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Biomedical subjects

M Etienne

Publications and source records attributed to M Etienne.

At least 55 records · Page 3Linked to original sources
PubMed1987

Metabolic utilization of energy and maintenance requirements in lactating sows.

Metabolizable energy (ME), heat production (measured by indirect calorimetry in respiration chambers), milk energy output and body energy mobilization were measured in 20 gilts (10 replicates of two littermates) during a 21-d lactation. Two energy levels were used: 14.2 and 10.4 Mcal ME X d-1 X sow-1 in the high energy (HE) and low energy (LE) groups, respectively. The daily supply of other nutrients in the diets was identical in both treatments. Measurements of metabolic rate and energy balance of the litters were carried out. These data were used to estimate the maintenance requirements of the sows (MEm) and the efficiencies of utilization of energy of food (kl) and body reserves (krl) for energy production in milk. Nitrogen balance of the sows was also determined. Energy mobilization was increased by energy restriction (-5.35 vs -2.04 Mcal X d-1 X sow-1 for HE and LE gilts, respectively) and by the increment of milk production with the advancement of lactation. Energy restriction (LE vs HE gilts) resulted in increased weight loss consisting mainly of fat tissue depletion. Muscle depletion represented a rather large proportion of weight loss, even in sows fed the high energy level. Maintenance requirements amounted to 109 kcal ME X kg weight-.75 X d-1. The estimations for kl and krl were 72 and 88%, respectively. These results show that the overall efficiency of energy storage during pregnancy and its mobilization during lactation (68.6 to 70.9%) is similar to that of direct utilization of ME during lactation.

Animals↗
PubMed1986

Effect of energy level in lactating sows on yield and composition of milk and nutrient balance of piglets.

The effects of energy level on milk yield, milk composition and growth of the piglets were studied in 20 gilts (10 replicates of two littermates) and their litters during a 21-d lactation. The metabolizable energy (ME) levels were 14.2 and 10.4 Mcal ME X d-1 X sow-1 in the high energy (HE) and low energy (LE) groups, respectively. The daily supply of other nutrients in the diets was identical in both treatments. Milk yield measured every 4 d was lower in the LE group. But fat (8.0 vs 6.9%), energy (1.27 vs 1.14 Mcal/g) and nitrogen (.78 vs .74%) contents of milk were significantly higher in the LE gilts compared with the HE gilts. The daily output of energy and nitrogen was therefore equivalent in both treatments (respectively, 8.28 Mcal and 51.8 g/d), but the fat output was higher in the energy-restricted gilts (532 vs 490 g/d). Growth rate of the litter was similar in both treatments, but piglets suckling LE dams had higher dry matter, fat and energy contents in their body at weaning. Piglets retained 89, 54 and 55% of nitrogen, fat and energy, respectively, of milk between birth and weaning. The results suggest that the ability of sows to mobilize body lipids in order to maintain the output of energy in milk is reduced as body fat reserves are depleted.

Animals↗
PubMed1985

[Adipose tissue cellularity in the piglet as a function of the level of energy supply of the maternal diet and the number of young per litter].

Adipose tissue cellularity has been evaluated in piglets at birth and at weaning at 35 days in relation with the energy supply of the maternal diet during gestation (group B: 3 000 KcalED/day: group N; 6 500 KcalED/day; group H: 10 000 Kcal/day) and with the number of piglets per litter during suckling. This approximation was obtained by simultaneously measuring piglet carcass triglyceride content and the mean diameter of the lipid inclusions of the fat cell population. At birth there were no significant differences between N and H piglets. However, B piglets weighed less and had lower lipid stores than the piglets of the other two groups. This lower adiposity was due to the smaller number of fat cells (about--25%). A weaning piglet weight and adiposity depended on both the energy supply of the maternal diet during gestation and the number of piglets per litter. These differences were due to the number of fat cells; this number was usually greater when the maternal diet during gestation had a higher energy level and the number of piglets per litter was smaller. Between birth and weaning the number of fat cells increased by a factor related with the number of piglets per litter; this factor was 1.9 or 2.5, depending on whether the sow suckled 4 or 8 piglets.

