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Biomedical subjects

M Bourgeois

Publications and source records attributed to M Bourgeois.

At least 73 records · Page 4Linked to original sources
PubMed1995

[Obsessive-compulsive disorders versus obsessive-compulsive syndromes. Comparative study of two surveys of the general population and of psychiatric consultants].

Recent epidemiological studies were conducted in the general population, showing high rate prevalence of obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD), estimated between 2 and 3% in the community. Although investigation of OCD prevalence had challenged the "real" definition of diagnostic threshold-criteria. Recent data from the Zurich study and from a large french clinical survey had confirmed the high prevalence and the validity of the subsyndromal forms of OCD (which are labelled as OCS or Obsessive-Compulsive Syndroms). In the Zurich study, lifetime prevalence rates of OCS was estimated to 5.5%. Point prevalence rates of OCS was recorded at 19.2% in the French survey (population of 4364 new patients seeking psychiatric help). In the two studies, a significant association between OCS and other disorders (major depression, dysthymia, phobic disorders) was found. Lifetime suicide attempts rate was found in 16-18% of subjects suffering from OCS (respectively in the Zurich and the French studies). These results confirmed that OCS (or subsyndromal forms of OCD) seemed to represent a clinically valid subgroup which modern classification systems fail to recognize, requiring treatment.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1995

[Postpartum "blues" questionnaire. French version of "Maternity blues" of H. Kennerley and D. Gath].

The "maternity blues questionnaire", of Kennerley and Gath, has been translated, following the usual procedures: first, preparation of a preliminary translation in French, then, evaluation of the translation by experts of the subject matter and language. The French questionnaire has been tested, with French women from different socioeconomic levels, and with bilingual women. A back-translation has confirmed the translation. This 28 items questionnaire is presented in two steps to women: for each item first, they have to decide whether the item applies to them to-day by answering yes or no; then, to decide how much change there is from their usual self, by ticking one choice out of five, from "much less than usal" to "much more than usal". The instructions for questionnaire administration and scoring are described in the paper. We also describe the limits and difficulties of use and we discuss the possible applications of this questionnaire.

Depressive Disorder↗
PubMed1995

[Comparative study on the occupational levels of unipolar and bipolar probands and relatives].

One hundred thirty patients fulfilling DSM III-R criteria for bipolar disorder (n = 82) and major depression (n = 49) were included in a comparative study on the occupational levels of unipolar and bipolar probands and relatives. The occupational levels did not significantly differ between unipolar and bipolar probands. A comparison between the whole groups including probands and all their relatives revealed a social advantage both for male and female members of bipolar families. An overrepresentation was found in the higher occupational class in bipolar probands' brothers and children.

Adult↗
PubMed1995

[Possible implication of obstetric risk factors in the etiopathogenesis of schizophrenia].

Neuroradiologic and neuropathologic studies have revealed evidence of the existence of structural brain damage in schizophrenics, the ethiopathogenesis of which could include early neurodevelopmental disturbances. Exposure to obstetric complications could be an environmental risk factor predisposing to the later occurrence of schizophrenic disorder in adolescence. The majority of studies evaluating such an association have found an excess of obstetric complications in schizophrenia patients, tough without revealing the existence of a preferential link with a specific type of complications. These interpretation of these results in terms of cause-and-effect must remain cautious, because of the methodological limitations of the studies.

Causality↗
PubMed1995

[Importance of DSM IV (APA) and ICD-10 (WHO) in diagnosis and treatment of mood disorders].

