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Biomedical subjects

M Finland

Publications and source records attributed to M Finland.

At least 19 recordsLinked to original sources
PubMed1984

Landmark article June 14, 1941: Sulfadiazine. Therapeutic evaluation and toxic effects on four hundred and forty-six patients. By Maxwell Finland, Elias Strauss, and Osler L. Peterson.

sulfadiazine appeared to be as effective as sulfapyridine or sulfathiazole in every condition in which it was used. Toxic effects from sulfadiazine were relatively mild and infrequent. Nausea and vomiting occurred in 9.2 per cent of the cases. Nitrogen retention of moderate degree was noted in 5 cases. Leukopenia occurred early and was transient in some cases. In 3 cases the leukocyte counts dropped between the eleventh and the sixteenth day and returned to normal on cessation of therapy. Morbilliform eruptions were observed in 9 cases

Adolescent↗
PubMed1984

Serotypes of Streptococcus pneumoniae isolated from blood cultures at Boston City Hospital between 1979 and 1982.

Serotypes of pneumococci causing bacteremia were examined from January 1979 through December 1982. Of the 271 isolates recorded, 52% were from adults and 48% were from children. The rate of pneumococcal bacteremia for adults was 2.67 cases per 1,000 admissions; rates were not calculated for pediatric patients. The six most common pediatric types or groups (14, 19, 18, 6, 4, and 9) accounted for 90% of the total pediatric isolates, and the six most common adult types or groups (12, 9, 8, 4, 3, and 6) made up 55.3% of the total adult isolates. More than 96% of the pneumococcal types isolated from the blood cultures of pediatric patients are present in the 14-valent pneumococcal vaccine, compared with 72.7% of the adult isolates. The results demonstrate that most cases of pneumococcal bacteremia are caused by capsular types or groups present in the current vaccine and that minor changes in the types of pneumococci causing bacteremia have occurred during the past decade.

Adult↗
PubMed1981

Pneumococcal pericarditis: a persisting problem in contemporary diagnosis.

We reviewed the clinical and laboratory features of six patients with pericarditis caused by Streptococcus pneumoniae who were admitted to Boston City Hospital. The diagnosis of pneumococcal pericarditis was delayed or missed entirely during life in all patients. The frequent absence of pericardial friction rubs and cardimegaly on chest roentgenograms contributed to the difficulty in recognizing this illness. Electrocardiograms and physical examinations of the heart almost always disclosed abnormalities, but they were not sufficiently specific to suggest pericarditis, and patients were often thought to have had an acute complication of arteriosclerotic heart disease. Review of the English literature since 1945 supports the recent experience in our hospital that the diagnosis of pneumococcal pericarditis may be elusive.

Adult↗
PubMed1979

Pneumonia and pneumococcal infections, with special reference to pneumococcal pneumonia. The 1979 J. Burns Amberson lecture.

An etiologic classification of acute pneumonia was presented and the relative importance of some of the causative agents was briefly reviewed. The early developments of the therapy of pneumococcal pneumonia with type-specific antisera, sulfonamide drugs, and antimicrobial drugs were reviewed, mostly from the experiences of the author at Boston City Hospital. Changes in the occurrence and relative importance of the pneumococcus as a cause of infections associated with bacteremia, empyema, and meningitis were demonstrated, based on cases observed at Boston City Hospital during 12 selected years between 1935 and 1972. These findings, among others, indicate that the pneumococcus is still one of the most important causes of serious bacterial infections and of mortality from such infections, particularly in the elderly. Some possible indications for polyvalent pneumococcal capsular polysaccharide vaccine were discussed, and the need for further extensive clinical and field trials to demonstrate its range of effectiveness was stressed.

Age Factors↗
PubMed1978

Changing ecology of acute bacterial empyema: occurrence and mortality at Boston City Hospital during 12 selected years from 1935 to 1972.

The occurrence, etiology, and demography of acute bacterial empyema are presented to reflect the widespread use of sulfonamides, penicillin, and other active antibiotics. In community-acquired (C-A) cases Streptococcus pneumoniae, hemolytic streptococci, and Staphylococcus aureus were the most frequent single organisms identified in initial positive cultures of pleural fluid during 1935. S. pneumoniae declined steadily until 1953 but continued to occur frequently in C-A cases. Hemolytic streptococci became infrequent. S. aureus increased and became the most frequent organism in 1955 and declined to original levels after 1965 while gram-negative rods increased. S. aureus, aerobic gram-negative rods, and enterococci were most frequent in originally mixed infections, hospital-acquired cases, and superinfections. Anaerobes with or without aerobes were mostly seen in C-A cases and did not vary in incidence. Mortality increased with age. Overall mortality was greater during the 10 antibiotic years, associated with a marked decrease in the proportion of patients younger than 50 years and increase in those over 60 years old, and was greater in patients with serious underlying diseases subjected to more complicated surgical procedures.

