[From a refugee camp under siege--nursing in extreme circumstances].
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Humans↗
Biomedical subjects
M Dahl
Publications and source records attributed to M Dahl.
Pre-excitation syndrome and Leber's hereditary optic neuroretinopathy.
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Female↗
Atherosclerosis precursors in Finnish children and adolescents. II. Height, weight, body mass index, and skinfolds, and their correlation to metabolic variables.
In a Finnish Multicentre Study, height, weight and skinfold thicknesses were measured in 3-, 6-, 9-, 12-, 15-, and 18-year-old children (N = 3,596). Height and weight percentiles superimposed on the current Finnish growth charts were above the standards in 6-15-year-old boys and 3-12-year-old girls. Triceps skinfold thickness percentiles (10% and 90%) appeared to be closest to British values and below American values. Weight, body mass index (BMI) and skinfold thicknesses showed good intercorrelations (up to .90) except in young boys. Height had a low positive correlation with BMI (.28 to .36) and with skinfold thickness (.23 to .36) in the age groups 6-12 years. BMI and subscapular skinfold seem to be useful obesity indicators. No consistent correlations were seen between physical variables and serum LDL- or total cholesterol and apoprotein B concentrations. There was a slight negative correlation between the physical variables and serum HDL-cholesterol. Apoprotein A1 correlated negatively to all obesity indicators in 12-year-old girls. Serum triglycerides showed slight positive correlation to physical variables. BMI and skinfolds had a low to moderate correlation with insulin (.21-.51) mainly in the three oldest age groups. On the ground of BMI and skinfold measurements we have reason to believe that the prevalence of obesity at 3-18 years of age is similar in Finland as in other countries in Europe.
Adolescent↗
Atherosclerosis precursors in Finnish children and adolescents. III. Blood pressure.
In connection with the Finnish Multicentre Study on the precursors of atherosclerosis in 3-, 6-, 9-, 12-, 15- and 18-year-old children and adolescents, blood pressure was measured in 3,596 subjects in the five university hospital areas. Blood pressure was measured with an ultrasound device (Arteriosonde 1020, Roche) in the 3-year-old children, and an ordinary mercury sphygmomanometer was used in the rest of the subjects. The systolic and diastolic values increased with age as has been shown earlier. There were no significant differences in the values between boys and girls except that the 15- and 18-year-old boys had values a little higher than girls of the same age. Weight and height correlated well to both systolic and diastolic blood pressures. Physical maturation also correlated to blood pressure.
Adolescent↗
Atherosclerosis precursors in Finnish children and adolescents. IV. Serum lipids in newborns, children and adolescents.
A multicentre study on atherosclerosis precursors in Finnish children and adolescents was carried out in five urban and 12 rural areas in the autumn of 1980 and spring of 1981. Serum lipids, i.e. cholesterol (TC), HDL-cholesterol (HDL-C) and triglyceride (TG) concentrations were determined and LDL-cholesterol (LDL-C) was calculated in 630 newborns and 3,596 children aged 3, 6, 9, 12, 15 and 18 years. In the newborns the mean serum TC concentration was 1.50 mmol/l, and the ratio of HDL-C to TC was 0.44. Newborn boys had lower mean TC, HDL-C and LDL-C values than the girls. In 3 to 18-year-old children the mean TC, LDL-C and HDL-C concentrations were 4.83 mmol/l, 3.09 mmol/l and 1.38 mmol/l, respectively. During puberty, TC mean values decreased, more so in boys. The serum levels of HDL-C also decreased, especially in boys, and after passing puberty boys had lower mean HDL-C levels than girls (1.26 vs. 1.39 mmol/l, p less than 0.001). The HDL-C/TC ratio was similar in all age groups (0.29). The mean TG value increased with age, being 0.88 mmol/l at the age of 18 yr. During sexual maturation, TG levels increased, more clearly in boys. There were no regional differences in serum lipid concentrations in the newborns, but in 3- to 18-year-old children the mean TC, LDL-C and TG values were lower in western than in eastern Finland. Mean TC and LDL-C values were lower in urban than in rural areas, but there was no difference in TG concentrations.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
Adolescent↗
Atherosclerosis precursors in Finnish children and adolescents. V. Fatty acid composition of serum cholesteryl esters: regional differences in Finland.
