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Biomedical subjects

M H Criqui

Publications and source records attributed to M H Criqui.

At least 127 records · Page 7Linked to original sources
PubMed1981

Diabetes and hypertension in a community of older adults.

The relationship between diabetes and hypertension in 3456 residents of Rancho Bernardo, California, aged 50-79 years, surveyed in 1972-1974, was analyzed in depth in both the univariate mode and after adjustments for the potential confounding effects of age, obesity and diuretic medication. An association between diabetes and hypertension was present in both men and women at all ages, and the association was strongest for subjects having the best evidence for diabetes, i.e., both historical diabetes and fasting hyperglycemia. Adjustment for obesity reduced the association considerably, but a consistent association remained. diabetes and hypertension are linked only partially by obesity. Some of the excess risk of coronary heart disease in diabetes is probably due to hypertension.

Aged↗
PubMed1981

The effect of response bias on the odds ratio.

The effect of response bias on odds ratio results was determined based on data from a population-based cardiovascular disease survey. The study subjects consisted of 5000 adult residents of a predominantly white, upper-middle class community. Information from 60% of the 1100 non-respondents was obtained by telephone. Consistent patterns of participation associated with risk factors and diseases under study were found. A simple error term was developed to convert the odds ratio for respondents to the odds ratio for the target population using individual cell response rates. This error term demonstrates that the response patterns found tended to minimize the error in odds ratio calculations for respondents. Only by obtaining relevant information on non-respondents can investigators accurately estimate response bias and its effects on the odds ratio.

Adult↗
PubMed1981

Alcohol and hypertension: epidemiologic and experimental considerations. The Lipid Research Clinics Program.

Most epidemiologic studies suggest that alcohol consumption is associated with increased blood pressure levels and an increased prevalence of hypertension. A review of experimental studies of the blood pressure effects of acute alcohol administration to man and acute and chronic administration to animals does not clearly support the epidemiologic findings, which suggest that other direct or indirect factors besides a simple pharmacologic effect of alcohol may be operative. Several endocrine and renal mechanisms have been postulated, and indirect factors related to both alcohol use and blood pressure pathogenesis cannot be firmly excluded. Preliminary data from the Lipid Research Clinics (LRC) population studies generally show a positive association between alcohol and blood pressure, although women and young men reporting no alcohol use had higher systolic pressures than those reporting low levels of alcohol intake. LRC findings also suggest that the blood pressure elevations associated with use of oral contraceptives appear to be independent of those associated with alcohol. Some preliminary epidemiologic findings and circumstantial evidence suggest that the alcohol-blood pressure relationship may be due in part to the timing of blood pressure measurement during physiologic alcohol withdrawal. Although further verification is needed, this hypothesis implies that the pattern of alcohol consumption and the interval between last use and blood pressure measurement may be as important as the amount of alcohol consumed in explaining the relationship between alcohol and blood pressure.

Alcohol Drinking↗
PubMed1980

Plasma high-density lipoprotein cholesterol and socioeconomic status. The Lipid Research Clinics Program Prevalence Study.

The relationship between high-density lipoprotein (HDL) cholesterol and educational level was examined in 2182 white females and 2368 white males ages 20-59 years in nine North American populations surveyed by the Lipid Research Clinics Program. Mean HDL cholesterol values were positively associated with reported educational achievement. Among females of all ages and males ages 20-39 years, a gradient of HDL cholesterol levels from lowest to highest educational stratum was found. A similar trend of lower magnitude was noted among older males. The positive association between educational and HDL cholesterol levels was statistically significant in both sexes (p < 0.002) and was consistent for each of the study populations. Differences in mean HDL cholesterol between educational strata were in part explained statistically by education-related differences in body mass, alcohol consumption, cigarette smoking, age and, in women, gonadal hormone use. These findings indicate that socioeconomic status and lifestyle, as measured by level of educational achievement, are associated with HDL cholesterol concentrations in adult populations.

Adult↗
PubMed1980

Cigarette smoking and plasma high-density lipoprotein cholesterol. The Lipid Research Clinics Program Prevalence Study.

The relationship between cigarette smoking and high-density lipoprotein (HDL) cholesterol was examined in 2663 men and 2553 women ages 20-69 years in 10 North American populations. Men and women who were smokers had significantly (p < 0.01) lower HDL cholesterol levels than nonsmokers, and heavier smokers had lower HDL cholesterol levels than lighter smokers. Using multiple linear regression analysis to adjust for differences in age, obesity, alcohol consumption and regular exercise increased the differences in HDL cholesterol levels between smokers and nonsmokers. For men who smoked 20 or more cigarettes/day, adjusted values averaged 5.3 mg/dl (11%) lower than those for nonsmokers (p < 0.01). Women who used gonadal hormones were analyzed separately from those who did not. In both groups, women who smoked 20 or more cigarettes/day had lower HDL cholesterol levels than nonsmokers: 9.4 mg/dl (14%) lower in hormone users and 8.6 mg/dl (14%) lower in nonusers (both p < 0.01). These findings indicate that cigarette smoking is associated with substantially lower levels of HDL cholesterol. Further, this association appears to be dose-dependent and is consistent with other research, indicating a possible causal relationship between cigarette smoking and lower HDL cholesterol.

