Minnesota OSHA infectious agent requirements.
Explore the source record for details and available documents.
HIV Infections↗
Biomedical subjects
L Malm
Publications and source records attributed to L Malm.
Hyperosmolarity but not histamine evokes secretion of nasal fluid in the rat.
Histamine (dihydrochloride or free base), mannitol or sodium chloride applied topically to the nasal mucosa of anaesthetized rats stimulated the secretion of fluid in a dose-dependent manner. Compound 48/80 applied in the same way and histamine given s.c. failed to evoke secretion. The secretion evoked by topically applied histamine was resistant to pretreatment with H1 and H2 receptor antagonists i.p. Furthermore, the secretion evoked by histamine and sodium chloride was resistant to pretreatment with atropine i.p. or lidocaine topically. The secretion evoked by mannitol or by sodium chloride was not reduced by H1 receptor antagonists and was not significantly different from that obtained after challenge with histamine of equivalent osmolality. We conclude that the response to topically applied histamine reflects the hyperosmolarity of the compounds applied and not the effect of histamine on histamine receptors.
Animals↗
Nasal airway resistance and symptoms after functional septoplasty: comparison of findings at 9 months and 9 years.
Thirty-five patients undergoing a functional septoplasty for nasal obstruction and pathologically high nasal airway resistance were followed up twice, at about 9 months and 9 years postoperatively. The resistance of the preoperatively narrower cavity was reduced at both check-ups, while that of the preoperatively wider cavity, and of the total nose, was lower at the late follow-up than at the early one. Seventy-four per cent of the patients were satisfied with the operation at the first follow-up, and 69% at the later one. Preoperatively, all the patients suffered from nasal obstruction. Postoperatively, at the 9-month follow-up 51% were subjectively free from obstruction, but only 26% were symptom-free at 9 years. Obviously, then, both objective and subjective changes may occur later than 9 months after functional septoplasty.
Adult↗
Capsaicin evokes secretion of nasal fluid and depletes substance P and calcitonin gene-related peptide from the nasal mucosa in the rat.
1. The secretion of nasal fluid was studied in anaesthetized rats after topical application of capsaicin, and of calcitonin gene-related peptide (CGRP) alone or CGRP in combination with substance P (SP). The flow of nasal fluid was stimulated and the secretions collected by a filter paper technique. The concentrations of SP and CGRP in nasal biopsies were determined after topical or systemic administration of capsaicin. 2. Capsaicin (single dose administration) stimulated nasal secretion in a dose-dependent manner. The effect was inhibited by hexamethonium, lignocaine, or by the tachykinin antagonist (D-Pro2, D-Trp7,9)-SP, but not by atropine, or by a combination of the histamine H1-receptor antagonist chlorpheniramine and the H2-receptor antagonist ranitidine. 3. When applied cumulatively, capsaicin rapidly produced desensitization. The concentrations of SP and CGRP in the nasal mucosa were reduced by capsaicin 6 days after topical or s.c. administration but not 15 min after topical application of desensitizing doses. 4. CGRP did not stimulate the secretion of nasal fluid and did not alter SP-evoked nasal secretion. 5. The inhibition by hexamethonium of the capsaicin-evoked nasal secretion suggests the involvement of ganglionic reflexes. In addition, the inhibition of the response to capsaicin by (D-Pro2,D-Trp7,9)-SP and lidocaine and the depletion of SP and CGRP after capsaicin indicate the involvement of tachykinin-mediated axon reflexes.
Animals↗
Effect of terbutaline on human eustachian tube function.
Terbutaline, a beta 2-adrenoceptor agonist, was administered subcutaneously to 10 healthy adult subjects. The pressure opening level (Pol) of the Eustachian tube (ET) and the remaining middle ear pressure when the ET closed (Pcl) after passive equilibration were measured as well as parameters for active tubal function. A quantitative impedance method in combination with a pressure chamber was used. Pol was reduced by 0.29 +/- 0.10 (-7.3%) kPa 90 min after injection of terbutaline 5 micrograms/kg body weight. There was also a decrease in Pcl, 0.17 +/- 0.06 kPa (-14.0%). No such decrease was seen after saline solution injected subcutaneously. It is suggested that terbutaline facilitates the ET opening by stimulating the secretion of surface tension lowering substances.
Eustachian Tube↗
The effect of gestation on eustachian tube function in rats.
