Search PubMed⌕ Search

Biomedical subjects

M Ganter

Publications and source records attributed to M Ganter.

At least 55 records · Page 3Linked to original sources
PubMed1995

Aerosol exposure of pigs to viable or inactivated Actinobacillus pleuropneumoniae serotype 9 induces antibodies in bronchoalveolar lining fluids and serum, and protects against homologous challenge.

A dose-defined nose-only inhalation system for pigs was used to study the immunogenic and protective potentials of a single aerosol application of viable or killed Actinobacillus pleuropneumoniae serotype 9. Respiratory volumes were measured for each pig to calculate inhaled individual doses. Eight pigs inhaled 107 CFU A. pleuropneumoniae CVI 13261 reference strain for serotype 9. Another eight pigs received an identical dose of killed actinobacilli. After three weeks the pigs and nonexposed controls were challenged with 108 CFU of the homologous strain by aerosol. Bronchoalveolar lavage (BALF) in pigs was performed during the experiment to obtain lavage samples for assessment of local antibodies. Isotype-specific antibody responses in serum and BAL fluids were measured by ELISAs based on whole-cell antigens. The protective efficacy of aerosol immunization was evaluated by clinical and post-mortem examinations. The controls developed fever and severe pleuropneumonia, whereas previously exposed pigs had less fever and less extensive gross pulmonary lesions. After the first aerosol exposure pulmonary IgM, and IgG antibodies reactive with A. pleuropneumoniae increased significantly in both aerosol exposed groups. IgA in BALF and serum concentrations of each Ig class were significantly increased in the group exposed to viable bacteria when compared to the non-exposed controls. After aerosol challenge a pronounced increase of systemic and pulmonary IgA, IgM, and IgG antibodies was detected in both exposure groups. Aerosol application of whole-cell A. pleuropneumoniae bacterins induced similar protective effects against aerosol challenge infection as administration of an identical dose of viable bacteria. Inhalation of A. pleuropneumoniae may lead to asymptomatic carriers in some pigs that could spread the disease under field conditions.

Actinobacillus Infections↗
PubMed1995

[Treatment of swine with chronic pneumonia with chlortetracycline-medicated feed].

26 fattening pigs with spontaneous severe chronic bronchopneumonitis were orally treated with feed containing 800 ppm chlortetracycline (CTC) over 3 weeks. With the help of clinical investigation, transcutaneous measurement of the oxygen-saturation of the blood, X-ray of the thorax and bronchoalveolar lavage significant effects could be measured during and after finishing the treatment. In 19 spontaneous fallen ill untreated control animals recovery could not be detected by the used methods. After the end of the 3 weeks interval there were significant differences between treated and untreated animals detectable. By this investigations practical observations that oral treatment with 800 ppm in fattening pigs is effective was verified. But because of pharmacokinetic data higher concentrations would be recommendable. In the treated pigs a significant increase of the oxygen saturation of the blood occurred not before the 8th day of treatment. This underlines the importance of sufficient length of the treatment interval.

Administration, Oral↗
PubMed1995

[Clinical kidney function studies in sheep. III. Pathologic function changes in nephropathies of sheep and in urolithiasis of rams and billy goats].

Examination of renal function have been carried out in sheep with acute prerenal (n = 6), renal (n = 15) or postrenal failure (n = 3), pyelocystitis (n = 4), and in cases of urolithiasis in rams (n = 16) and billy goats (n = 11) respectively. The calculation of parameters was done on the basis of the estimated weight dependent endogenous creatinine excretion. A control group of 56 healthy non pregnant or early pregnant (< 120th day of pregnancy) ewes have been used. The renal creatinine clearance was reduced and the absolute as well as the fractional renal water excretion was enhanced in all groups of sick animals. An elevated fractional excretion of sodium and phosphate could be seen as well. Functional disturbances could be observed in urolithiasis in like manner as in acute renal failure. There was proteinuria, glucosuria, excessive potassium excretion and often decreased plasma concentration of potassium in both syndromes. A hyperkalemia occurred only in the final state of urolithiasis. No clinical outcome of chronic nephropathies could be seen. Mortality of the described acute nephropathies was about 76%. The results of examination were suitable to control the course and restitution of renal function. They were not helpful for differential diagnosis and prognosis of acute renal failure.

