning climate; (2) provide resources for participants to identify their individual learning needs; (3) assist participants in organizing learning groups and defining objectives for each workshop session; (4) provide support for participants to manage the workshop sessions themselves; and (5) encourage participants to reflect on and evaluate their learning.

Education, Medical, Continuing↗
PubMed1991

Quality assurance. A project on patient waiting times at appointment in an orthodontic department.

A quality assurance project to establish patient waiting time at appointments was undertaken over a four-week period during the spring of 1989. The Orthodontic Department was selected as one of two departments in the Birmingham General Hospital/Birmingham Dental Hospital unit site that was to participate in the programme initiated at the District Health Authority management level. Patient waiting periods for a total of 142 clinical sessions were assessed. Fifty per cent of patients were kept waiting and 50 per cent were seen either earlier or at their appointed time. The mean period of time that patients were kept waiting past their appointment time was 9.4 min (+/- 10.9). On clinics for which patients arrived late the mean time that they were kept waiting increased to a mean of 18.9 min (+/- 9.1). Data from 92 patient questionnaires established that they considered a reasonable mean time of waiting to be 16.1 min (+/- 7.9). Five recommendations were proposed as a result of this quality assurance initiative and their implementation is discussed.

Appointments and Schedules↗
PubMed1991

A satellite system for assisted reproductive technologies: an evaluation.

The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill (UNC) Satellite System for Assisted Reproductive Technologies (ART) was initiated in 1984, and now serves most of North Carolina and parts of two adjoining states. The system was established to enhance the care of infertile couples at the community level, to assure a sufficiently large volume of patients at UNC Hospitals to support appropriate quality control measures, and to allow couples undergoing ART to have most of their care in their own community. This paper reports an assessment of the outcome of this program. Neither pregnancy rates, nor any other measurable result of the program differed between patients managed in the satellites and those cared for at UNC Hospitals.

Delivery of Health Care↗
PubMed1989

Online information.

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Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome↗