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M Anwar

Publications and source records attributed to M Anwar.

At least 37 records · Page 2Linked to original sources
PubMed1993

Projections from the nucleus tractus solitarii to the spinal cord.

Projections from the nucleus tractus solitarii (NTS) to the spinal cord were demonstrated in the male Sprague-Dawley rat. In retrograde transport studies, a horseradish peroxidase conjugate or a fluorescent dye, FluoroGold, were injected into midcervical or upper thoracic spinal segments. Most solitariospinal neurons were multipolar or bipolar and located between the obex and spinomedullary junction. Solitariospinal neurons were concentrated in proximity to the ventral border of the solitary tract and extended dorsally into the intermediate division and ventrolaterally into the intermediate reticular zone (IRt) of the lateral tegmental field. This subgroup predominantly projects to midcervical spinal segments. A subset of small neurons was retrogradely labeled from cervical or thoracic spinal segments in the medial commissural nucleus and contiguous with a periventricular group surrounding the central canal. In anterograde transport studies, iontophoretic deposits of Phaseolus vulgaris leucoagglutinin were centered stereotaxically on sites in NTS identified by retrograde transport data. The lectin was incorporated by neurons of the solitary complex and transported bilaterally by axons that emerged from the nucleus and entered the reticular formation. The solitario-reticular (transtegmental) pathway irradiated diagonally across the IRt and extended caudally into the cervical lateral funiculus and spinal gray. A small periventricular-spinal pathway also descended longitudinally to the neuraxis. Solitariospinal neurons project to superficial lamina of the dorsal horn, laminae VII and X and ventral horn. The projections are predominantly contralateral to phrenic and intercostal motor nuclei and ipsilateral to the intermediolateral cell column. The solitariospinal projection represents the shortest route in the central nervous system, other than the local intraspinal reflex, through which first order visceral afferents signal cardiorespiratory and alimentary motor nuclei.

Animals↗
PubMed1993

Effect of cervical vagotomy on catecholaminergic neurons in the cranial division of the parasympathetic nervous system.

This study provides evidence of catecholaminergic neurons in the cranial division of the parasympathetic nervous system. Presumptive catecholaminergic preganglionic neurons in the dorsal motor nucleus of the vagus (DMX) were revealed by a clearcut depletion of intracellular catecholamine-synthesizing enzyme immunoreactivity induced by unilateral cervical vagotomy and identified on tissues immunocytochemically processed for tyrosine hydroxylase (TH), dopamine beta-hydroxylase (D beta H) or phenylethanolamine N-methyltransferase (PNMT). This experimental design was essential because of the recent failure in two species to reproduce data previously obtained in double-label (combined immunocytochemical-retrograde transport) studies. Vagotomy data confirmed three spatially-segregated populations of catecholaminergic visceromotor neurons in the DMX. These cell bodies were morphologically identical to preganglionic neurons observed on alternate tissues stained for Nissl substance or immunostained for choline acetyltransferase (ChAT), the enzyme biosynthesizing acetylcholine. Neurons in the central and medial DMX demonstrated fall-off of TH-like immunoreactivity (LI) ipsilateral to the vagotomy at levels caudal to the obex. This cell group is assumed to be predominantly dopaminergic since relatively few neurons at this level of the DMX expressed D beta H-LI and none were immunostained for PNMT. A second population of immunoreactive neurons, concentrated in the rostral-lateral region of the DMX, was depleted of D beta H-LI on the ipsilateral side but did not express PNMT. These visceromotor neurons may, therefore, biosynthesize noradrenaline and belong to the rostral pole of the A2 area. A third population of presumptive adrenergic vagal dorsomotor neurons in the rostral-medial DMX was depleted of TH-, D beta H- and PNMT-LI at levels of the ipsilateral nucleus anterior to obex. Patterns of depletion of cytoplasmic enzyme-immunoreaction product were identical in all cases irrespective of the site of the transection or the postoperative survival period. Quantitative analysis demonstrated statistically significant loss of immunolabeled neurons in rostral and caudal subgroups of the DMX on the side ipsilateral to the vagotomy. It is concluded that catecholaminergic processes in the vagus nerve, as previously identified by the aldehyde-induced histofluorescence method, may partly arise from the lower brainstem.