Adipose Tissue↗
PubMed1985

[Mobilization of body stores in the lactating primiparous sow].

To determine the nature and the amount of the tissues involved in weight loss during lactation, an experiment was carried out on 9 series of 3 littermate Large-White gilts divided into three groups. The animals were similarly raised until first farrowing. The control gilts were slaughtered at farrowing, while those in the other two groups (group H and group B) received diets differing only in energetic level (14.2 and 10.3 Mcal ME/day, respectively). The gilts were slaughtered after 22 days of lactation. Half-carcasses were cut and dissected. Muscle weight decreased similarly in the two lactating groups (-9.5 and -11.3 kg in groups H and B, respectively), but fat loss was higher in the energy-restricted animals (-6.7 vs -1.7 kg). These results were confirmed by changes in adipose cell size, blood urea and plasma free fatty acids between farrowing and weaning.

Adipose Tissue↗
PubMed1984

[Compression of the cervical spinal cord in achondroplasia].

Two cases of tetraparesis due to cervico-occipital spinal cord compression in infants with achondroplasia are reported. Neurological disorders in achondroplasia are produced by structural anomalies of the cranium and spinal canal. They can be divided into two categories: hydrocephalus and radicular and spinal cord compression syndromes. Cervico-occipital compression is more frequent in childhood and may occur very early, in the first months of life. Early diagnosis of this complication and anatomic evaluation can now be obtained by computed tomography, which shows the exact dimensions of the foramen magnum, and myelography. Achondroplasia requires very close neurologic monitoring and, when findings are abnormal, radiologic investigations of the cervico-occipital zone. This allows for early surgical management which is the only means of obtaining significant therapeutic results.

Achondroplasia↗
PubMed1984

Effects of confinement on attainment of puberty in gilts.

The present work is a review of experiments realized in order to determine the effects of confinement conditions on attainment of puberty in gilts. Few authors have compared age at first estrus or first ovulation of gilts bred in total confinement, in open front buildings and in outdoor dirt lots. Results are not always significant but lead to conclude to a detrimental effect of confinement on attainment of puberty (5 to 17 day delay). Interactions with other factors such as genotype, season of birth, age at treatment explain the differences between results. Large variations are also observed in the response of confined gilts housed in different conditions of intensity and duration of light, temperature and social environment. However, high temperature and individual penning induce a delay in age at puberty (4 to 10 days). Although the sexual development is known to depend on hormonal control, studies regarding the influence of environmental conditions on hormonal secretions are recent, rather scarce and incomplete. Significant variations in the pineal gland activity, the plasma levels of prolactin, LH and estrogens have not yet been associated with confinement, intensity and duration of light. A disruption of the corticosteroid rythm has been observed in individual compared to group penned animals. Estrus response to gonadotropin hormones is not modified but ovarian response to estrogen is reduced by confinement. Further experiments taking into account the existence of interactions between genotype, light and temperature conditions, season of birth and social relations are required in order to investigate more precisely the influence of the different types of environment on the hormonal secretions and consequently the sexual development of gilts.

Age Factors↗
PubMed1983

[Effects of feed restrictions during the growth of sows on their sexual maturity and subsequent reproduction].

Effects on reproduction of feed restriction during different periods of growth were investigated in 76 Large-White gilts given one of 3 treatments between 79 days of age (27.9 kg) and puberty. The control gilts (group 1) were fed ad libitum during the experimental period, and those in group 2 received 12% less feed from 61 kg of liveweight until puberty. The gilts in group 3 received 33% less feed before 61 kg and were then pair-fed with the gilts in group 1. All the gilts were mated at first estrus and received 2.4 kg of feed per day during pregnancy. They were laparotomized at 38 days after mating and slaughtered at 105 days of pregnancy to measure early and late embryonic mortality. Contrary to group 3 (age at puberty: 256 days), no difference was found in age at puberty between group 1 and 2 gilts (232 and 226 days, respectively). Early undernutrition delayed age at first estrus, even when followed by normal feeding after 61 kg of liveweight. The gilts in group 2 had less backfat (backfat depth 24 vs 31 mm) and weighed less at puberty than the others (111 kg vs 124 kg). Severe undernutrition tended to increase early embryonic mortality (21.1, 18.8 and 33% in groups 1, 2 and 3, respectively) but the reverse was observed thereafter so that there was no difference in total embryonic mortality at 105 days of gestation (32.6, 30.6 and 36.5% in groups 1, 2 and 3, respectively).