Animals↗
PubMed1994

Prevalence of aerobic bacteria in bronchoalveolar lavage fluids from healthy pigs.

Fiberoptic bronchoscopy was performed in pigs to assess bacterial contamination of bronchoalveolar lavage fluids (BALF) obtained by use of the method and to determine the aerobic bacterial species in bronchoalveolar airways of healthy pigs. Bacterial contamination of BALF caused by insertion of the bronchoscope was evaluated, using a chromogenic bacterial tracer strain, and was found to be 0.22% of total colony-forming units (CFU), with range between 0 and 1.6%. A total of 164 pulmonary-healthy pigs from 6 closed herds were selected. The BALF obtained from these pigs were examined bacteriologically. Bacteria could not be isolated from 10.4% of all BALF; 5.5% of the BALF samples yielded pure cultures; and 84.1% yielded mixed aerobic bacterial growth. In BALF from 29.2% of the pigs, < or = 5 x 10(2) CFU of bacteria/ml were isolated. The total number of bacteria in BALF from 50% of the pigs varied between 5 x 10(2) and 10(3) CFU/ml; 10.4% of BALF samples contained between 10(3) CFU/ml and 5 x 10(3) CFU/ml. More than 1 bacterial species were isolated from a single lung lavage of 84.1% of the pigs. Up to 6 species were isolated from a single BALF sample. A total of 443 bacterial isolates were differentiated into 25 bacterial genera and species. Samples of BALF yielded staphylococci (67.6%: Staphylococcus hyicus from 13.4% of the samples and S aureus from 2.4%), alpha-hemolytic streptococci (49.4%), Escherichia coli (42.1%), non-hemolytic streptococci (26.2%), Klebsiella spp (18.3%), micrococci (12.8%), and Coryneformes (11.0%). Other bacterial species were found, but less frequently.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

Animals↗
PubMed1993

[Clinical aspect of caprine arthritis and encephalitis].

The symptoms of arthritis and encephalitis of goats (CAE) are described following our own observations and with regard to the current literature. CAE virus infections can produce a chronic arthritis (especially carpitis), an interstitial mastitis and a subclinical pneumonia. Encephalitis in kids caused by CAEV-infection is very rare in Germany.

Animals↗
PubMed1993

[Nutrition disorders in fattening pigs in an "organic" facility].

In a herd of fattening pigs under an organic system of management, the following problems were observed: sudden deaths, skin diseases, diarrhea, increased restlessness and cannibalism. The diet consisted of cereals (barley, wheat, rye), field beans, lime stone and deteriorated, raw potatoes without addition of a mineral mixture. Deficiencies of sodium, zinc and selenium were found in the diet and in the animals (blood samples, autopsy). The vitamin E status in the pigs was also below normal.

Animal Feed↗
PubMed1993

[Pneumonia diagnosis in living swine using lung lavage].

In pigs coming from fattening units with tenacious pneumonitis problems the attempt was made to find an etiological diagnosis in living pigs by bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL) and serological examinations on antibodies against Mycoplasma hyopneumonia, Actinobacillus pleuropneumoniae and Influenza-A-virus (serotypes H1N1 and H3N2). In some cases the results of the bacteriological examinations of the BAL were compared with the post mortem findings. Both methods yield similar results. Mycoplasma hyopneumonia could neither be cultured from the BAL nor indicated the results of the serological examinations infections with M. hyopneumoniae. Pasteurella multocida was isolated from 73% of the BAL-samples. Actinobacillus pleuropneumoniae was found in 4 from 90 samples. Positive antibody titers against Influenza-virus in most of the sera indicate that the clinical course of Influenza is changing from an acute epidemic to an enzootic disease in fattening units.