Animals↗
PubMed1993

Vasopressinergic mechanisms in the nucleus reticularis lateralis in blood pressure control.

We sought to determine whether arginine vasopressin (AVP) modulates arterial pressure (AP) by a receptor-mediated action in the nucleus reticularis rostroventrolateralis (nRVL). Immunocytochemical labeling with an antiserum against a synthetic AVP conjugate revealed a discrete although modest presumptive neuropeptidergic innervation of the nRVL. Electron microscopic analysis of vasopressinergic processes in the nRVL revealed that AVP-like immunoreactivity (AVP-LI) was primarily in axons and axon terminals. Immunoreactive terminals contained numerous small clear vesicles and large dense core vesicles and formed synapses with unlabeled dendrites. In the nRVL, retrograde transport-immunofluorescence data demonstrated close appositions between vasopressinergic beaded processes and a compact subambigual column of reticulospinal neurons labeled by deposits of cholera toxin beta-subunit into the thoracic spinal cord. Similar methods were used to define the origins of the AVP-afferent projection to nRVL. These retrograde transport-immunofluorescence studies demonstrated numerous retrogradely labeled neurons in the hypothalamus, including the paraventricular nucleus (PVN), after injections of a retrograde tracer, Fluoro-Gold into the ventrolateral medulla. However, double-labeled neurons were rare and confirmed a diffuse AVP afferent innervation of the sympathoexcitatory area. Microinjection of AVP into the nRVL in anesthetized rats produced a large dose-related increase in AP different from control at a dose of 1 pmol or higher. AVP injected intravenously elevated AP only at significantly higher doses. Microinjections of AVP into the nucleus tractus solitarii (NTS) had a smaller effect whereas into the caudal ventrolateral medulla exerted no effect on AP. Bilateral microinjections of an AVP antagonist, d(CH2)5[Tyr(Me)2]AVP into the nRVL produced no change in AP but blocked the increase produced by subsequent injections of AVP. An acute hemorrhage produced by withdrawal of 2 ml of blood from the femoral vein did not alter AP. However, bilateral microinjections of the AVP antagonist into the nRVL 5 min after hemorrhage decreased AP. In contrast, the AVP-antagonist injected intravenously after hemorrhage had no effect on AP. Our data suggest that under conditions demanding increased sympathetic drive to maintain AP, such as hemorrhage, a functional AVP receptor mechanism via terminals in the nRVL may be activated to restore normal levels of AP.

Animals↗
PubMed1993

Organization of presumptive catecholamine-synthesizing neurons in the canine medulla oblongata.

