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Biomedical subjects

M Finland

Publications and source records attributed to M Finland.

At least 37 records · Page 2Linked to original sources
PubMed1977

In vitro activity of p-hydroxybenzyl penicillin (penicillin X) and five other penicillins against Neisseria gonorrhoeae: comparisons of strains from patients with uncomplicated infections and from women with pelvic inflammatory disease.

Minimum inhibitory concentrations (MICs) of six penicillins against 95 strains of Neisseria gonorrhoeae from patients with uncomplicated anogenital infections and 22 strains from women with pelvic inflammatory disease were determined by an agar plate dilution method, using an inocula replicator. Against all 117 strains, the order of activity observed was: BL-P1654 > penicillin X > penicillin G > ampicillin > amoxicillin = carbenicillin. MICs against strains isolated from women with gonococcal pelvic inflammatory disease were significantly higher than those against isolates from uncomplicated infections: BL-P1654, P < 0.001; penicillin X, P < 0.001; penicillin G, P < 0.001; ampicillin, P < 0.001; and amoxicillin, P < 0.05. MICs of penicillin G were >/=0.125 mug/ml against 33 (36%) of the 92 strains from patients with uncomplicated infections, as contrasted with 15 (68%) of the 22 isolates from women with pelvic inflammatory disease (P < 0.01). The means of the MICs of penicillin G were 0.06 mug/ml for the former and 0.14 mug/ml for the latter.

Female↗
PubMed1977

Quantitative inhibition of Haemophilus influenzae by trimethoprim/sulfamethoxazole.

We evaluated the inhibitory effect of trimethoprim (TMP) and sulfamethoxazole (SMZ), alone and in combination, against 34 strains of Haemophilus influenzae. Growth inhibition was determined after incubation for 18 h by comparing viable counts of cultures in drug-containing medium with corresponding counts of control cultures in drug-free medium. In a modified, thymidine-deficient Levinthal broth, the numbers of colony-forming units of all the isolates tested were reduced 100-fold or more by TMP/SMZ (1.25/25 mug/ml) as compared with growth without drug. Inhibition was significantly greater with TMP/SMZ than with either TMP or SMZ alone. Ampicillin-susceptible and ampicillin-resistant strains were equally susceptible to TMP/SMZ. Growth of nontypable strains was inhibited more than growth of type b organisms.

Haemophilus influenzae↗
PubMed1977

Changes in occurrence of capsular serotypes of Streptococcus pneumoniae at Boston City Hospital during selected years between 1935 and 1974.

The number of patients with pneumococcal bacteremia, empyema, and meningitis at Boston City Hospital during selected years between 1935 and 1974 is reported. The distribution of specific types in the bacteremic patients during each of the selected years and in the various focal infections in all the years is also detailed. The numbers and rates per 1,000 admissions of bacteremic pneumococcal infections and the numbers of cases of pneumococcal meningitis and empyema varied independently over these years and differed from those previously reported for 1929 to 1936. The types most frequent in pneumococcal bacteremias varied over the years, and the distribution of types among them differed markedly from that among the patients with focal infections. Variations in the distribution of pneumococcal types at different times in the same place, in different places, and in various sites of infection may be important in selecting types to include in pneumococcal vaccines for different populations.

Boston↗
PubMed1976

Nosocomial infections in surgical patients. Observations on effects of prophylactic antibiotics.

In a "spot survey" to determine prevalence of nosocomial infections in the Surgical Services of Boston City Hospital in January 1972, the use of antibiotics prophylactically did not significantly affect the occurrence of infections either in patients who had undergone surgery or in those who had not at the time of the survey. Among both groups, whether they had acquired infections or not, the use of antibiotics for prophylaxis did not affect the duration of hospitalization up to the time of the survey. In another study (August through October 1971) of the incidence of infections among patients admitted to the Orthopedic Service of the same hospital, the incidence of infections was the same in patients who received antibiotics prophylactically and in those who did not receive any during their period of hospitalization.

Anti-Bacterial Agents↗
PubMed1976

Susceptibility of "enterobacteria" to aminoglycoside antibiotics: comparisons with tetracyclines, polymyxins, chloramphenicol, and spectinomycin.

Strains of enterobacteria, including common, aerobic, pathogenic gram-negative bacilli, and enterococci were tested for susceptibility to 11 aminoglycoside antibiotics by a twofold agar-dilution method with an inocula replicator. For comparison, similar tests were done with seven tetracycline analogues, two polymyxins, chloramphenicol, and spectinomycin. Tobramycin compared favorably with the more active aminoglycosides, with some exceptions related to individual strains of species. The tetracyclines and chloramphenicol were generally less active than the more active aminoglycosides. The polymyxins were as active or more active against most species of gram-negative rods but were essentially inactive against Proteus, Providencia, and many strains of Enterobacter.

