Patient rights and physician responsibility: four problems in AIDS care.
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Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome↗
Biomedical subjects
M Cooke
Publications and source records attributed to M Cooke.
Fire retardants, biocides, plasticisers, and sudden infant deaths.
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Antimony↗
Ethical, behavioral, and social aspects of HIV vaccine trials in developing countries.
ISSUE: Several investigators are preparing to conduct efficacy trials of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) vaccines in the developing world. Failure to adequately address the unique ethical, behavioral, and social issues that surround vaccine testing in that setting will jeopardize the success of these trials and future acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS) research in the host nation. DESCRIPTION OF THE PROJECT: Twelve investigators from Africa, Asia, North America, and South America reviewed previous experience with HIV trials in developing countries and explored potential solutions to these issues. CONCLUSIONS: Host country scientists, government officials, and media must be actively involved in all aspects of the trials. Minimum prerequisites for conducting the trial include the following: (1) researching vaccines active against developing world HIV isolates; (2) establishing and maintaining an adequate technological infrastructure; (3) assessing the feasibility of recruitment in countries where the existence of HIV may be denied; (4) designing methods to obtain informed consent from each individual subject, rather than exclusively from family members or community elders; (5) creating locally appropriate instruments to measure risk behavior; (6) identifying a behavioral intervention for placebo and treatment groups; (7) making available laboratory methods to distinguish between natural HIV infection and vaccine-induced seropositivity; and (8) guaranteeing that an effective vaccine is available free of charge to the placebo group and at affordable prices to other host country residents.
AIDS Vaccines↗
Proficiency of internal medicine residents in outpatient care of patients with HIV infection.
To determine internal medicine residents' knowledge of HIV care, the authors conducted a survey of residents from four internal medicine programs in the San Francisco Bay area. On a knowledge test, the mean score was 42.4/55, 77% correct. The residents performed relatively worse on questions regarding didanosine and zalcitabine, tuberculosis prophylaxis, and risk of cervical neoplasia in HIV-infected women. Predictors of greater knowledge were specific residency program, higher postgraduate year, primary care residency track, and more extensive HIV experience. Primary care internal medicine residencies and programs with more exposure to HIV patients are most effective in producing knowledgeable residents.
Ambulatory Care↗
Caregiver burden in HIV-positive and HIV-negative partners of men with AIDS.
This study examines factors associated with caregiver burden in 82 HIV-positive (HIV+) and 162 HIV-negative (HIV-) partners of men with AIDS. We expected HIV+ caregivers to report more burden than HIV- caregivers because of the toll of their disease on their resources. HIV+ caregivers did report more burden and, compared with the HIV- caregivers, they were more religious or spiritual, had less income, and coped by using more positive reappraisal and cognitive escape-avoidance and by seeking social support. Comparisons of HIV+ caregivers with 61 HIV+ partners of healthy men indicated that most differences between HIV+ and HIV- caregivers were associated with HIV seropositivity rather than caregiving. However, of the variables associated with HIV seropositivity, only religiosity or spirituality contributed independently to burden in HIV+ caregivers, suggesting a relatively weak link between HIV seropositivity and caregiver burden. The model explained 62% of the variance in burden in HIV+ caregivers and 36% of the variance in HIV- caregivers.
Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome↗
[Laparoscopic hysterectomy. Results in 80 cases].
Our experience is based on laparoscopic hysterectomies performs from August 1992 to May 1994. The purpose of the initial surgical objective is described, as well as different variations of the technique. The procedure was systematized, the operating time was diminished to a considerable extent, thus avoiding intra-operatory complications. Pre-operatory diagnosis and histopathological findings were enumerated. Intra-operatory and post-operatory complications were evaluated. With an increasing development of the technique, a shorter operating time was made possible. The length of hospital stay and its quality were unrelated to the operation time. A quick recovery was reached as regards complete activity of the patients. Laparoscopic hysterectomy performed by an endoscopic-gynecologist surgeon represents an alternative and a new way of thinking.
Adult↗
Visitations to European veterinary schools.
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Education, Veterinary↗
Computational auditory scene analysis: listening to several things at once.
The problem of distinguishing particular sounds, such as conversation, against a background of irrelevant noise is a matter of common experience. Psychologists have studied it for some 40 years, but it is only comparatively recently that computer modelling of the phenomenon has been attempted. This article reviews progress made, possible practical applications, and prospects for the future.
Attention↗
Tendering for veterinary service contracts.
Despite the misgivings of many members of the veterinary profession, tendering for meat hygiene and other veterinary service contracts is becoming increasingly commonplace. In the article below, Mr Martin Cooke, a member of the BVA Company Services Advisory Committee and a veterinarian with extensive experience of public sector work, gives some advice on preparing and submitting a competitive tender.
Animals↗
Postnatal human immunodeficiency virus antibody testing. The effects of current policy on infant care and maternal informed consent.
Routine human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) antibody screening of umbilical cord blood identifies neonates at risk for HIV infection but may hold risks as well as benefits for infants and mothers. We describe the effect of testing on infant placement and care and report the women's understanding of pretest counseling and consent. In a case-control analysis of 327 tested infants, seropositive infants (13) had a higher rate of discharge to home (62%) than did controls (31%). More case infants (100%) received follow-up care and vaccinations than control infants (46%). Of 32 women interviewed after HIV antibody test informed consent, only 31% understood that a positive cord blood test result was inconclusive for the infant, and most (78%) did not identify any associated socioeconomic risks. Most (88%) stated an interest in learning their serostatus, but only 22% returned for test results. Despite the benefits of HIV antibody testing of at-risk infants, current testing and counseling procedures inadequately inform women, limiting the testing benefits to them.