Immunocytochemical methods were used to identify cells and processes containing two major catecholamine (CA)-biosynthetic enzymes in areas of the canine medulla implicated in autonomic control. Antisera were employed against tyrosine hydroxylase (TH) and phenylethanolamine N-methyltransferase (PNMT). These enzymes respectively catalyze the conversions of tyrosine to L-DOPA and noradrenaline to adrenaline. Immunocytochemical studies laid the groundwork for subsequent investigations in conscious dog in which we characterized an area of cardiovascular control in the rostral ventrolateral medulla (RVLM). In the anatomical studies, previously unidentified neuronal somata and processes were demonstrated in the canine medulla. Presumptive adrenergic (CI) neurons in the canine RVLM were subjacent to the nucleus ambiguous (NA) and most numerous at a level where the compact and semicompact divisions of NA merged. In contrast to their distribution in rodents, C1 neurons were skewed caudally and did not extend rostrally to the caudal pole of the facial nucleus. C1 neurons were also relatively less concentrated in the RVLM. A large number of C1 neurons extended dorsally into the lateral tegmental field (LTF). Most C1 neurons in the LTF (like those in the A1 area) were aligned with catecholaminergic (TH- and PNMT-ir) processes traversing the intermediate reticular zone. Since the numbers and locations of TH- and PNMT-ir neurons in the C1 area of the RVLM and rostral LTF were virtually identical on adjacent sections, it can be implicitly inferred that the enzymes are co-localized to the same somata and that these neurons are capable of biosynthesizing adrenaline. The C1 and A5 areas were clearly separated by a transitional zone, sparsely populated by TH-ir somata (1-2 cells per section), where the facial nucleus and rostral pole of the NA pars compacta (NAc) occupied the same level. A5 neurons were more abundant and complexly organized than suggested by previous CA-histofluorescence data. In addition, a new parvicellular subgroup was identified and composed of neurons containing TH but not PNMT. In contrast to other species, the A1 cell group was not confined to the VLM. A large number of A1 neurons extended into the caudal LTF and were situated between the nucleus tractus solitarii-motor vagal complex (NTS-X) and caudal VLM (CVLM). In contrast to previous reports, presumptive adrenergic (TH- and PNMT-ir) cell groups were more densely represented in the C2-3 areas of the canine NTS and dorsomedial reticular formation.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)

Animals↗
PubMed1993

Effect of incision size on early postoperative visual rehabilitation after cataract surgery and intraocular lens implantation.

One hundred fifty-one unilateral cataract patients were randomly assigned to receive either a one-piece Staar AA-4203 silicone intraocular lens inserted through a 3.5 mm incision, an loptex 5 mm x 6 mm oval optic lens inserted through a 5.5 mm incision, or an AMO three-piece modified C-loop 6.0 round optic poly(methyl methacrylate) lens inserted through a 6.5 mm incision. Follow-up was 97% at two days postoperatively and 84% at one week and two months postoperatively. At one week postoperatively, 62% of 3.5 mm incision cases had uncorrected visual acuity of 20/40 or better compared with 33% of 5.5 mm (P < .01) and 43% of 6.5 mm incision cases. At two months postoperatively, 85% of 3.5 mm incision cases had uncorrected visual acuity of 20/40 or better compared with 64% of 6.5 mm (P < .05) and 71% of 5.5 mm incision cases. The 3.5 mm incision cases had significantly less total keratometric cylinder than other cases at all postoperative examinations (P < or = .001) and less surgically induced cylinder at two days and one week post-operatively (P < or = .02). The 5.5 mm and 6.5 mm incision cases did not differ significantly in visual acuity or astigmatism at any examination.

Adult↗
PubMed1993

Middle cerebral artery occlusion increases cerebral capillary permeability.

One hour after middle cerebral artery occlusion, the regional blood to brain transfer coefficient of alpha-aminoisobutyric acid was determined in eight barbiturate anaesthetized rats. The transfer coefficient (microliter/min-1/g-1) was significantly higher in the ischaemic cortex (10.6 +/- 2.3) than in the contralateral cortex (6.5 +/- 1.0). Cerebral regional capillary surface area was determined in another group of twelve rats using an alkaline phosphatase stain for the total capillary bed and fluorescein isothiocyanate-dextran to visualize the perfused capillaries. Perfused capillary surface area (cm2/cm3) was lower in the ischaemic cortex (141 +/- 31) than in the contralateral cortex (426 +/- 32). Using these values for the transfer coefficient, surface area and our previously published data of regional cerebral blood flow after middle cerebral artery occlusion, we calculated the extraction fraction of alpha-aminoisobutyric acid, the permeability-surface area product and the permeability of cerebral regional capillary beds. Although, there are numerous reports of permeability-surface area product of brain capillaries, to our knowledge, the permeability has never been determined before. The calculated extraction fraction ratio for alpha-aminoisobutyric acid for ischaemic cortex/contralateral cortex was 3.1. Similar ratios for permeability-surface area product and capillary permeability were 1.6 and 4.4, respectively. Thus, there was a more than four fold increase in capillary permeability to small molecules in the ischaemic cortex one hour after middle cerebral artery occlusion.