Fatty acid compositions of serum cholesteryl esters (CE) were analysed with gas chromatography from a total of 1,348 Finnish children. The study was a part of a comprehensive survey of atherosclerosis precursors among children, and included 3-, 6-, 9-, 12-, 15-, and 18-year-old children and adolescents from five urban and twelve rural communities in Finland. In all age groups and both sexes, the mean percentages of linoleate (CE-18:2) were lower and those of saturated and monounsaturated fatty acids higher in eastern rural areas than elsewhere. Eastern rural children also had significantly higher proportions of omega 3 polyunsaturated fatty acids in their serum CE's. The percentage of serum CE-18:2 parallels the P/S values obtained by a dietary survey from the same populations. The reason for higher percentages of the omega 3 fatty acids in rural communities cannot be explained by diet, and remains unclear.
Adolescent↗
Atherosclerosis precursors in Finnish children and adolescents. VI. Serum apolipoproteins A-I and B.
The concentrations of apolipoproteins A-I and B were determined in 1,341 3- to 18-year-old children and adolescents from five urban and 12 rural communities. The analyses were made with radial immunodiffusion. The mean concentrations (+/- S.D.) of apo A-I and apo B were 152 +/- 25 and 94 +/- 22 mg/100 ml, respectively. 3-year-old children had the highest apo B levels which then decreased with advancing age in both sexes. Boys tended to have lower levels of apo B than girls. Apo A-I concentration was significantly higher in the 9- and 12-year-old boys than in the other age groups but showed no age-bound trend in girls. The apo A-I to apo B ratio increased with age in both sexes. The concentration of apo A-I was significantly lower, and that of apo B higher, in children living in eastern Finland in comparison with those from the western part of the country. This difference and a higher HDL-cholesterol to apo A-I ratio in both sexes in eastern Finland may be associated with the regional differences in the prevalence of coronary heart disease in this country.
Adolescent↗
Atherosclerosis precursors in Finnish children and adolescents. VII. Serum immunoreactive insulin.
In the Finnish Multicentre Study of the risk factors of coronary heart disease serum immunoreactive insulin (IRI) was measured in 3,486 children and adolescents aged 3-18 years. Serum IRI increased with age till the age of 15 years in both sexes. The increase in serum IRI levelled off with the progression of pubertal development. Serum IRI levels were higher in girls than in boys from the age of 6 years onwards. Comparison of serum IRI gave identical results from eastern and western parts of the country. Serum IRI correlated positively with skinfold thickness, weight, relative weight and body mass index in all age groups except the 3-year-old children.
Adolescent↗
Atherosclerosis precursors in Finnish children and adolescents. X. Leisure-time physical activity.
As part of the more extensive project concerned with atherosclerosis precursors in Finnish children, this article aims at describing the method developed for epidemiological estimation of habitual physical activity, discussing the reliability and validity of the method and reporting the results of the application of this strategy in the measurement of habitual physical activity among 3 to 18-year-old Finnish boys and girls. The questionnaire for the measurement of physical activity was addressed to the parents of 3- and 6-year-old subjects (younger group) and to the subjects themselves in 9- to 18-year-olds (older group). Using four variables in the younger group and nine variables in the older group, sum indices of physical activity were made. Internal consistency coefficients (Kuder--Richardson) varied in the younger group from .57 to .63 and in the older group from .56 to .79. Most Finnish children and adolescents were physically active during their leisure-time. For comparison of passive and active children, screening for passive ones was difficult. Differences between East and West Finland associated with many risk factors, were not detected in the physical activity patterns of children and adolescents. On the other hand, the physical activity pattern was significantly determined by the local environment. In sparsely populated areas, young people were more inactive than in densely populated areas.
Adolescent↗
Atherosclerosis precursors in Finnish children and adolescents. XI. Psychological aspects.