Acinetobacter↗
PubMed1976

Susceptibility of "enterobacteria" to penicillins, cephalosporins, lincomycins, erythromycin, and rifampin.

Agar dilution tests for susceptibility of gram-negative rods and enterococci were done with a number of penicillins, cephalosporins, lincomycin analogues, erythromycin, and rifampin. Many in the first three categories were investigational drugs. All were generally less active than aminoglycoside and tetracycline antibiotics against gram-negative rods and more active against enterococci. Cephalosporins as a group were more active than penicillins against Klebsiella pneumoniae and Escherichia coli and less active enterococci. Both groups were equally active against Enterobacter, Proteus, and Providencia but inactive against most strains of Serratia and all strains of Pseudomonas; however, ticarcillin, carbenicillin, and BL-1654 were active against most strains of Pseudomonas. Penicillins and cephalosporins were more active against Proteus mirabilis than against indole-positive Proteus. Lincomycins had little or no activity against gram-negative rods but were moderately active against enterococci. Erythromycin was more active than the lincomycins, but rifampin was much more active than either of these types of drug. Of the penicillins, ticarcillin, carbenicillin, and BL-P1654 were the most active against gram-negative rods, whereas BL-P1654, amoxicillin, and ampicillin were the most active against enterococci. The penicillinase-resistant penicillins, cyclacillin, and penicillin V were essentially inactive against gram-negative rods. Of the cephalosporins tested, cephanone and cefamandole were the most active against most gram-negative rods, whereas cephaloridine and cephacetrile were the most active against enterococci. The least active of the cephalosporins against most species were cephradine, cephalexin, and cephapirin, but cefoxitin was the least active against enterococci.

Acinetobacter↗
PubMed1976

Susceptibility of recently isolated bacteria to amikacin in vitro: comparisons with four other aminoglycoside antibiotics.

In vitro tests for susceptibility to amikacin and to four other aminoglycoside antibiotics were carried out with strains of many bacterial species by use of an agar dilution method and an inocula replicator. In general, amikacin was as active as or more active against most of the organims than kanamycin, neomycin, and streptomycin; in particular, amikacin was active against strains resistant to one or more of these three antibiotics. Amikacin was more active than gentamicin against strains of Nocardia asteroides and Providencia stuartii and also against gentamicin-resistant strains of some other gram-negative bacilli, notably Serratia marcescens. However, gentamicin was more active than amikacin against most of the other gram-positive and gram-negative bacteria that were tested. In comparative tests of four media, minimal inhibitory concentrations MICs) were greater in tests with Mueller-Hinton agar, and generally somewhat lower in those with heart infusion agar, than in tests with trypticase soy agar and nutrient agar. Inocula of a 1:1,000 dilution of culture generally gave MICs lower than those obtained with undiluted cultures; the differences were small with enterococci, but they were greater with amikacin than with gentamicin in tests on strains of Klebsiella pneumoniae. These findings generally confirm those previously reported by others.

Amikacin↗
PubMed1976

Effects of monitoring the usage of antibiotics: an interhospital comparison.

Use of selected systemic antimicrobial agents at Boston City Hospital (BCH) has been monitored by requiring that choice of those agents be justified to a member of the Infectious Diseases Unit before the agent is dispensed for use in a patient. The amounts of various antimicrobial agents and classes of agents used at BCH in 1972 differed considerably from amounts used in other hospitals where restraint was not employed. Whether these differences in usage led to better care for the patient could not be determined from the data presented. These aspects must be studied in greater detail to determine the benefits, if any, that may be derived from such surveillance and control, especially in view of recent proposals for implementation of "peer review" in this as well as other areas.

Anti-Bacterial Agents↗
PubMed1976

Susceptibility of beta-hemolytic streptococci to 65 antibacterial agents.

Tests for susceptibility of 29 group A, 4 group C, and 2 group G strains of beta-hemolytic streptococci to 63 antibiotics and to trimethoprim and sulfamethoxazole, singly and combined in a ratio of 1:16, were carried out in vitro. All strains tested were moderately or highly susceptible to all the antibiotics used except those belonging to the aminoglycoside and polymyxin groups. A few were also resistant to the tetracyclines and to sulfamethoxazole alone. Comparisons with results obtained in previous years indicate that, except for the tetracyclines and sulfonamides, there has been no change in the susceptibility of beta-hemolytic streptococci to the most important and useful antibiotics, particularly penicillin.