Adult↗
PubMed1979

Heart disease risk factors and hormone use in postmenopausal women.

A population of 1,496 women aged 55 to 74 years was studied for the distribution of heart disease risk factors in the presence or absence of postmenopausal estrogens. Current hormone use was reported by 39%. Hormone users were significantly slimmer than nonusers at all ages. After adjustment for the effect of obesity, hormone users had significantly lower mean levels of plasma cholesterol and higher mean levels of plasma triglycerides than nonusers. Blood pressure and fasting plasma glucose concentration tended to be lower among hormone users, although the differences were not statistically significant in all age groups. This article discusses the theoretical implications of these observations for cardiovascular disease mortality and contrasts them with the cancer risk of postmenopausal estrogen use.

Age Factors↗
PubMed1979

Methods for determining long-term survival in a population based study.

A 98.8% response rate was achieved in a follow-up study of a community based health survey. The follow-up methodology used in contacting the residents of 1700 households in a suburban upper-middle class community is presented. Study subjects, who were predominantly white, older adults, participated in the original health survey during 1972 and 1973. When the follow-up study was conducted three years later to determine the vital status of study participants, 30% of the households had moved. Follow-up response of two sets of mailings totaled 76.1%. An additional 12.1% response was obtained by calling residents at their last known address. The final 10.5% of the contacted households were located by intensive telephone tracing. A wide variety of sources of information, both local and non-local, were used to locate these "hard to trace" households. They were different from all other contacted households with respect to mobility rate, household size, and death rate. A 15.5% underestimate of the three-year death rate would have occurred if the hard to trace group had not been contacted. These results emphasize the importance of complete follow-up in prospective studies.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1978

Prevention of the Wernicke-Korsakoff syndrome: a cost-benefit analysis.

The Wernicke-Korsakoff syndrome is a thiamine-deficiency disorder occurring primarily among alcoholics. To determine the economic feasibility of preventing this disease by fortification of alcoholic beverages with thiamine, we compared the cost of fortification with the cost of institutionalizing alcoholics with the disorder. The estimated annual incidence of institutionalization is eight per million adult population. The cost of long-term institutionalization, discounted to present value, is $70 million per year. The cost of adequately fortifying alcoholic beverages is estimated to range from $3 million per year if allithiamines are used, to as much as $17 million per year if thiamine hydrochloride proves necessary. Thus, the cost-benefit ratio may range from 1:23 to 1:4. It is economically advantageous to prevent the Wernicke-Korsakoff syndrome by fortification of alcoholic beverages with thiamine. The stability, safety and marketability of thiamine and the allithiamines in alcoholic beverages should be studied further.

Alcohol Amnestic Disorder↗
PubMed1978

Differences between respondents and non-respondents in a population-based cardiovascular disease study.

The differences in cardiovascular health status between participants and non-participants were examined in a population-based cardiovascular study. Telephone interviews with non-respondents revealed generally more cardiovascular disease but less hyperlipidemia and family history of cardiovascular disease. Non-respondents did not differ regarding known hypertension, diet or drug therapy for hyperlipidemia, or egg use. Non-respondents were more likely to be cigarette smokers. Because the amount of non-respondent bias in the study was small while the response rate was high, respondents were generally representative of the target population. However, the observed differences could have produced spuriously high estimates of risk factor prevalence, low estimates of disease prevalence, and biased relative risks if the non-response rate and/or the baseline differences had been considerably larger.

Adult↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Does diet or alcohol explain the French paradox?

The low rate of coronary heart disease (CHD) in France compared with other developed countries with comparable dietary intake has been called the French paradox. We explored this paradox by looking at alcohol, diet, and mortality data from 21 developed, relatively affluent countries in the years 1965, 1970, 1980, and 1988. We assessed wine, beer, and spirits intake separately. France had the highest wine intake and the highest total alcohol intake, and the second lowest CHD mortality rate. In univariate analyses, ethanol in wine was slightly more inversely correlated with CHD than total wine volume. In multivariate analyses, animal fat tended to be positively correlated, and fruit consumption inversely correlated, with CHD. Beer and spirits were only weakly inversely correlated with CHD. The strongest and most consistent correlation was the inverse association of wine ethanol with CHD. However, wine ethanol was unrelated to total mortality. We conclude that ethanol, particularly wine ethanol, is inversely related to CHD but not to longevity in populations. Although light to moderate alcohol consumption may improve longevity, alcohol abuse--which sharply reduces longevity--is correlated with average alcohol consumption in populations. Thus, while the risk/benefit ratio varies for individuals, the use of alcohol for cardioprotective purposes should not be encouraged as a public health measure.

Aged↗