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Biomedical subjects

M Cohen

Publications and source records attributed to M Cohen.

At least 991 records · Page 55Linked to original sources
PubMed1976

Community drug abuse agencies: an effective approach to the drug abuse problem.

Community-based drug agencies were established as a means for confronting the drug abuse dilemma. However, due to the traditional guidelines that were followed in developing CBDA programs, the unique aspects of the problem were overlooked. This uniqueness relates to the ability of the drug culture to satisfy basic human needs. To be effective CBDA must be able to satisfy the same needs that clients previously met through participation in the drug culture. This article examines three areas of weakness which limit the effectiveness of CBDA: (1) fragment delivery of services; (2) perpetuation of minimal client involvement, commitment, and responsibility; and (3) motivational considerations of board members. The alternative family structure is described as an innovative CBDA approach that directly relates to the uniqueness of the drug abuse problem.

Community Mental Health Services↗
PubMed1976

Multicore disease in twins.

Multicore disease in identical twin boys presented in infancy as generalized weakness and torticollis. Motor milestones such as sitting, standing, and running were delayed, although by the age of 6 years marked improvement in muscle strength had occurred. Serum enzymes were normal. Muscle biopsy revealed multifocal areas of decreased oxidative enzyme activity. Ultrastructurally, these areas were characterized by myofilament disruption and Z-band streaming.

Child↗
PubMed1976

Rhinovirus and influenza type A infections as precipitants of asthma.

Specimens from 49 persons, 3 to 60 years of age, who were prone to attacks of apparently infectious asthma were cultured for viruses and bacteria during episodes of symptomatic respiratory infection from September 1972 to June 1973. Seventy-one of 128 episodes (55 per cent) of symptomatic respiratory infection occurred with asthma. Shedding of respiratory pathogens was associated with 43 of the 128 episodes, and 19 of the 43 etiologically defined episodes occurred with wheezing. Seven of 15 rhinovirus symptomatic respiratory infections were linked with asthma, as were 4 of 5 influenza type A (H3N2) and 2 of 3 respiratory syncytial virus infections. A total of 21 different rhinovirus serotypes have been identified from asthmatic patients during 2 years of study; 14 of these were associated with wheezing, indicating that the ability to cause asthma is not restricted to only a few types. Other viruses that were shed during wheezing-associated symptomatic respiratory infections included para-influenza type 3, adenovirus type 7, and 2 unidentified viruses. Although infectious asthma was not easily defined in adults and some older children, viruses that appeared to precipitate asthma were distributed among patients of widely differing ages.

Asthma↗
PubMed1976

Variables related to length of stay in day programs for drug abusers.

In a study of client variables related to length of stay in two types of drug-free day treatment programs, results varied according to program structure and sex of the clients. In the more loosely structured Youth Centers, in which the programs differed from center to center and the populations were heterogenous, there were no clear-cut results. However, within the more tightly structured Ambulatory Treatment Units, the programs and the populations were more homogeneous, and the results showed a significant pattern related to length of stay, but for males only.

Age Factors↗
PubMed1976

Evaluating outcome criteria used in methadone maintenance programs.

This report reviews the results of several large methadone maintenance programs and analyzes the outcome measures used. Criteria measures were often vague and sometimes not defined. Many studies base their findings on unverified patient self-report because costs for more reliable and systematic data collection are prohibitive. Available data does not allow for resolution of the pro- or antimethadone maintenance views for treatment of heroin addiction.

Ambulatory Care↗
PubMed1976

Preliminary report on the intermandibular cutaneous glandular area and the infraorbital gland of the steenbok.

An intermandibular glandular area, never before described in any other ungulate has been found in the steenbok (Raphicerus campestris). It consists of enlarged sebaceous and apocrine sweat glands situated in the upper two-thirds of the dermis. They produce a dirty white almost flaky odoriferous substance which clings to the hairs of the area and is easily rubbed off for marking territorial areas as well as for marking females during mating. The infraorbital gland produces a black secretion which is the combined secretion of melanaceous, branched alveolar, sebaceous and enlarged apocrine sweat glands. The function of this secretion is not known as it is not used for any obvious marking purposes.

Animals↗
PubMed1975

Ionic dependence of sodium currents in squid axons analyzed in terms of specific ion "channel" interactions.