AIDS Serodiagnosis↗
Supporting health care workers in the treatment of HIV-infected patients.
The care of HIV-infected patients is demanding, raising concerns among health care workers regarding safety, competence, and emotional endurance. Many health care workers are reluctant to undertake this challenging work. For many professions within health care, for example nursing, there is a clearly articulated responsibility to treat all ill individuals. Less unanimity on this point continues among physicians. Clearly, a first issue is to continue the discussion of the nature of physicians' professional responsibilities and to convey an understanding of the duties of physicians to medical students and to those considering careers as doctors. Meanwhile, efforts must continue to recruit individuals in all areas of health care to work with HIV-infected people. To some extent, this process will happen as a natural consequence of the evolution of the epidemic and its decreasing geographic and demographic restriction. "Mainstreaming" AIDS care will also require continuing attention to important issues, such as acquiring and maintaining the requisite professional competence in the management of HIV-related illnesses, ensuring the availability of support services that are required for the comprehensive care of HIV complications, and continuing education on and proactive monitoring of infection control practices. All of these activities assist in the creation of a positive environment for the care of AIDS patients. In addition, the emotional consequences of caring for HIV-infected people should be directly addressed, although there is less information on which strategies are useful. A supportive working environment, characterized by some meaningful element of control by all health care workers not just the medical staff, nonauthoritarian management, explicit and responsive processes for approaching the inevitable ethical dilemmas that arise in the care of HIV-infected patients, and a recognition of the emotional, psychological, and technical aspects of medical care are essential. In such an environment, health care providers will be able to develop and institute programs that address their particular needs. Strategies that have been helpful are diverse and include support groups, rotation of clinical assignments, part-time work, social activities away from the workplace, and collective spiritual activities.
Attitude of Health Personnel↗
An assessment of selective surveillance methods for detecting hospital-acquired infection.
Three selective surveillance methods were compared to a reference method in their ability to detect hospital-acquired infection (HAI) in patients occupying 122 beds of a district general hospital. The time for data collection was also assessed. The selective methods consisted of: (a) ward liaison surveillance (WLS), conferring with nursing staff twice weekly to determine patients with infections; (b) risk factor surveillance (RFS), the follow-up of patients with "clues" that indicated a risk of infection; and (c) laboratory-based ward liaison surveillance (LBWLS), the follow-up of positive microbiology reports by reviewing case records, in addition to conferring with nursing staff. The reference method consisted of total continuous clinical surveillance and the review of laboratory reports. During the 11-month period of the study, the reference method identified 306 HAI in 3,326 patients. LBWLS identified 71%, WLS 58%, and RFS 49% of HAI. The time for data collection (per week) was 7.75 hours for LBWLS, 4.3 hours for WLS, and 7.9 for RFS. In the United Kingdom, LBWLS was concluded to be an effective method of surveillance.
Cross Infection↗
Guidance for veterinary surgeons handling BSE cases.
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Animals↗
Withholding and withdrawal of life support from the critically ill.
We investigated decisions to withhold or withdraw life support from patients in the medical-surgical intensive care units at the Moffitt-Long Hospital of the University of California and San Francisco General Hospital, from July 1987 through June 1988. Among 1719 patients admitted to the two intensive care units, life support was withheld from 22 (1 percent) and withdrawn from 93 (5 percent). The reason for limiting care was poor prognosis. Of these 115 patients (18 of whom were considered brain-dead), 89 died in the intensive care unit (accounting for 45 percent of all deaths there), and all but 1 of the remaining patients died after transfer from the intensive care unit. Thirteen (11 percent) had earlier expressed the wish that their terminal care be limited, but this affected care in only four cases. Only 5 of the 115 patients made the actual decision to limit care; the others were incompetent at the time. Of the latter, 102 had families who participated in the decision; family members of the other 8 incompetent patients could not be found, and the decisions were made by physicians. Only 10 families initially disagreed with the recommendations to limit care, and they later agreed. The median duration of intensive care among the patients from whom life support was withheld or withdrawn was eight days at Moffitt-Long Hospital and four days at San Francisco General, as compared with medians of three and one days, respectively, for other patients who died in the intensive care units. We conclude that although life-sustaining care is withheld or withdrawn relatively infrequently from patients in the intensive care unit, such decisions precipitate about half of all deaths in the intensive care units of the hospitals we studied. In most of these cases the patients are incompetent, but physicians and families usually agree to limit care.
Adult↗
Occupational transmission of HIV: the ethics of physician risk and responsibility.
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Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome↗
Physician risk and responsibility in the HIV epidemic.
These discussions are selected from the weekly staff conferences in the Department of Medicine, University of California, San Francisco. Taken from transcriptions, they are prepared by Homer A. Boushey, MD, Professor of Medicine, under the direction of Lloyd H. Smith, Jr, MD, Professor of Medicine and Associate Dean in the School of Medicine. Requests for reprints should be sent to the Department of Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, School of Medicine, San Francisco, CA 94143.
Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome↗