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Biomedical subjects

M Campbell

Publications and source records attributed to M Campbell.

At least 307 records · Page 17Linked to original sources
PubMed1994

Management of women with mild and moderate cervical dyskaryosis.

OBJECTIVE: To compare the outcomes in women with mild and moderate dyskaryosis after increasing periods of surveillance and thereby to define a rational protocol for managing such women. DESIGN: Prospective study with randomisation of women to one of four treatment groups, each with a different period of surveillance; one group in which the women were given immediate treatment and three other groups in which the women were under surveillance for six, 12, and 24 months. SETTING: A dedicated colposcopy clinic in Aberdeen, Scotland. SUBJECTS: 902 women who presented with a mildly or moderately dyskaryotic smear for the first time. INTERVENTIONS: Cytological and colposcopic examinations at intervals of six months until the allocated period of surveillance was completed, at which time biopsy was performed. Women with severe dyskaryosis were withdrawn from surveillance and a biopsy was performed. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: The histological findings after punch biopsy or large loop excision of the transformation zone, and the trends in cytological appearances of serial cervical smears. RESULTS: 793 women completed the study. In all, 769 women had an adequate final smear, of which 197 were normal cytologically, 328 were still mildly or moderately dyskaryotic, and 244 were severely dyskaryotic. Seventeen of the 67 (25%) women with one repeat smear showing non-dyskaryosis had cervical intraepithelial neoplasia grade III compared with only one of the 31 (3%) women with no dyskaryosis in four repeat cervical smears (P < 0.0001). None of the women had invasive cancer. Of 158 women whose index smear showed mild dyskaryosis and who were allocated to the group under surveillance for two years, only 40 had not defaulted or still had dyskaryotic smears by the end of the two years. CONCLUSION: Cytological surveillance, although safe, is not an efficient strategy for managing women with mildly abnormal smears. Women with any degree of dyskaryosis in a smear should be referred for colposcopy.

Adult↗
PubMed1994

Mapping of low-frequency chimeric yeast artificial chromosome libraries from human chromosomes 16 and 21 by fluorescence in situ hybridization and quantitative image analysis.

Yeast artificial chromosome (YAC) clones from low-frequency chimeric libraries of human chromosomes 16 and 21 were mapped onto human diploid fibroblast metaphase chromosomes using fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH) and digital imaging microscopy. YACs mapped onto chromosome 21 were selected to provide subregional location and ordering of known and unknown markers on the long arm of chromosome 21, particularly in the Down syndrome region (q22). YACs mapped onto chromosome 16 were selected to overlap regions spanning chromosome 16 cosmid maps. YAC clones were indirectly labeled with fluorescein, and the total DNA of the chromosome was counterstained with propidium iodide. A single image containing both the FISH signal and the whole chromosome was acquired for each chromosome of interest containing the fluorescent probe signal in a metaphase spread. From the digitized image, the fluorescence intensity profile through the long axis of the chromosome gave the total chromosome length and the probe position. The map position of the probe was expressed as the fractional length (FL) of the total chromosome relative to the end of the short arm (FLpter). From each clone hybridized, 20-40 chromosome images were analyzed. Thirty-eight YACs were mapped onto chromosome 16, and their FLs were distributed along the short and long arms. On chromosome 21, 47 YACs were mapped, including 12 containing known markers. To confirm the order of a dense population of YACs within the Down syndrome region, a two-color mapping strategy was used in which an anonymous YAC was located relative to one or two known markers on the metaphase chromosome.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

Chromosome Mapping↗
PubMed1994

Children with schizophrenia: diagnosis, phenomenology, and pharmacotherapy.

This article presents data on the diagnosis and phenomenology of schizophrenia in 16 hospitalized children, ages 5.5 to 11.75 years. These 16 subjects are the first to complete an ongoing double-blind, placebo-controlled study of haloperidol in children with schizophrenia diagnosed by DSM-III-R criteria. We describe the pharmacologic treatment response of this subsample and compare our diagnostic, phenomenologic, and treatment findings with those of other investigators. Our results show that children under age 12 can be diagnosed with schizophrenia by the same criteria used for adults, that they show comparable clinical symptoms, and that on haloperidol they show improvement in target psychotic symptoms, at least in a short-term inpatient setting.