Aminoglycosides↗
PubMed1976

Susceptibility of pneumococci and Haemophilus influenzae to antibacterial agents.

Strains of Diplococcus pneumoniae and Haemophilus influenzae were tested for susceptibility to numerous antibiotics by a twofold agar dilution method using an inocula replicator. Undiluted, fully grown broth cultures were used as inocula for both species, and cultures of pneumococci diluted 1:1,000 were also tested. The antibiotics included most of those in common use in the United States as well as some chemical modifications recently approved and others that are under investigation. The most striking aspect of the results was the marked susceptibility of the pneumococci to all the antibiotics tested except the polymyxins and most of the aminoglycoside antibiotics, although some new aminoglycosides were active in quite low concentrations. Some of the strains of pneumococci were of decreased susceptibility to penicillin G (minimal inhibitory concentrations, 0.2 to 0.4 mug/ml), but none were tetracycline resistant, although such strains had been reported previously from this laboratory. The strains of H. influenzae, which were all serologically nontypable, exhibited different patterns of susceptibility to the groups of antibiotics and to the individual chemically related ones. None of these strains (isolated early in 1972) were ampicillin resistant. The most active agents against H. influenzae were: carbenicillin and ampicillin, analogues related to each of them, rifampin, chloramphenicol, and the polymyxins. However, the tetracycline analogues other than tetracycline, some aminoglycosides, notably tobramycin, kanamycin, gentamicin, and verdamicin, erythromycin, and some new lincomycin analogues were also active in low concentrations. Trimethoprim alone was highly active, and in combination with sulfamethoxazole it was even more active and synergistic against strains of both D. pneumoniae and H. influenzae.

Aminoglycosides↗
PubMed1976

Synergy of mecillinam (FL1060) with penicillins and cephalosporins against Proteus and Klebsiella, with observations on combinations with other antibiotics and against other bacterial species.

Thirty-five strains each of Klebsiella and Proteus were tested for susceptibility to mecillinam alone and in combination with ampicillin, carbenicillin, cephalothin, and cefazolin. Antibiotics were considered to be synergistic when there was a >/=fourfold reduction in minimum inhibiting concentration of both antibiotics in the combination as compared with that of each antibiotic alone. Synergy of mecillinam with ampicillin, carbenicillin, cephalothin, and cefazolin was demonstrated against 2, 3, 7, and 8 of the 35 strains of Klebsiella and against 14, 14, 19, and 24 of the 35 strains of Proteus, respectively. Synergy against the isolates of Proteus was related to species, whereas against Klebsiella it was related to susceptibility of the isolates to mecillinam. Tests of combinations of mecillinam with other antibiotics on the same and different species indicated that synergy was related to the antibiotic, the species, and the strains of organisms tested.

Anti-Bacterial Agents↗
PubMed1976

Susceptibility of Staphylococcus aureus and Staphylococcus epidermidis to 65 antibiotics.

The susceptibilities of 36 recent isolates of Staphylococcus aureus and 35 recent isolates of Staphylococcus epidermidis were determined against each of 65 antimicrobial agents and against two of them in combination. Rifampin was the most active of all the agents tested against both S. aureus and S. epidermidis. Among the penicillins, cloxacillin, dicloxacillin, and nafcillin were most active, although benzylpenicillin and phenoxymethyl penicillin were more active against susceptible strains. Cephaloridine was the most active of the cephalosporins, and sisomicin was the most active aminoglycoside. Minocycline was more active than the other tetracycline analogues tested. Among the macrolide-lincomycin compounds in clinical use, clindamycin was more active, and lincomycin was less active than erythromycin. The synergy of trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole was more striking against S. aureus than against S. epidermidis. The median minimal inhibitory concentrations of the penicillins, cephalosporins, and aminoglycosides were lower against S. aureus, whereas the minimal inhibitory concentrations of the tetracyclines were lower against S. epidermidis.

Anti-Bacterial Agents↗
PubMed1976

Drugs five years later. Spectinomycin.