Since 1993, with ICD-10 (WHO), and 1994, with DSM IV (APA), practitioners have had at their disposal two (practically compatible) classifications of mental disorders containing operational criteria for diagnosis, and helpful in guiding clinical and therapeutic approach. Moreover, the use of one of these classifications (ICD-10) is compulsory in French state psychiatric institutions. We shall try to convince that these manuals are useful, and indeed unavoidable, henceforth, not only for researchers but also for practitioners, for the following reasons: "Any form of order is preferable to chaos" (Lévi Strauss); An implicit classification is always at work, even where the clinician feels he is working by intuition and treating each patient as a unique and individual case. It is not necessarily a bad thing to compare one's own stereotypes with currently held beliefs; All efforts to evaluate treatments, both psychotherapeutic and chemotherapeutic, are now based on these clinical definitions and models. Particularly as regards mood disorders, DSM III and DMS IV have managed to rid us of the uncertainties and contradictions surrounding etiopathogenesis (endogenous? psychogenic? reactive? defensive? adaptive? biological? etc.) which previously ruled out any explanatory classification. There still remain a number of pathological pictures of proven existence but with different levels of significance and different treatments. The bipolar/unipolar distinction (BP/UP) has been strengthened. Major depression (actual "depression", of moderate severity) remains the central model, and exists in both the unipolar and bipolar forms. There is also chronic (more than 2 years) progressive dysthymia (UP) which corresponds almost exactly to "Depressive personality". For bipolar disorders, the distinction between bipolar I disorders and bipolar II disorders, which is now well-documented, has been retained. Cyclothymia (lasting over 2 years) is in a sense the bipolar equivalent of dysthymia. Mixed disorders are distinguished from rapid-cycling bipolar disorders. It is now known that the range of bipolar disorders requires treatment with thymoleptic drugs and that antidepressants should be used only in unipolar disorders, and occasionally in bipolar forms to treat certain acute episodes of depression. Furthermore, many specific clinical forms are defined: postnatal depression, seasonal depression, adaptive difficulties with depressive mood or anxiety and depression, iatrogenic depression or depression related to medication or to intercurrent illnesses. Moreover, criteria are also suggested "for future studies" of post-psychotic depression in schizophrenic patients, minor depression, brief recurrent depressive episodes and anxio-depressive syndrome.

Antidepressive Agents↗
PubMed1995

[Dysphoric mania and mixed states].

Mixed states and depressive or dysphoric mania have been described by Kraepelin at the beginning of the century. They recently became the focus of interest and research. This type of bipolar disorder is frequent (30-40%), severe, difficult to treat. They can be associated with neurological and developmental disorders, substance abuse and other conditions. These patients are less responsive to lithium than patients with pure mania. Anticonvulsant drugs appear to be more efficacious. They can be prescribed with lithium. ECT proved to be useful in case of non response. The nature of these conditions is still a matter of discussion: protracted transitional state or mood switch, association with ultra-rapid cycling, or rather superimposition of two psychopathologies and physiopathogeny of mania and depression.

Anticonvulsants↗
PubMed1994

[Depressive pseudodementia. Diagnostic importance of quantified EEG].

The accuracy of computerized EEG to discriminate depressive pseudodementia from dementia was evaluated in 12 inpatients with recent cognitive impairments (all with DSM III R diagnosis of dementia). EEG were performed during wash-out period, then all subjects underwent an ECT and/or antidepressant trial. After this trial, clinical improvement was significant for six patients, while the six others remained unimproved. According to these two groups, electrophysiological data were retrospectively compared. Discriminant stepwise analysis exhibited that the combination of two parameters: symmetry of occipital alpha power and frontal alpha/theta ratio, was able to discriminate future responders from non responders patients with a greater accuracy than clinical and classical EEG parameters.

Aged↗
PubMed1994

Inhibition of cap (m7GpppXm)-dependent endonuclease of influenza virus by 4-substituted 2,4-dioxobutanoic acid compounds.

Synthesis of influenza virus mRNA is primed by capped and methylated (cap 1, m7GpppXm) RNAs which the virus derives by endonucleolytic cleavage from RNA polymerase II transcripts in host cells. The conserved nature of the endonucleolytic processing provides a unique target for the development of antiviral agents for influenza viruses. A series of 4-substituted 2,4-dioxobutanoic acid compounds has been identified as selective inhibitors of this activity in both influenza A and B viruses. These inhibitors exhibited 50% inhibitory concentrations in the range of 0.2 to 29.0 microM for cap-dependent influenza virus transcription and had no effect on the activity of other viral and cellular polymerases when tested at 100- to 500-fold higher concentrations. The compounds did not inhibit the initiation or elongation of influenza virus mRNA synthesis but specifically inhibited the cleavage of capped RNAs by the influenza virus endonuclease and were not inhibitory to the activities of other nucleases. Additionally, the compounds specifically inhibited replication of influenza A and B viruses in cell culture with potencies comparable to the 50% inhibitory concentrations obtained for transcription.