Animals↗
PubMed1993

[Eperythrozoonosis in sheep].

In 1990/91 eperythrozoonosis in the sheep was seen in our clinic for the first time. In 10 animals out of 4 flocks infection with Eperythrozoon ovis was diagnosed. Most of the animals showed a transient parasitaemia with a temporary anaemia. A chronic high grade parasitaemia and anaemia were produced in one sheep by splenectomy. This animal showed haemoglobinuria following a haemolytic attack. In a lamb a high grade chronic parasitaemia occurred spontaneously. The parasitaemia lasted for over 7 months, and the lamb eventually died.

Anemia↗
PubMed1992

[Anesthesia and zootechnical interference in goats].

Some particularities in anesthesia and surgical procedures are discussed. The combination of xylazine with ketamine is recommended for general anesthesia. Particular aspects of the castration of billy goats, deodorization and dehorning are also discussed.

Anesthesia↗
PubMed1991

Comparison of pharmacodynamic effects of the non-competitive NMDA receptor antagonists MK-801 and ketamine in pigs.

The non-competitive NMDA receptor antagonists MK-801 and ketamine were injected into pigs via chronically implanted intravenous catheters, and the animals were observed closely for alterations in general behaviour, heart rate, respiration and body temperature. MK-801 produced head shakes, sterotypies, 'psychotic' behaviour (e.g., hyperexcitation and screaming), and ketamine-like anesthetic effects in pigs at doses of 0.1-1.6 mg/kg. Almost the same behavioural pattern of effects was observed after i.v. injection of ketamine, 15mg/kg. Furthermore, both drugs reduced heart rate and increased respiration rate and body temperature. The most marked differences between MK-801 and ketamine were that MK-801 had a much longer duration of action and the catalepsy produced by MK-801 was much more pronounced. When animals were first anesthetized with pentobarbital, MK-801 did not alter the cardiovascular functions. In pigs genetically susceptible to induction of malignant hyperthermia by volatile anesthetics, MK-801 did not produce signs characteristic of fulminant malignant hyperthermia. The data show that MK-801 produces psychomotor and anesthetic effects that are almost indistinguishable from those observed after traditional dissociative anesthetics, such as phencyclidine and ketamine. With respect to the behavioural similarities between MK-801 and phencyclidine or ketamine, it seems unlikely that MK-801 will be useful clinically as an anticonvulsant or anxiolytic drug, but the data indicate that the drug may be suited as a long-acting dissociative anesthetic.

Animals↗
PubMed1991

[Clinical findings in vitamin D poisoning of swine].

Acute to subacute vitamin D toxicosis is described in two different fattening pig herds. A few days after admixing a new batch of vitamin/mineral-premix most of the fattening hogs developed anorexia, polydipsia and polyuria. Emesis was seen in some of the animals. About two weeks after consumption of the suspected feed two thirds of the pigs had a rough hair coat and a very poor weight gain. Because of the results of haematological and metabolic findings from blood and urine samples of diseased pigs a calcinosis and tubular nephrosis was diagnosed. Patho-histological findings of the euthanatized morbid pigs included severe chronic interstitial nephritis, glomerulonephritis and mineralisation of a number of organs. Some of the animals showed degeneration of the myocardium. Feeding two healthy pigs with the incriminated feed the disease was reproduced.

Animal Feed↗
PubMed1991

[Effect of ketamine and its combinations with xylazine and climazolam on the circulation and respiration in swine].