Age Factors↗
PubMed1982

Effects of zearalenone (F2) on estrous activity and reproduction in gilts.

The effects of zearalenone on swine reproduction were investigated in two trials involving a total of 82 gilts which were allotted into three groups at puberty, mated at second estrus and slaughtered 80 d postbreeding. A control diet without mycotoxin (group 1) or an experimental diet containing 3.61 ppm (first trial) or 4.33 ppm zearalenone (second trial) were fed at a mean daily level of 2 kg/animal. The experimental diet was fed from puberty to mating (group 2) or during pregnancy (group 3). No difference was observed between the two trials. When fed to nonpregnant gilts, zearalenone induced a pseudopregnancy state in 45% of the animals; no estrus was detected within 50 d following puberty and corpora lutea developed at puberty were maintained. The uterine horns were edematous. Reproductive performance measured at 80 d postmating (ovulation rate, weight of corpora lutea, number of normal and abnormal fetuses, embryonic mortality) were not affected by zearalenone intake. But when zearalenone was fed during pregnancy, weights of uterus, placental membranes and fetuses were significantly decreased in comparison with those of control gilts and heterogeneity of fetuses in the same litter was increased. Hematocrit and erythrocyte count were lower in fetuses from gilts ingesting zearalenone, but hematology of the dams remained unaffected. No mycotoxin residue could be detected in gilts or fetal tissues despite the great consequences observed on cyclicity of the females or on the development of embryos. This experiment showed evidence of the estrogenic properties of zearalenone in mature gilts.

Animals↗
PubMed1981

[Discriminant factors of risk of infection in routine digestive surgery. Trial apropos of 308 cases].

Postoperative infection in routine digestive surgery is a common complication, its prevalence being variously assessed between 10 and 30%. Study of criteria of infectious risk, whether inherent to the subject or his environment, has not been the subject of overall evaluation. The present study involved 308 subjects in two departments of surgery with different geographical and architectural features. A comparison was first made between the two departments in terms of the surgical population and the reaction rate. The presence was then sought of a relationship between infection, whether general or local (urinary tract, pulmonary, septicaemia) and factors concerning the bacteriological environment and factors indicative of the resistance of the subject. The statistical technique of discriminant analysis was used to determine the preponderance of certain factors which might be indicative of at risk subjects.

Adult↗
PubMed1980

Cellularity of adipose tissue in fetal pig.

Adipose tissue cellularity was studied in the 85-day-old Large-White pig fetus. The aim of this work was to count the adipose cells of forming tissue in an animal species which could be a possible model for studying adipose tissue in humans. Using a morphometric method with electron microscopy, mean triglyceride volume per cell was determined independently of mean cell volume. This method is suitable for counting adipose cells in the early stage of differentiation whatever their size and lipid inclusion volume. Site-by-site dissection of adipose tissue was not feasible in the 85-day old fetus and adipose cell number was computed by dividing total carcass triglyceride volume by mean triglyceride volume per cell. The carcass triglyceride seemed to originate only from adipose cells. The mean total carcass triglyceride volume per fetus (1.84 g) was low but, owing to the low mean triglyceride volume per cell (180.28 microns3), the adipose cell number (11.15 X 10(9)) was relatively important, as it represented about 27% of the extramuscular adipose cell number in the Large-White adult pig (41 X 10(9)).

Adipose Tissue↗
PubMed1979

[Effects of feeding corn infested by Fusarium to sows].

The effects of feeding Gilts with mouldy Corn containing 3,61 mg/kg zearalenone were tested. Ingestion of this mycotoxin by puberous Gilts blocked the sexual cycles in more than half of the animals. Uterine horns were enlarged and corpora lutea didn't regress into corpora albicantia. The presence of zearalenone in the diet of pregnant Gilts had no effect on embryonic mortality at 80 days of pregnancy, but reduced foetal weight by 26%.

Animal Feed↗