Inward sodium currents were measured from voltage-clamped giant axons externally perfused with artificial seawater (ASW) solutions containing various concentrations of sodium and potassium ions. The data was analyzed under the assumption that under a constant membrane potential sodium conductance is determined by a specific ion-channel site (SIS) reaction. The sodium current density values were expressed in terms of SIS-reaction rates which were compared, by means of minimization techniques, with those computed for various saturation reaction mechanisms. The following conclusions were drawn: 1) The dependence of peak inward sodium current on external sodium and potassium concentrations can be described in terms of saturation reactions. 2) The experimental data fit well the kinetics of a positive cooperative homotropic reaction, involving at least two allosteric active sites. One of these sites may be catalytic while the other, either catalytic or regulatory. 3) The inhibitory effect of external potassium on inward sodium current, can be described by a reversible competitive or noncompetitive inhibition mechanism. The values of the dissociation constant of the inhibitor-site "complex" (Ki) were found to be close to the external potassium concentration under physiological conditions.

Animals↗
PubMed1975

Age, smoking inhalation, and pulmonary function.

This study examined the relative effects of age and smoking on pulmonary function. Smoking was measured by six smoking variables, taken singly and as a composite. Subjects were 1,516 male participants in the Normative Aging Study. A stepwise multiple regression with vital capacity (VC) and forced expiratory volume at one second (FEV1.0) as the criteria accounted for 24.4% and 28.3% of the variance, respectively. Two-way analyses of variance showed that the age decline in pulmonary function was substantially greater for high inhalers than it was for low inhalers or nonsmokers. Age and the inhalation index were also noticeably and independently related to a decline in pulmonary function.

Age Factors↗
PubMed1975

An epidemic of echovirus 18 meningitis.

The first reported outbreak of echovirus 18 meningitis in the United States occurred during the summer of 1972 in Durham, North Carolina. One hundred three cases of aseptic meningitis were seen at Duke University Medical Center over a period of four months. Most of the patients were less than 25 years old, black, and residents of Durham County or nearby counties.. Symptoms included headache (92%), fever (76%), nuchal rigidity (67%), and nausea and/or vomiting (51%). In contrast to previously published reports of echovirus 18 infection, diarrhea and rash were infrequent (6% and 5%, respectively). There were no deaths. Counts of white blood cells in the cerebrospinal fluid ranged from 0 to 1,540 cells/mm-3, but 90% of the patients had less than 500 cells/mm-3. Echovirus 11 was recovered from the cerebrospinal fluid of 55 of 78 patients, and echovirus 11 was isolated from two patients. Virus was recovered from the cerebrospinal fluid of 12 patients despite white blood cell counts in cerebrospinal fluid of less than 10 cells/mm-3.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1975

Psychiatric evaluation services to court referred drug users.

This paper reports on the description and outcome of one hundred youthful drug abusers referred from family court for psychiatric evaluation and treatment recommendation. The average referral, both male and female, was a 16-year-old white Catholic from a middle class background who was diagnosed as having a personality disorder. Significantly more males than females showed pathology in early childhood such as behavior problems in school and hyperactivity. Follow-up data collected up to 6 months after evaluation and treatment recommendation indicated that approximately half of the clients showed improvement in terms of work and/or school adjustment, social relations, and drug use.

Achievement↗
PubMed1975

Alterations in energy metabolism and ultrastructure upon reperfusion of the ischemic myocardium after coronary occlusion.

The effects on myocardial function, metabolism and ultrastructure of 60 minutes of reperfusion, instituted after 30, 60 and 90 minutes of occlusion of the left anterior descending coronary artery, were studied in 48 dogs. Twelve sham-operated dogs served as controls. Coronary occlusion for 60 or 90 minutes caused significant depression in the first derivative of left ventricular pressure (dP/dt) (P less than 0.05) that could not be reversed by reperfusion. Upon reperfusion, creatine phosphate stores in myocardium made ischemic for 30 and 60 minutes, but not for 90 minutes, returned toward control levels, but stores of adenosine triphosphate (ATP) and total nucleotides and the ATP/adenosine diphosphate ratio of myocardium subjected to 60 and 90 minutes of ischemia were further decreased. After 60 and 90 minutes of ischemia, swelling of the sarcoplasmic reticulum and mitochondrial damage (swelling, decreased matrix density and partial loss of cristae) were seen. Myofibrils were relaxed in all these groups. Reperfusion produced gross contraction of myofibrils and aggravated these changes in mitochondria and sarcoplasmic reticulum. In the hearts subjected to 90 minutes of ischemia these changes were gross. The levels of creatine phosphokinase, glutamic oxaloacetic transaminase and lactic dehydrogenase in the coronary sinus blood increased dramatically (P less than 0.05) upon reperfusion after 60 or 90 minutes of occlusion, indicating severe impairment of cell membranes. This secondary rise in serum enzyme activity during reperfusion should be taken into consideration when estimating the size of a myocardial infarct from enzyme changes alone. It appears that 60 and 90 minutes of ischemia cause severe myocardial damage that is not reversed by reperfusion maintained for 1 hour although longer periods of reperfusion may be beneficial.

Animals↗