Aminoisobutyric Acids↗
PubMed1993

Hypertension and a tumor of the glomus jugulare region. Evidence for epinephrine biosynthesis.

Glomus jugulare tumors have been reported to secrete norepinephrine and cause severe hypertension with features similar to pheochromocytoma. In contrast, epinephrine secretion has not been observed in these neoplasms. This has been attributed to the absence of the norepinephrine-methylating enzyme, phenylethanolamine-N-methyltransferase (PNMT), required for epinephrine synthesis. We report a patient with severe hypertension caused by a glomus tumor that secreted norepinephrine and epinephrine. Following selective venous sampling, catecholamines were quantified by radioenzymatic assay. Marked elevations in norepinephrine and epinephrine release were localized to the glomus tumor. The enzymes involved in catecholamine biosynthesis, including PNMT and tyrosine hydroxylase, were identified immunocytochemically in the tumor. The glomus tumor had staining patterns identical to those observed within normal rat glomus cell. Hypertension resolved with resection of the functioning tumor. This is the first report of PNMT in a functioning paraganglioma of the glomus jugulare region. The factors that determine why functional activity is expressed only rarely by paraganglioma remain undefined.

Adult↗
PubMed1993

Return of fertility after the removal of intrauterine devices: a comparison of inert and copper bearing devices.

The use of intrauterine device (IUD) has been suspected to be linked to involuntary infertility due to increased risk of pelvic inflammatory diseases. Nevertheless, it remains unclear whether the overall risk of infertility after discontinuing use of IUD increases with the duration of IUD use. Thus, the present study was designed to evaluate the return of fertility after discontinuing use of copper containing IUDs compared to inert IUD and to determine a possible relationship between the length of IUD use and return of fertility. Ninety women with Lippes Loop type D (LL), 88 women with Copper-T200 (TCu-200) and 83 women with Multiload Copper-250 (MLCu-250) were included in the analysis. The life table analysis and log rank-test showed that TCu-200 and MLCu-250 acceptors had a more rapid return of fertility compared to LL acceptors, although there was no significant difference in the return of fertility between TCu-200 and MLCu-250 acceptors. Compared to LL acceptors, the net cumulative probability of pregnancy after discontinuing use of IUD was 3 times higher in copper containing IUD acceptors in the first 3 months and somewhat higher in the first 4 to 11 months after removal of IUD. The length of use in copper containing IUDs (TCu-200 and MLCu-250) acceptors did not influence the return of fertility, whereas the return of fertility after removal of inert IUD (LL) was significantly higher in case of the use for shorter than 48 months compared to the use for longer than 48 months.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

Adult↗
PubMed1992

Presumptive adrenergic neurons containing phenylethanolamine N-methyltransferase immunoreactivity in the medulla oblongata of neonatal swine.