The cardiopulmonary effects of 15 mg ketamine/kg b. wt. and 15 mg ketamine/kg in combination with 1 mg climazolam/kg b. wt. or in combination with 18.5 mg Xylazine/kg b. wt. were tested after intramuscular injection in 17 pigs. Blood pressure, heart rate, respiration rate, arterial pH, pO2, pCO2, lactate in venous blood and body temperature were evaluated over a period of 2 hours. The activities of CK and ASAT in blood plasma were measured until 24 hours after the injections. There was little influence on heart rate and blood pressure after ketamine alone and also after one of the two combinations. Ketamine produced a tachypnea which was seen to a smaller extent also following injection of combinations of the drugs. This tachypnea produced a slight respiratory alkalosis. The metabolic acidosis, indicated by increasing lactate levels, occurring initially and during the recovery period was largely compensated by the respiratory alkalosis. The increased levels of CK and ASAT are explained by the destruction of muscle tissue at the locus of the injection.

Animals↗
PubMed1991

[The diagnostic significance of different blood parameters and liver biopsy in chronic copper poisoning of sheep].

In a flock of sheep to which food with excess copper (= Cu) had been fed for some months 39 animals died of chronic copper toxicosis. In 5 sheep of this flock the plasma concentrations of the enzymes glutamate dehydrogenase (GLDH), sorbitol dehydrogenase (SDH), aspartate-amino-transferase (ASAT) and copper were measured several times over a period of 100 days. At day 23, 58 and 97 needle biopsies of the liver were taken. The biopsies were used for histological examination and Cu-analysis. After 100 days the sheep were slaughtered and chronic copper poisoning was diagnosed by raised Cu concentration and typical histological alterations in the liver. The activities of GLDH and SDH in the plasma of the 5 sheep were consistently above normal, ASAT activity and the plasma Cu level were raised only occasionally. The results of Cu determination in biopsy samples were of little predictive value compared with post mortem Cu analysis of the liver.

Animals↗
PubMed1990

[The development of a residue-poor anesthesia in swine].

The intention of this study was to develop an intramuscular injectable anesthesia for swine. Therefore the clinical signs of several sedative or anesthetic drugs and their combinations were tested. The combinations of the phencyclidines ketamine and tiletamine with different benzodiazepines were most effective. The phencyclidines induced a rapid immobilisation of sufficient length. The benzodiazepines produced muscle relaxation, prolonged the immobilisation and suppressed the side effects of the phencyclidines like excitation. The analgetic action of the combinations were insufficient. Trials to improve analgesia by supplementation with opiates were only in the combination ketamine/climazolam/levomethadone successful. In other combinations opiates caused postanesthetic excitations with hyperthermia. The trials to improve the analgetic effect by combining tiletamine/zolazepam with imidazolidine-derivatives were only partly successful. But the tiletamine/zolazepam/imidazolidines-combinations caused severe hypothermia and other side effects. Because of postanesthetic excitations, the combination of ketamine with xylazine can not be recommended as a good anesthesia for swine. The action of ketamine with azaperone or different phenothiazine-derivatives was insufficient.

Anesthesia↗
PubMed1990

Pharmacodynamic effects of serotonin (5-HT) receptor ligands in pigs: stimulation of 5-HT2 receptors induces malignant hyperthermia.