Patulous Eustachian tube (tuba aperta) is a distressing condition for the patient with such symptoms as autophony and a sensation of fullness in the ear. One-third of women with the diagnosis are pregnant or taking oestrogens. To study whether opening of the Eustachian tube is facilitated during pregnancy, the tube opening function of 14 pregnant rats was compared with that of 14 non-pregnant controls. The middle ear air pressure at which the tube opened (the pressure opening level, Pol) was lower in pregnant rats than in controls; and the difference between Pol and the pressure during open tube (at continued air injection) was less in the pregnant rats. In two additional rats it was then demonstrated that instillation of a surface tension lowering substance in the middle ear caused similar pressure changes as occur during pregnancy. It is concluded that opening of the Eustachian tube in rats is facilitated in pregnancy, and it is suggested that this is due to a reduction in surface tension of the Eustachian tube secretion.
Animals↗
Substance P and nasal secretion in dog, rat, and man.
The effect of substance P (SP) on nasal secretion was studied in dog, rat, and man. Substance P was administered topically by the use of filter papers that had been soaked with an aqueous solution of SP and dried. The SP-containing filter paper strips were applied to the nasal mucosa for five minutes. The secretion was absorbed onto the filter papers. The strips were weighed before and after the experiment. Substance P induced atropine-resistant nasal secretion in a dose-dependent manner in anaesthetized dogs and rats. In man, SP failed to evoke nasal secretion in the doses applied. Systemic effects limited the dose that could be given to man. When exposed to nasal secretions SP was rapidly degraded. This may explain the failure of SP to evoke nasal secretion in man.
Animals↗
Hyperreactivity of the nasal mucosa--which drug, when and how?
Explore the source record for details and available documents.
Adult↗
On rhinomanometry in rhinoplasty.
Changes in nasal obstruction, nasal airway resistance, and postoperative nose appearance were evaluated in 92 rhinoplasty patients. Fifty-six patients had a deviation of their nose from the midline preoperatively. They were improved according to rhinomanometry whether the rhinoplasty was combined with a functional septoplasty or with a submucous resection. Among the other 36 patients who did not have a deviation of the nose from the midline, 23 had a rhinoplasty combined with a functional septoplasty and 13 had no surgery on the septum at all. Rhinomanometrically, only patients operated on with the combined operation were improved; the rest became worse, even in terms of nasal obstruction. Among 58 patients from both groups with preoperative nasal obstruction, there was agreement for 76 percent between the subjective and rhinomanometric changes. The advantages of giving the rhinomanometric results in a polar coordinate system are discussed.
Adolescent↗
Rhinomanometry and nasal peak expiratory and inspiratory flow rate.
Variation in nasal patency can be studied by rhinomanometry as well as by nasal expiratory and inspiratory peak flow rate. The accuracy of 12 sets of peak flow meters was tested in a standardized way using a pump. Differences between flow meters were found. Consequently it is recommended for a patient to use the same flow meter throughout a study. Comparison between nasal expiratory and inspiratory peak flow was performed before and after provocation of 12 grass pollen-allergic patients. Inspiratory peak flow showed certain advantages compared with expiratory peak flow measurements. The results can best be expressed as the means rather than the top values of three consecutive registrations. Twelve healthy subjects were also tested with rhinomanometry, nasal expiratory and inspiratory peak flow before and after decongestion with nose spray. Comparisons among the three methods showed significant correlations.
Adult↗
Effect of body position, epinephrine, and a surface-tension-lowering substance on the eustachian tube opening in the rat.
The middle ear pressure was increased by air injections and the level (pressure opening level = Pol) at which the Eustachian tube (ET) opened was determined in anaesthetized ras. At a rate of pressure increase of 0.7 kPa/s it opened at 4.1 +/- 0.4 kPa. A change of the body and head position from horizontal to almost vertical increased the Pol by about 0.4 kPa (head downwards) and decreased the Pol by about 0.3 kPa (head upwards). Epinephrine tested in a dose-response experiment had no significant effect on Pol (doses from 0.01 to 10 micrograms/kg body weight). A surface-tension-lowering substance, Tween 20, instilled into the middle ear, reduced Pol by about 1 kPa. A change in body and head position had thus a moderate effect on the passive opening of the ET, a strong decongestant had no effect, and a surface-lowering substance, a marked effect. With increasing rates of pressure change in the middle ear, Pol increased. After instillation of Tween 20 there was an almost parallel shift to lower values of the regression line of the Pol at different rates of pressure increase.
Animals↗
Evaluation of pharmacological effects on eustachian tube function.
Explore the source record for details and available documents.