A single intramuscular injection of 0.2 g of spectinomycin hydrochloride is highly effective for the treatment of uncomplicated anogenital infections with Neisseria gonorrhoeae. Spectinomycin hydrochloride is indicated for uncomplicated anogenital gonococcal infections in men and women who cannot receive penicillin or probenecid, and is the drug of choice for the retreatment of patients with uncomplicated anogenital gonococcal infection who have not responded to other antibiotics. A single dose of spectinomycin does not appear to be reliably effective in the treatment of gonococcal pharyngitis. Preliminary reports indicate that multiple-dose schedules of spectinomycin will prove to be effective in gonococcal pelvic inflammatory disease and disseminated gonococcal infection. In the dosage used for gonococcal infections, spectinomycin has little effect on infection with Treponema pallidum. Evaluation of this antibiotic against other microorganisms suggests little utility for this agent in conditions other than gonococcal infections.

Animals↗
PubMed1975

Bacteremia at Boston City Hospital: Occurrence and mortality during 12 selected years (1935-1972), with special reference to hospital-acquired cases.

The cases of all patients hospitalized at Boston City Hospital during 1972 who had blood cultures positive for a clinically significant, aerobic bacterial pathogen or for Candida were analyzed with respect to incidence and mortality, sex, age, admission to medical or surgical services, and the causative organism. Similar data were obtained for 11 years between 1935 and 1969 selected to reflect the introduction and general use of various effective antibacterial agents. Comparisons were also made between hospital-acquired bacteremic infections (defined as those in which the first positive blood culture was obtained on or after the third day in the hospital) and community-acquired infections (defined as those with positive blood cultures on admission or within the first two days in the hospital). In 1972, the incidence of bacteremic infections (but not the case-fatality ratio) was significantly higher in males than in females. Bacteremic infections were more than twice as frequent on the medical than on the surgical services, but the case-fatality ratio was slightly but not significantly higher on the surgical services. Bacteremia wasteremia was most frequent in the youngest (birth through nine years) and the oldest (greater than or equal to 60 years) age groups, whereas the case-fatality ratio was lowest in the youngest group and increased with each decade of life. Streptococcus pneumoniae was the most frequent organism causing bacteremia; next were Escherichia coli, Klebsiella-Enterobacter, and Staphylococcus aureus, in that order...

Adolescent↗
PubMed1975

Susceptibility of various serogroups of streptococci to clindamycin and lincomycin.

The minimal inhibitory concentration of lincomycin and clindamycin for a large number of strains from multiple serogroups of streptococci was determined. The median minimal inhibitory concentration for streptococci from groups A, B, C, F, G, H, L, and M and nongroupable organisms ranged from 0.02 to 0.39 mug of lincomycin per ml and from </=0.01 to 0.09 mug of clindamycin per ml. Among the group D strains, Streptococcus faecium and Streptococcus faecalis were resistant to lincomycin and clindamycin, whereas Streptococcus bovis and four American strains of Streptococcus durans resembled nongroup D isolates in their susceptibility to these agents. Occasional strains of nongroup D streptococci were highly resistant to lincomycin and clindamycin.

Clindamycin↗
PubMed1975

Disk diffusion and serial dilution tests of susceptibility of some pathogenic gram-negative bacilli and enterococci to carbenicillin and ampicillin.

Tests for susceptibility to ampicillin and carbenicillin were performed with 35 strains each of Klebsiella, Enterobacter, Serratia, and Proteus, 71 strains of Pseudomonas aeruginosa, and 68 strains of enterococci by serial dilution and disk-diffusion tests employing 10(-3) dilutions of overnight cultures as inocula for both. Commercial 10-mug ampicillin and 50- and 100-mug carbenicillin disks, and freshly prepared 10-, 50-, and 75-mug ampicillin and 10- and 50-mug carbenicillin disks were used. Results were displayed as cumulative distribution curves for both minimal inhibitory concentrations and zone diameters, and as scattergrams for correlating them. Differences in susceptibility to the two antibiotics were small for Klebsiella, Enterobacter, and Serratia and large for the others. The freshly prepared and commercial disks of the same content gave comparable zones. There was good correlation of zone diameter with each disk and the minimal inhibitory concentration. Among the ampicillin disks tested, none was useful for Pseudomonas; with the other species, the 10-mug disk, as well as those with higher ampicillin content, could discriminate susceptible from resistant strains. However, only the 75-mug disk selected some Klebsiella strains susceptible to high concentrations. The 50- and 100-mug carbenicillin disks were equally discriminating for most strains, but the higher concentration was more selective for Klebsiella. The 10-mug carbenicillin disk was as effective as the 50- and 100-mug disks for discriminating among Enterobacter, Serratia, Pseudomonas, and Proteus, but not for Klebsiella or enterococci. The 10(-3) inoculum gave zone sizes considerably larger than those reported by other workers who used the standard Kirby-Bauer method.

Ampicillin↗