Age Factors↗
PubMed1978

Duration of hospitalization for acute bacterial empyema at Boston City Hospital during 12 selected years from 1935 to 1972.

The duration of hospitalization for acute bacterial empyema of the pleura was determined for all cases at Boston City Hospital during 12 selected years between 1935 and 1972. Patients whose infection was acquired after admission stayed in the hospital longer than those in whom the empyema, or the infection of which the empyema was a complication, was present at the time of admission. The differences were mostly related to serious underlying disease in the hospital-acquired cases. However, the duration of hospitalization after the empyema was bacteriologically confirmed was not much different in the community-acquired and hospital-acquired cases. Hospital stay was further prolonged in patients whose empyema was superinfected with new bacterial species after the original infecting organisms were determined. Hospitalization was shorter in the 10 selected years between 1974 and 1972, when penicillin and other active antibiotics were used, than in two years before penicillin became available, 1935 and 1941.

Acute Disease↗
PubMed1978

Bacteremic superinfections of patients with bacteremia: occurrence, bacteriology, mortality, and duration of hospitalization at Boston City Hospital during 12 selected years between 1935 and 1972.

During the course of hospitalization of 6,414 patients with bacteremic infections identified at Boston City Hospital (Boston, Massachusetts) during 12 selected years between 1935 and 1972, 6.0% developed verified bacteremic superinfections with organisms not isolated or identified in the primary bacteremic infection. Analysis of these cases reemphasizes the increasing occurrence of serious hospital-acquired infections despite the successive introduction and intensive use of a large number of effective antibacterial agents. The bacteremic superinfections, like the primary hospital-acquired bacteremias, increased in incidence over the years, particularly since 1961; they were more frequent and were associated with a higher mortality rate and longer duration of hospital stay in the primary hospital-acquired cases than in the patients in whom bacteremia was considered to be community-acquired. The organisms in superinfections were similar to those in primary hospital-acquired bacteremias. Superinfection was more frequent among the patients who died than among the survivors.

Bacterial Infections↗
PubMed1978

Duration of hospitalization for bacteremic infections at Boston City Hospital during 12 selected years between 1935 and 1972.

In survivors of both community-acquired (CA) and hospital-acquired (HA) bacteremic infections at Boston City Hospital during 12 selected years between 1935 and 1972, the mean hospital stay fluctuated widely from one selected year to the next, but it was generally shorter and early discharges were more frequent in the years when effective antibacterial agents were used. The greatest reduction in hospital stay occurred by 1941. The size of the fluctuations and reductions also varied with the causative organism. The average duration of hospitalization of all survivors of HA bacteremic infections after the first positive blood culture was 10.5 days longer than the total hospitalization of survivors of CA infections. The reduced length of hospital stay after 1935 is attributed to the successful use of effective antibacterial drugs, and the greater effect in CA than in HA cases is attributed to more frequent infections in the latter with organisms resistant to those drugs.

Boston↗
PubMed1978

New developments in antibiotics. Future clinical studies for the National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases.

The classes of anti-infective agents and the numbers in each class that are currently available and in use in the United States are listed, and current activity with respect to discovery and development of new drugs in the most widely used categories is briefly reviewed. Fifteen major areas for future research in the therapy and control of infectious diseases are recommended, and the relative roles for industry, academic and clinical investigators, and government (National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases) in these areas are discussed. There are many problems requiring extensive research and financial support.

Aminoglycosides↗
PubMed1977

Acute bacterial meningitis at Boston City Hospital during 12 selected years, 1935-1972.

Data are presented on the occurrence of and mortality rate from acute bacterial meningitis at Boston City Hospital during 12 years between 1935 and 1972 selected in relation to the introduction of potent antibacterial agents. The most frequent causative organisms were Streptococcus pneumoniae, Neisseria meningitidis, and Haemophilus influenzae, but large proportions were caused by other gram-positive cocci and gram-negative bacilli. The greatest reduction in mortality rate after antibiotics became widely used was in patients with meningococcal and influenzal meningitis who were less than or equal to 19 years old. Less striking reductions occurred in cases of other etiologies in patients less than or equal to 59 years old, but in those greater than or equal to 60 years old, the mortality rate remained high, and the proportion of cases of meningitis in that age group more than doubled. Comparisons with similar data on all bacteremic infections are presented.

Acute Disease↗