Given the importance of the swine (Sus scrofa) as an animal model for human development, physiology and disease, neurons containing the epinephrine-synthesizing enzyme, phenylethanolamine N-methyltransferase (PNMT), were mapped in the medulla oblongata of neonatal swine as a first step in identifying their roles in central autonomic control. Neurons were labeled immunocytochemically by using an antiserum to PNMT raised in rabbits against trypsin-treated enzyme purified from the bovine adrenal gland. The general regional organization of neurons expressing PNMT (-like) immunoreactivity (ir) in the neonatal swine was similar to data obtained in other species and, in some aspects, more closely resembled the pattern observed in the primate brain. Immunolabeled cells appeared to be more abundant and caudally more extensive than observed in other adult animals. PNMT-immunoreactive (ir) neuronal somata, however, were largely confined to the reticular formation in the ventrolateral quadrant and the nucleus tractus solitarii (NTS) and more restricted in distribution than those expressing tyrosine hydroxylase (TH) and dopamine beta-hydroxylase (D beta H)-ir on serial transverse sections. A close correspondence was observed between the distributions of TH- and PNMT-ir neurons and processes throughout the C1 and C2 areas. However, in the C1 and C3 regions TH-ir neurons outnumbered those containing D beta H and PNMT-ir. In contrast, cell groups enriched in PNMT-ir neurons and processes were characterized by relatively weak D beta H-ir. In the ventrolateral medulla (VLM), PNMT-ir cell bodies were concentrated rostrally and extended from the caudal pole of the facial nucleus to a level posterior to the calamus scriptorius. The rostral VLM was characterized by an admixture of bipolar and multipolar primarily medium-diameter immunostained neurons. A prominent cell column (condensation) organized ventromedially to the nucleus ambiguus pars compactus (NAc). A loosely organized cluster bordered the lateral aspect of the special visceral efferent column; another smaller aggregate was located in the ventromedial reticular formation adjacent to the inferior olive. At middle medullary levels, PNMT-ir neurons formed two distinct subgroups (dorsal and ventral) interrupted by a band of precerebellar relay neurons that extended between the medial and lateral limbs of the lateral reticular nucleus of Walberg. At obex, the dorsal cell group formed a diagonal array and assumed a position dorsal and dorsolateral to the medial limb of LRN. This group was distinguished by bipolar neurons with axes of orientation directed perpendicularly to the majority of neurons in the rostal VLM or those lying near the caudal ventromedullary surface.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)

Aging↗
PubMed1992

An evaluation of IUD insertion by a non-clinical delivery system.

To evaluate the safety, effectiveness, side-effects, and continuation rate associated with non-clinical IUD insertion compared to IUD insertion in routine clinical facilities, a cohort comparative study was done on two groups of IUD users self-selected for either the non-clinical or clinical delivery system in Yogyakarta Special Area Province. During the months of January to March 1985, 454 non-clinical and 625 clinical acceptors were recruited into this study. However, only 414 non-clinical and 605 clinical acceptors fulfilled the inclusion criteria and were included in the analysis. Bleeding and pain were the most common side-effects reported by acceptors. The frequency of bleeding was higher in the non-clinical group than in the clinical group. However, the difference was a not statistically significant relative risk (RR) of 1.09 (0.8-1.4) to 1.2 (0.9-1.5). Severe menstrual blood loss mostly occurred in the first three months after insertion and then declined in the rest of the year in both groups. The frequency of pain was not clearly different between the two groups during the whole year, with RR 0.8 (0.5-1.3) to 1.3 (0.8-2.0). The actual number of pregnancies was very small and the difference was not statistically significant (p = 0.375). The 12-month expulsion rates were 7.22 per 100 IUD users for the non-clinical group and 7.00 for the clinical group. The difference was not statistically significant (p = 0.660). The cumulative probability of women who were still using IUDs at 12 months was 89.7% and 89.1% for the non-clinical and clinical groups, respectively. The non-clinical delivery system seemed to be responsive to an unmet demand for family planning among women with lower educational background compared with those in the clinical setting service. While the characteristics of a population obviously influence the contraceptive behavior, this study shows that the non-clinical delivery system family planning method provides a similarly efficacious and safe service to the usual clinical system.

Cohort Studies↗
PubMed1992

Effects of isoflurane on transport across the blood-brain barrier.

The blood-brain barrier (BBB) plays an important role in regulating and restricting transfer of molecules into the interstitial space of the brain. Anesthetic agents may affect the permeability of the BBB. In this investigation, the effect of isoflurane on the transport of small hydrophilic molecules across the BBB was studied in rats by measuring the blood-brain transfer coefficient (Ki) and the regional cerebral blood flow (rCBF) and by calculating the capillary permeability-surface area (PS) product. In the control group, after a femoral artery and vein were catheterized under isoflurane anesthesia, rats were allowed to remain awake for 2 h before measuring Ki (n = 6) or rCBF (n = 11). In the two experimental groups, rats were anesthetized with 1% and 2% isoflurane respectively, and their lungs were mechanically ventilated through a tracheal tube. Ki was measured (1% n = 6, 2% n = 7) using 14C-alpha-aminoisobutyric acid, and rCBF was measured (2% n = 7) using 14C-iodoantipyrine. Two percent isoflurane did not affect rCBF in 9 of 13 brain regions. Blood flow was less in the lateral and posterior cortex and greater in the medulla and pons when compared with the control group. Ki was less in 11 of 13 brain regions in both the 1% and 2% isoflurane groups than in the control group. There was no significant difference between 1 and 2% isoflurane in any brain region.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

