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Biomedical subjects

M Campbell

Publications and source records attributed to M Campbell.

At least 523 records · Page 29Linked to original sources
PubMed1983

Human T-cell leukaemia/lymphoma virus-associated lymphoreticular neoplasia in Jamaica.

19 (34%) of 56 Jamaicans with lympho-proliferative neoplasia had antibody to the human T-cell leukaemia/lymphoma virus (HTLV) in their sera. 17 of those positive had either non-Hodgkin's lymphoma (NHL) or chronic lymphocytic leukaemia. Of 16 consecutive patients presenting with NHL, 11 (69%) were HTLV seropositive. Virus-positive patients with NHL, among whom females were over-represented, had the clinical features and poor survival typical of adult T-cell leukaemia/lymphoma. HTLV-associated leukaemia/lymphoma is a distinct clinicopathological entity, and the high incidence in this series suggests that HTLV is an important cause of lymphoreticular neoplasia in Jamaica.

Adult↗
PubMed1983

A diagnostic approach to vomiting in severely retarded patients.

Vomiting is a considerable problem among severely retarded individuals. The majority have gastroesophageal reflux (GER). The incidence is increased in those who are nonambulatory or have scoliosis and/or spastic quadriplegia. In the absence of other symptoms, these persons should be kept in the upright position as much as possible. Persistent vomiting warrants a roentgenographic examination of the upper gastrointestinal tract. If GER is the only finding, upright positioning should be continued. The occurrence of complications attributable to GER is an indication for further diagnostic evaluation.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1983

Serial cranial computed-tomography scans in children with leukemia given two different forms of central nervous system therapy.

Cranial computed tomography (CT) was used to estimate the frequency and permanence of brain abnormalities in 108 consecutive children with acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL). Fifty-five patients received cranial irradiation (1,800 rad) with intrathecal methotrexate (RT group) and 53 patients received intravenous and intrathecal methotrexate without irradiation (IVIT group). Continuation treatment included sequential drug pairs for the RT group and periodic IVIT methotrexate for the other group. After 12 to 24 months of serial evaluation, five (9%) of the 55 patients in the RT group have had CT scan abnormalities, compared to 10 (19%) of 52 in the IVIT group (p = 0.171). Fourteen of the 15 patients with CT scan abnormalities had focal or diffuse white-matter hypodensity; these have reverted to normal in most cases, reflecting a dynamic process. While such CT findings are of concern and may be an early indicator of central nervous system toxicity, this remains to be proven. Therapy should not be altered on the basis of abnormal CT scans alone but in the context of the entire clinical situation.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1983

Gastroesophageal reflux--the acid test: scintigraphy or the pH probe?

The best established technique for diagnosing gastroesophageal reflux in children is the 24 hr esophageal pH probe test. No simultaneous comparison of this technique with radionuclide scans has been reported. Therefore, simultaneous 1 hr pH monitoring and gastroesophageal scintigraphy were performed in 49 infants and children with suspected gastroesophageal reflux. Forty-seven of these patients also were later monitored by the 24 hr pH probe test. Upper gastrointestinal series were performed on all patients. All patients with a positive 1 hr pH monitoring also had positive simultaneous scintigraphy. All patients with positive scintigraphy and pH probe monitoring also had a positive upper gastrointestinal series for reflux. The sensitivity of gastroesophageal scintigraphy, when compared to the 24 hr probe as a standard, was 79%; its specificity was 93%. The sensitivity of the upper gastrointestinal series was 86%, when compared to the 24 hr pH probe test. However, it specificity was only 21%.

Child↗
PubMed1983

Electroencephalogram and treatment of hospitalized aggressive children with haloperidol or lithium.

Electroencephalograms (EEGs) of 48 children ages 5.2 to 12.9 years were examined on baseline placebo and on optimal dosages of haloperidol, lithium, or placebo. These children represent a subgroup of 61 hospitalized aggressive and explosive patients diagnosed as Conduct Disorder, undersocialized, aggressive who completed a double-blind study comparing the efficacy of haloperidol, lithium, and placebo. EEGs were correlated across treatment groups with behavioral ratings, ratings of untoward effects, and optimal dosages of medication. During the baseline placebo period 58.3% of the children had abnormal EEGs. Children receiving haloperidol or lithium had a significant probability that their EEGs on optimal dose would worsen, and would be more likely to show paroxysmal or focal abnormalities than those children treated with placebo. It was possible to identify children treated with haloperidol, lithium, or placebo on the basis of EEG alone. Thus, despite limitations, visual evaluation of EEGs is of value. No statements can be made with confidence regarding associations between baseline EEGs and behavioral changes, side effects, or optimal dosages of haloperidol or lithium.

Aggression↗
PubMed1983

Teratology testing: I. Development and status of short-term prescreens. II. Biotransformation of teratogens as studied in whole embryo culture.

The development and role of short-term prescreening tests have been described and discussed in the first section. In the second section we have summarized the results of studies of the biotransformation and bioactivation of teratogens in a whole embryo culture system. The effect of adding a hepatic monooxygenase with or without cofactors or inhibitors gives information on the phase I bioactivation of teratogens. The growth retardation and defect rate can be correlated with the concentration of teratogen added. Four teratogens (cyclophosphamide, chlorambucil, rifampicin, and 2-acetylaminofluorene) were bioactivated in vitro by a liver monooxygenase system; one (cytochalasin D) was inactivated and seven others were active without bioactivation. Those that were active without bioactivation were sodium salicylate, niridazole, phosphoramide mustard, acrolein, 4-hydroperoxycyclophosphamide, 4-ketocyclophosphamide, ethanol, and acetaldehyde. These results establish that biotransformational variables must be considered if mass-screening programs are to have any validity.

Animals↗
PubMed1983

Behavior-disordered and aggressive children: new advances in pharmacotherapy.

The status of children's psychopharmacology is reviewed in the context of differences from its adult counterpart. An overview is presented of recent psychopharmacological developments in the treatment of childhood behavioral disorders. The disorders are grouped according to the potential usefulness of medication. The focus is on clinical efficacy and safety of drug usage. The effect of psychoactive drugs on cognitive functions in the laboratory is referred to, as well as the value of determining drug levels in clinical practice. It is concluded that drug administration in isolation is not the treatment of choice. Drug therapy is a valuable adjunct, however, to psychosocial interventions.

Aggression↗
PubMed1982

Body position and esophageal sphincter pressure in infants.

Lower esophageal sphincter pressure was measured in infants in the supine, prone, right lateral, left lateral, and upright positions; 14 had gastroesophageal reflux and 16 did not. Position had no significant effect on pressure in either group. However, patients with reflux had significantly lower pressures in each position. The rationale for postural therapy in infants with reflux cannot be based on alterations in sphincter pressure but is more likely related to the effect of gravity on the gastric pool. Compared with roentgenograms of the upper gastrointestinal tract or esophageal manometry the one- and 24-hour pH probe tests best identified reflux in those patients who were first seen with symptoms compatible with this diagnosis.

Esophagogastric Junction↗
PubMed1982

The effects of haloperidol on learning and behavior in autistic children.

The effects of haloperidol on behavioral symptoms and learning were critically assessed in autistic children in an ongoing double-blind placebo-controlled clinical trial. Children were randomly assigned to haloperidol-placebo-haloperidol or placebo-haloperidol-placebo treatment sequences. Statistically, haloperidol was significantly superior to placebo in reducing behavioral symptoms. In discrimination learning paradigm, children receiving haloperidol learned the discrimination while those on placebo did not. Discrimination attained on haloperidol was retained when the children were switched to placebo.

Autistic Disorder↗