Animals↗
PubMed1994

[Manic depressive disorder, pregnancy, and psychotropic treatment].

Several therapeutic problems are posed when a manic-depressive patient is or wishes to become pregnant. The relative risks and benefits of psychotropic treatments must be carefully assessed. Available data on teratogenic risks and neonatal complications (overdosage or withdrawal syndromes) are briefly reviewed. Treatment guidelines for pregnant bipolar patients are proposed.

Bipolar Disorder↗
PubMed1994

[Health psychology, medical psychology, psychosomatic medicine and liaison psychiatry].

Health psychology is a new discipline which introduces transactional conceptions and biopsychosocial integrative models of health and disease. Its fields of research overlap the traditional domain of psychosomatic medicine (study and treatment of the mind--conscious or unconscious--of organic patients), and also, partially, the domain of psychological medicine (which in France is focused on the psychology of the practitioner and the patient-doctor relationship), behavioral medicine and liaison psychiatry (which is the use of modern diagnosis and treatment of psychiatry proper to medical patients). Rather than a potential competition, one must see a challenge and an opportunity for renewal of psychiatry in the field of medicine as well as collaborative perspectives. Health psychology uses new stringent methodology and instruments for research (dimensions) evolving from scientific psychology. Brief and critical analysis of this new discipline.

Behavioral Sciences↗
PubMed1994

[Fatigue and signs of depressive symptoms in general practice in Aquitaine].

UNLABELLED: An epidemiologic study of patients consulting General Practitioners (GPs) was conducted among GPs who usually collaborate on Aquitaine Sentinel Network, supported by the Department of Medical Informatics of the University of Bordeaux II. One day in June and one day in December 1992, each GP who participated in this investigation had to collect age, sex and reason for consulting about every patient who took medical advice. For every patient over 15 year old, on the day of the consultation or the previous week, the GP had to collect signs of depression, dysphoria, loss of interest or pleasure in the daily-living activities, insomnia, fatigue, inappropriate guilt, diminished ability to think or indecisiveness, recurrent thoughts of death... RESULTS: In June, 79 GPs collected data on 1,500 patients and in December 80 GPs interviewed 1,400 patients. The main sign was fatigue (35%). Then, in frequency order, sleep disorders (26.5%), appetite and weight disorders (22.7%), dysphoria (18.7%) and loss of interest or pleasure for daily-living activities (16.7%) have been found. Among patients who present at least one of the signs of depression (more than 50% of the sample), half had associated handicap in every-day life activities. Major depression prevalence rate was respectively 5% in June and 6.3% in December whereas dysthymia was 4.3%.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1994

[The measurement of "coping". French translation and validation of the Vitaliano's scale (Vitaliano et al. 1985)].

Coping is currently defined as "the various cognitive or behavioral efforts intended to master or tolerate the internal or external demands which threaten or go beyond the resources of a subject "(Lazarus & Folkman, 1984). The general objective of this work was to present the french version of a coping scale (Vitaliano et al., 1985) for the assessment of the different types of coping strategies which one can use when confronting an adversive event. Our population is composed of 501 adults (329 female and 172 males) of the age of 20 to 35 years. A Principal Component Analysis gave us a general factor of coping (12% V.T.) which gathers emotional focused strategies and problem focused strategies. The factorial analysis with varimax rotation confirmed the existence of 5 specific types of coping strategies. These are "solving problem" factor (9.4% V.T.), "avoidance with wishful thinking" factor (7.5% V.T.), "seeks social support" factor (6.5% V.T.), "positive reevaluation" factor (5.9% V.T.) and "self-blamed" (5.7% V.T.). These results allowed us to construct a valid questionnaire of 29 items measuring 5 types of coping strategies.

Adaptation, Psychological↗