Aminoisobutyric Acids↗
PubMed1992

Quantitative determination of morphometric indices of the total and perfused capillary network of the newborn pig brain.

The purpose of this study was to determine if the newborn pig brain had a reserve of unperfused capillaries during normoxia. To accomplish this, a method was developed to determine the volume fraction, surface area, and number of both total and perfused capillaries in the newborn pig brain. Newborn pigs of either sex, 2-7 d old, were used. FITC-dextran, molecular weight 147,000, was used as a plasma marker to visualize the perfused capillaries. Alkaline phosphatase staining was used to stain the total capillary bed of the brain. Our results showed that FITC-dextran stayed within the vascular compartment, as it was not seen in areas that were not subsequently visualized with alkaline phosphatase staining. Eighty-four to 86% of the alkaline phosphatase-stained capillaries could be visualized with perfusion markers (india ink or FITC-dextran) in different brain regions. Similar results were obtained in two animals using a basement membrane stain, silver methenamine. The total volume fraction of capillaries (mm3/mm3) was cortex 0.055 +/- 0.012, cerebellum 0.062 +/- 0.011, and medulla 0.039 +/- 0.012. Capillary surface area (mm2/mm3) of different brain regions averaged cortex 23.2 +/- 1.8, cerebellum 24.8 +/- 2.5, and medulla 15.8 +/- 2.9. The total number of capillaries (per mm2) was cortex 375 +/- 37, cerebellum 329 +/- 37, and medulla 216 +/- 32. The time course of filling of the capillaries indicated that approximately 50% were perfused at 6 s, which increased to over 80% at 12 s and remained unchanged thereafter.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

Animals↗
PubMed1992

Effects of fentanyl on alpha-aminoisobutyric acid transfer across the blood-brain barrier.

The effect of fentanyl on the transfer of small hydrophilic molecules across the blood-brain barrier was studied in rats by measuring the blood-brain transfer coefficient (Ki) and the regional cerebral blood flow (rCBF) and by calculating the capillary permeability-surface area product. In the control group (n = 14), after a femoral artery and vein were catheterized under isoflurane anesthesia, the rats were allowed to remain awake for 1.5 h before measuring Ki (n = 8) using intravenous 14C-alpha-aminoisobutyric acid or rCBF (n = 6) using 14C-iodoantipyrine. In the fentanyl groups, rats were injected with 25 micrograms/kg (low (n = 6) or 100 micrograms/kg (high dose) of fentanyl (n = 14), followed by a continuous infusion at a rate of 50 or 200 micrograms.kg-1.h-1, respectively. Their lungs were mechanically ventilated. The Ki (low dose, n = 6; high dose, n = 8) and rCBF (high dose, n = 6) were measured 1 h after fentanyl infusion. The Ki was lower in 9 of 13 brain regions in the low-dose fentanyl group and in 7 of 13 brain regions in the high-dose fentanyl group than in the control animals. The average value of Ki in all the brain regions was 8.6 +/- 4.6 microL.g-1.min-1 in the control group, 5.2 +/- 2.9 microL.g-1.min-1 in the low-dose fentanyl group, and 5.7 +/- 2.9 microL.g-1.min-1 in the high-dose fentanyl group. High-dose fentanyl did not significantly affect rCBF in any brain region studied. The value of the regional permeability-surface area product was similar to the corresponding regional Ki in the groups studied. In conclusion, fentanyl decreased the transfer of small hydrophilic molecules across the blood-brain barrier, as demonstrated by a decreased Ki and permeability-surface area product, without significant changes in rCBF.