Animals↗
Rhinomanometry in routine allergen challenge.
Ten patients with allergic rhinitis due to grass pollen were challenged out of season with increasing concentrations of a well defined grass pollen extract. The reactions to challenge were followed by active anterior rhinomanometry at rest and just after exercise, rhinoscopy, counting of sneezes, measurement of secretion, and registration of the patient's subjective symptoms. It was not possible to detect a positive reaction earlier with rhinomanometry than the other methods. Thus, rhinomanometry does not seem necessary in routine allergologic work.
Adolescent↗
Resection of the interfrontal sinus septum in chronic or recurrent frontal sinusitis. Pre- and post-operative evaluation of the naso-frontal duct.
In 9 patients with recurrent attacks of acute or chronic frontal sinusitis, interfrontal sinus septum resection was performed. In 5 patients there was unilateral disease and in 4 bilateral. As all patients had previously had their frontal sinus trephined, pre- and post-operative naso-frontal duct function tests were performed. Pre-operatively, of 11 naso-frontal ducts tested (2 patients bilaterally) not one showed air flow on spontaneous respiration. Passage of air was obtained at forced inspiration and expiration in one patient and by Valsalva's manoeuvre in 6. No flow of air whatsoever was obtained in 4 of the ducts, whatever the method used. At follow-up performed 1-8 years post-operatively 7 out of the 9 patients had no frontal sinus problems. The remaining 2 patients, who both had nasal allergy, were improved. Post-operative testing of the 9 patients showed flow of air on spontaneous respiration in 4 patients, whereas 4 needed forced inspiration or expiration and only one patient Valsalva's manoeuvre. The sinus septum resection, which is very simple to perform, is a good alternative to more extensive frontal sinus surgery but may be of less value in patients with nasal allergy.
Acute Disease↗
Effect of atropine on the eustachian tube function.
The effect of atropine on the eustachian tube function was studied by means of a recently designed method. The results out of 20 examined ears showed that atropine significantly reduced both active and passive functions of the eustachian tube. The findings are discussed and it is concluded that the method used might be a valuable tool in forthcoming studies of pharmacological effects on the eustachian tube function.
Air Pressure↗
Orally administered decongestant drugs in disorders of the upper respiratory passages: a survey of clinical results.
Side-effects of peroral mucous membrane decongesting agents have been described in recent years while at the same time documentation of the efficiency of these preparations is sparse. The prescription of the agents is very frequent. This article reviews the literature on the use of oral sympathomimetic agents for the treatment of diseases in the upper respiratory passages. The survey was initially instituted by the Swedish National Board of Health and Welfare to consider the indications for the prescription of these drugs. The article concludes with some suggested indications for these preparations.
Acute Disease↗
The importance of nasal airway resistance and nasal symptoms in the selection of patients for septoplasty.
The postoperative symptoms and subjective improvement of 100 patients who had undergone functional septoplasty were compared with the change of unilateral nasal airway resistance (NAR). Before the operation, the NAR after decongestion of all these 100 patients was higher than normal. 81 were subjectively improved - whereas 94 had improved according to rhinomanometry. 74 percent of those who were subjectively improved obtained a normal NAR thanks to the operation. Among the remaining 19 patients, 37% ended up with normal NAR, too. The preoperative symptoms of those 100 patients were compared to the symptoms of 100 non-operated subjects who suffered from nasal stuffiness but whose NAR was normal. The patients whose NAR was higher than normal had more often unilateral nasal stuffiness, and a larger number of them were able to remember a nasal trauma. Still, almost 15 patients with high NAR did not recall a trauma, nor did they suffer from unilateral stuffiness. The conclusion is that rhinomanometry is necessary in the selection of patients for septal surgery.
Humans↗
Substance-P-containing nerve fibers in the nasal mucosa.
Nerve fibers displaying SP immunoreactivity were detected in the nasal mucosa of several mammals. The fibers were seen around small blood vessels, seromucous glands, and beneath and sometimes within the surface epithelium. In the pterygopalatine ganglion and the trigeminal ganglion, known to innervate the nasal mucosa, SP-positive nerve cell bodies were seen. Sympathetic denervation with 6-hydroxydopamine (6-OHDA) or bilateral cervical sympathectomy did not visibly affect the distribution of SP fibers in the nasal mucosa in mice or rats. The findings are compatible with the view that the bulk of SP fibers to the nasal mucosa derive from the trigeminal ganglion with a possible contribution from the pterygopalatine ganglion.
Acetylcholinesterase↗