The role of psychic risk factors in the early history of atherosclerosis was studied in 3,596 Finnish children and adolescents, aged 3, 6, 9, 12, 15, and 18 years. The family atmosphere, behavioural pattern and self-esteem were tested. The results showed that the abuse of alcohol by the parents and daily smoking by the child were the factors most clearly indicating the existence of psychic problems. The results showed that boys manifested in every age group behaviour most disposed to coronary heart disease (CHD). Furthermore, low serum HDL-cholesterol, high serum triglycerides, thick triceps skinfold and self-esteem problems coexisted and they can be supposed to independently contribute to the aetiology of CHD.
Adolescent↗
Atherosclerosis precursors in Finnish children and adolescents. XIII. Serum and hair copper and zinc concentrations.
The copper and zinc status of 3-18-year-old Finnish children was estimated by analysing 3,480 serum copper and zinc concentrations, 853 hair copper and 868 hair zinc concentrations. Both copper and zinc have been proposed to be connected with the pathogenesis of cardiovascular diseases. In addition, zinc is essential for normal growth and development. The mean serum copper concentration of 3-year-old children was 21.2 mumol/l and the concentration was significantly lower in older age groups. The average serum zinc concentration showed a narrow variation between 14.1 and 15.0 mumol/l in all age groups, nevertheless girls had significantly lower and boys higher values with increasing age. The distribution of hair copper concentration was skewed within the age groups; the median varied between 9.7 micrograms/g and 29.8 micrograms/g for 3-year-old urban girls and 18-year-old rural girls, respectively. Some rural girls had exceptionally high hair copper levels. Hair zinc concentrations increased with age. In the three youngest age groups (3, 6 and 9 years) the distribution was skewed and the levels low compared with results from the USA where a zinc concentration below 30 micrograms/g is found to be associated with the zinc deficiency syndrome.
Adolescent↗
Sleep and epilepsy.
Sleep has a marked influence on local epileptogenicity. Sleep deprivation appears to have an independent activating effect. It is effective in provoking spike-wave paroxysms in primary generalized epilepsy. Sleep recordings help in differentiating between partial and generalized epilepsies. Anterior temporal lobe discharges and partial seizures are facilitated by non-rapid eye movement (NREM) sleep, which also has a facilitatory effect on generalized discharges. Rapid eye movement (REM) sleep may activate frontal lobe, amygdaloid and supplementary motor area seizures, whereas it de-activates partial seizures from other regions, often revealing an occult focus. REM sleep also deactivates generalized seizures. Specific epileptic syndromes are related to the sleep-wakening cycle, i.e. Rolandic epilepsy, other benign partial epilepsies in childhood, and awakening epilepsy. Patients with an uncertain or unknown type of epilepsy should always be examined with routine electroencephalography (EEG) recording, sleep deprivation and spontaneous or sedated sleep recordings.
Anticonvulsants↗
A study of cardiovascular risk factors and their determinants in finnish children.
This report describes the results of a cross-sectional study of risk factors for cardiovascular diseases and their determinants among Finnish children. A random sample of 634 subjects (three- and 12-year-old girls and boys, and 17-year-old boys) was selected, and 72% of the subjects invited participated. The children were from five cities and their rural surroundings, representing various parts of Finland. Of the total energy intake, 14% was obtained from protein, 36% and 38-39% from fat, and 50% and 47-48% from carbohydrate by the three- and 12-year-old children, respectively. The mean polyunsaturated to saturated fatty acids (P/S) ratio for the whole series was 0.21, rural children having a lower ratio than urban children. In the three- and 12-year-old children the mean plasma cholesterol concentrations were 4.8 and 4.9 mmol/l, HDL-cholesterol 1.3 and 1.5 mmol/l and triglycerides 0.83 and 0.87 mmol/l, respectively. These plasma cholesterol concentrations are high by international standards. In the 17-year-old boys the mean plasma cholesterol was 4.3, and HDL-cholesterol 1.2 mmol/l, respectively. Plasma cholesterol values were higher in eastern than in western Finland in the older children. The relationship between plasma lipid concentrations and the composition of the diet was apparent in the 12-year-old group.
Adolescent↗
[Weight, height and age at menarche of Finnish children in 1980].
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Adolescent↗
Plasma cholesteryl ester fatty acids in 3- and 12-year-old Finnish children.