Aminoisobutyric Acids↗
PubMed1992

The role of maternal thyroid hormones in maintaining early pregnancy in threatened abortion.

To evaluate a possible role of thyroid hormones in maintaining early pregnancy, serum levels of thyroid hormones, TSH and thyroxine-binding globulin (TBG) in 32 patients with a clinical diagnosis of threatened abortion were compared between two groups of patients with favorable and unfavorable pregnancy outcome. Serum levels of T4, T3, free T4 and free T3 levels determined at the onset of clinical signs of threatened abortion were found to be significantly lower in patients (N = 11) who subsequently aborted compared to patients (N = 21) who did not. Serum TSH levels did not differ between the two groups. Serum TBG levels in the patients who subsequently aborted were lower compared to patients with favorable pregnancy outcome. Furthermore, serum levels of T4 and T3 at the onset of threatened abortion in patients who subsequently did not abort were significantly higher compared to levels before pregnancy, whereas little increase in serum T4 and T3 levels relative to the pregnant levels was observed at the onset of clinical signs in the patients who subsequently aborted. These data imply a possible role of thyroid hormones in maintaining early pregnancy, and suggest that maternal serum level of thyroid hormone may be one of the endocrine factors responsible for the outcome of threatened abortion.

Abortion, Threatened↗
PubMed1992

Leukemic infiltrate versus anterior uveitis.

Anterior segment leukemic infiltrate (ASLI) is rare; it is found in 0.5% to 2.5% of all leukemic relapses. Its clinical manifestations, at times, are similar to those of anterior uveitis (AU). We report the cases of three patients, all of whom had ASLI as their primary manifestation of relapse. We observed some major clinical differences between ASLI and AU that may help differentiate these two conditions without using anterior chamber paracentesis and/or iris biopsy. The development of resistance to leukemic therapy is the major factor in treatment failure.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1991

Strain difference in phenylethanolamine N-methyltransferase activity and immunoreactivity of medulla oblongata of Sprague-Dawley and Long-Evans hooded rats.

Previously, we reported that retinal phenylethanolamine N-methyltransferase (PNMT) activity of Sprague-Dawley (SD) rats was significantly higher than that of Long-Evans (LE) hooded rats. However, there were no noticeable differences observed in PNMT-immunostaining patterns between the retinae of LE and SD rats. In order to examine this discrepancy, we extended this study to areas of the medulla oblongata harboring PNMT-containing cell bodies. In the present report, we demonstrate that the enzyme activity as well as the immunoreactivity of PNMT in medulla oblongata of SD rats were significantly higher than that observed in the LE strain.

Animals↗
PubMed1991

A comparative clinical trial of the TCu 380A, Lippes Loop D and Multiload Cu 375 IUDs in Indonesia.

The Copper T 380A (TCu 380A), Lippes Loop D (LLD) and the Multiload Cu 375 (MLCu 375) IUDs were evaluated for safety and efficacy in a multicenter randomized clinical trial in Indonesia. A total of 2992 women were enrolled into the study and data for 2845 women were analyzed (147 cases did not meet protocol criteria). Although study IUDs were randomly assigned, LLD users in this study were older and of higher parity than TCu 380A and MLCu 375 users. The 24-month gross cumulative life-table pregnancy rates for TCu 380A, LLD and MLCu 375 users were 1.2, 2.2 and 2.7, respectively. The 24-month expulsion rates for TCu 380A, LLD and MLCu 375 users were 6.7, 7.5 and 5.3, respectively. Overall, 24-month continuation rates were 85.5%, 85.0% and 85.4% for the respective device groups. Differences in both gross and age- and parity-adjusted life-tables rates for the major outcome variables were not statistically significant at 24 months postinsertion. The study suggests that the TCu 380A, LLD and MLCu 375 IUDs seem to be safe and effective contraceptive options for Indonesian women.

Adolescent↗