In pigs, the serotonin-2 (5-HT2) receptor agonist 1-(2,5-dimethoxy-4-iodophenyl)-2-aminopropane (DOI), 0.8 mg/kg, induced "psychotic" behaviour (e.g., grimacing, backward locomotion, blank stare) and a muscular syndrome, which is known as malignant hyperthermia (MH) in pigs and humans. This syndrome is characterized by generalized skeletal muscle rigidity, leading to an increase in body temperature, marked acidosis, hyperkaliaemia, cyanosis and elevation of lactate, carbon dioxide and the muscle enzyme creatine kinase (CK) in plasma. In pigs which were selectively bred for susceptibility to MH induction by known triggering agents, such as halothane, the administration of DOI was fatal in 3 out of 5 animals. In genetically susceptible pigs, MH was also induced by 5-methoxy-N,N-dimethyltryptamine (5-MeO-DMT), 0.5-1.8 mg/kg, and D-lysergic acid diethylamide (LSD), 60-110 micrograms/kg. Furthermore, 5-MeO-DMT and LSD induced head shakes in the animals, which had not been observed after DOI and could not be blocked by 5-HT2-antagonists, ketanserin (0.5-5 mg/kg) and ritanserin (1-2.5 mg/kg). The psychotomimetic effects of 5-MeO-DMT could be blocked by ketanserin or ritanserin, which, depending on the dose, also reduced or totally prevented the hyperthermia and metabolic changes induced by 5-MeO-DMT in pigs. Administration of 5-MeO-DMT, 1.8 mg/kg, was fatal in 4 of 5 MH-susceptible pigs, whereas pigs injected with this dosage after pretreatment with ketanserin (0.5-5 mg/kg) or ritanserin (1-2.5 mg/kg) did not die. In pigs from MH-resistant littermates, administration of 5-MeO-DMT was not fatal. Comparison of metabolic changes in susceptible and non-susceptible pigs suggested that the marked increase in plasma potassium, which arises principally from damaged muscle cells, is primarily responsible for the fatal effect of DOI and 5-MeO-DMT in genetically susceptible individuals. In MH-susceptible pigs, which were anesthetized, relaxed and artificially ventilated, 5-MeO-DMT did not induce hyperthermia, thus substantiating that the marked hyperthermia observed in conscious pigs was a result of muscle activation and not due to effects on thermoregulation or blood pressure. The results indicate that hallucinogenic drugs with 5-HT2 agonistic effects trigger a life-threatening syndrome, MH, in genetically susceptible pigs. 5-HT2 antagonists, such as ketanserin or ritanserin, are capable of counteracting the fatality of this syndrome.

Amphetamines↗
PubMed1990

[The effect of the anesthetic Tilest in swine].

The clinical signs and effects on the cardio-respiratory system of Tilest were checked out in weaners. The intramuscular injection of 10 mg/kg BW Tilest caused a rapid immobilisation on an average duration of 33.7 +/- 15 minutes. The muscle relaxation was generally good. Analgesia could not obtained. Heart- and respiratory-rates increased during lateral recumbency. Blood pressure decreased initially. The influence on the arterial blood pH-value and the blood gases are insignificant. In connection with trials to get up the lactate value and the body temperature increased. The CK- and ASAT-activities increased 2 to 6 hours after injection with a wide individual variation. During recovery the pigs were excited and salivated.

Animals↗
PubMed1990

Correlation between drug and metabolite concentrations in plasma and anesthetic action of ketamine in swine.

Pharmacokinetic variables and metabolism of IM and IV administered ketamine (15 mg/kg of body weight) were determined in 8 swine (2 adult sows and 6 young pigs). After IM administration, maximal plasma concentration was rapidly reached, but peak concentration varied considerably, although comparison with IV data for the same swine indicated that the drug was almost completely absorbed from the musculature. After IV administration, ketamine kinetics followed a 3-term exponential decrease, indicating rapid initial distribution of the drug to highly vascular tissues including the brain, followed by redistribution into less vascular tissues, and elimination. Redistribution and elimination phases, with similar kinetics as those observed in the IV experiment, also were determined in the IM experiment. After both routes of administration, onset of anesthesia was rapid, and most swine recovered consciousness during the phase of redistribution, indicating that anesthesia is terminated by redistribution of drug from the brain into other tissues, whereas metabolism and excretion are less important for duration of anesthesia induced by ketamine. The time during which the swine resumed a lateral position (sleep time) was positively correlated with plasma ketamine concentration at onset of lateral recumbency, as well as with the area under the plasma concentration-time curve. The minimal plasma ketamine concentration for induction of immobilization was about 2 micrograms/ml. In adult sows, ketamine induced profound analgesia, which was not obtained in young pigs; this difference in potency could not be related to pharmacokinetic differences between young and adult swine.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

Anesthesia↗