Risk factors associated with coronary heart disease were surveyed in a multicentre study carried out in 1979 among children living in different parts of Finland. The survey included analyses of plasma lipids and cholesteryl ester (CE) fatty acids as well as a dietary interview by a 48-hour recall method. The present report gives the plasma fatty acid compositions obtained from 181 3-year-old and 226 12-year-old children and their relations to dietary factors and other plasma lipids. The mean percentages (+/- SD) of CE linoleate in the 3- and 12-year-old children were 49.2 +/- 5.2 and 5.10 +/- 51.0%, respectively. Differences in CE fatty acid composition between the various regions of Finland were relatively small, but there was a trend to higher proportions of polyunsaturated fatty acids in western and urban compared with eastern and rural communities. Among different dietary constituents the daily intake of margarine + oils or butter had the greatest effect on plasma CE fatty acid composition. There was a highly significant positive correlation between the dietary P/S ratio and the percentage of CE linoleate in plasma.
Child↗
Serum fatty acids in 8-year-old Finnish boys: correlations with qualitative dietary data and other serum lipids.
To survey risk factors in coronary heart disease in Finnish children, fasting serum specimens from 244 healthy 8-yr-old boys were analyzed for the fatty acid composition of cholesterol esters (CE), triglycerides (TG), free fatty acids (FFA), and phospholipids (PL). A qualitative dietary survey was made by asking parents to answer a questionnaire including, among others, a question on the kind of fat usually used on bread by the child. The mean percentages of linoleate (18:2) in serum cholesterol esters, triglycerides, free fatty acids, and phospholipids were 53.1, 13.5, 11.5, and 22.7%, respectively, which represent an international average. The quality of dietary fat had a clear influence on serum fatty acids, eg, the content of 18:2 in CE was 56.8 +/- 3.6% in boys using soft vegetable margarine and 50.5 +/- 3.6% in those using butter. The former had also a marginally lower serum total cholesterol (4.87 +/- 0.86 mmol/l) than the latter (5.08 +/- 0.80 mmol/l). Serum total cholesterol showed significant negative correlations with the percentage of 18:2 in all four lipid fractions, the highest r values being with PL-18:2 (-0.41) and CE-18:2 (-0.24). Accordingly, serum cholesterol was lower in the highest CE-18:2 quartile (4.67 +/- 0.76 mmol/l) compared with the lowest (5.30 +/- 0.70 mmol/l; p less than 0.001). The results indicate that when serum fatty acids are used as indicators of the quality of dietary fat, a negative association between polyunsaturated fat and serum cholesterol may be demonstrable even within a free-living population.
Child↗
[So-called glomera in the region of the prostate].
In three cases prostate biopsies revealed structures which showed the histological characteristics of so called glomera (chemodectomas), one within the prostatic tissue, the others in the area of the capsule. Clinicians and pathologists to avoid misinterpretation have to be aware of the fact that this wellknown structure can occur in biopsy material.
Humans↗
Multicenter study of atherosclerosis precursors in Finnish children--pilot study of 8-year-old boys.
A multicentre study was launched to analyze the prevalence of risk factors for coronary heart disease and their determinants in Finnish infants, children and adolescents and to provide facts for the planning of intervention. The present report gives the results of the pilot study conducted among 264 8-year-old boys in 5 cities and corresponding rural areas in various parts of Finland. Data on eating habits were obtained from the parents by means of a questionnaire. Fasting serum specimens were analyzed in 249 subjects for cholesterol, HDL-cholesterol, triglycerides, and immunoreactive insulin (IRI). The fatty acid composition of serum lipids was determined in 244 subjects by gas chromatography. Soft vegetable margarine was used on bread by 29% of the boys in the rural and 46% in the urban areas. Low fat or skim milk, vegetables and fruit were used more often in the western than in the eastern part of the country. The mean values for serum lipids were as follows: cholesterol 5.0, HDL-cholesterol 1.4, and triglycerides 0.7 mmol/1. The proportion of linoleic acid in the fatty acid cholesterol ester fraction was higher than expected, 53%. The IRI values ranged from 2 to 55 (mean, antilog, 9.4) mU/l. The results served as background material for the main study of blood pressure, anthropometric, biochemical and socioeconomic variables.
Arteriosclerosis↗