Child↗
PubMed1994

Cervical carcinoma in the Grampian region (1980-1991): a population-based study of survival and cervical cytology history.

OBJECTIVES: To study survival in women treated for cervical carcinoma in Grampian region, to identify clinical and pathological prognostic factors, and to correlate survival with cytology history. DESIGN: A retrospective study of all cases of cervical carcinoma using a prospectively gathered database. Data validated by 1 in 10 randomised retrospective case note sampling. SETTING: Aberdeen Royal Infirmary. SUBJECTS: Three hundred and sixty-three women resident within Grampian diagnosed as having cervical carcinoma between 1980 and 1991, with five-year survival data on the 206 diagnosed by the end of 1986. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURE: Five-year survival rates. RESULTS: The mean annual incidence of cervical carcinoma in our population was 11.2 per 100,000 women, with an overall five-year survival of 67% in those under 40 years of age and 60% in those aged 40 years and over. On univariate analysis, survival was significantly adversely affected by tumour stage, grade and absence of previous smears. On multivariate analysis, the effect of previous smear history was lost, but stage and grade remained strong independent risk factors for survival. There was no significant difference in five-year survival by age or tumour type. CONCLUSIONS: The prognosis of cervical carcinoma in Grampian region was independently affected only by stage of disease and tumour grading and cervical smear history.

Adult↗
PubMed1994

Characterization of the internal promoter of simian foamy viruses.

Simian and human foamy viruses (HFV and SFV), genetically related members of the spumavirus genus of retroviruses, have complex genome structures which encode the gag, pol, and env genes for virion proteins as well as additional open reading frames. One of these open reading frames is a viral transactivator, encoded by genes designated taf for SFV and bel-1 for HFV, which augments transcription directed by the long terminal repeat (LTR) through cis-acting targets in the U3 domain of the LTR. Recently, an internal transcriptional promoter has been identified in sequences within the 3' end of the HFV env gene (M. Lochelt, W. Muranyi, and R. M. Flugel, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. 90:7317-7321, 1993). We have demonstrated by using transient expression assays in several tissue culture cell lines and by analyzing viral transcripts in infected cells that SFV-1 from a rhesus macaque and SFV-3 from an African green monkey also encode an internal promoter in the env gene. Transcription directed by the internal promoters of SFV-1 and SFV-3 is activated by the taf-1 and taf-3 gene products, respectively, in several cell types. The importance of a TATA box for the SFV-1 internal promoter was established by site-specific mutagenesis, and the 5' ends of transcripts initiating in the internal promoter have been determined. cis-acting sequences in the SFV-1 env gene required for the response to taf-1 are contained within a 121-bp element located 5' to the TATA box in the internal promoter. This taf-1-responsive element in the internal promoter functions in a position- and orientation-independent fashion in a heterologous promoter and thus has the properties of an enhancer which depends on taf-1 activity. Alignments reveal that the SFV-1 internal promoter and the SFV-1 LTR have little sequence relatedness. Cross-transactivation studies show that the transactivators of SFV-1 and HFV function on the internal promoter and LTR of the homologous virus but not on the heterologous virus. In summary, the genomes of simian and human foamy viruses direct viral transcription through both the promoter in the LTR and an internal promoter within the env gene, and each promoter contains unique enhancer-like elements regulated by the viral transactivator.

Animals↗
PubMed1994

Rapid diagnosis of glucocorticoid suppressible hyperaldosteronism in infants and adolescents.

Glucocorticoid suppressible hyperaldosteronism (GSH) is an uncommon form of dominantly inherited hypertension. Presentation with hypertension and complications such as stroke in early life are well recognised. The use of a simple genetic test carried out on blood or placenta facilitates the detection of infants and children with GSH before the development of hypertension, allowing prompt treatment of hypertension if it occurs, and an opportunity to study the effects of growth and environmental influences on the progression of the condition.

Adolescent↗