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Biomedical subjects

L Malm

Publications and source records attributed to L Malm.

At least 19 recordsLinked to original sources
PubMed2001

Epidermal growth factor receptor signaling mediates regranulation of rat nasal goblet cells.

BACKGROUND: Mucus hypersecretion is a common response to inflammation in the lower airways and is a hallmark of chronic rhinitis. OBJECTIVE: The purpose of this study was to elucidate the mechanisms of regranulation (mucus production) of goblet cells in nasal epithelium. METHODS: Because neutrophils induce an epidermal growth factor (EGFR) cascade, we induced degranulation of goblet cells in rat nasal respiratory epithelium by means of intranasal inhalation of N-formyl-methionyl-leucyl-phenylalanine (fMLP), and we examined regranulation of the goblet cells and the role of EGFR inhibitors and neutrophils in the regranulation process. RESULTS: In the control state Alcian blue/periodic acid-Schiff and mucin MUC5AC staining was present. Degranulation was induced in the nasal septal epithelium 4 hours after intranasal inhalation of fMLP (10(-7) mol/L); 48 hours later, goblet-cell regranulation was complete. In the control state EGFR protein staining was absent in the epithelium, but after fMLP-induced degranulation, EGFR protein was expressed. After pretreatment with BIBX1522, a selective EGFR tyrosine kinase inhibitor, fMLP-induced degranulation was unaffected, but goblet-cell regranulation was prevented completely. CONCLUSION: These data suggest a role for the EGFR cascade in neutrophil-dependent production of goblet-cell mucins. Proving this theory will require the use of selective EGFR inhibitors in clinical studies of nasal hypersecretory states.

Administration, Intranasal↗
PubMed2000

Guidelines for nasal provocations with aspects on nasal patency, airflow, and airflow resistance. International Committee on Objective Assessment of the Nasal Airways, International Rhinologic Society.

Under the auspices of the International Rhinologic Society (IRS) there is an 'International Committee on Objective Assessment of the Nasal Airways'. In 1984 Rhinology published the Committee's recommendations regarding rhinomanometry (Clement, 1984). During the last Congresses of the European Rhinologic Society (ERS) a subcommittee within that committee has discussed nasal provocations and the value of measuring nasal patency, airflow and airflow resistance to evaluate such provocations. The following is an effort to a consensus of indications and techniques for nasal provocation and to a critical analysis of methods to measure the effects. Only the most known methods will be discussed, i.e. acoustic rhinometry, rhinostereometry, nasal peak airflow and rhinomanometry with its different techniques. For graded responses after provocations the use of such methods is of clinical value only in combination with scores from symptoms such as sneezes and secretion, as allergic rhinitis symptoms consist of obstruction, sneezing, itching and concomitant symptoms of the neighbouring organs. For research all methods can be recommended to be used and their respective value is depending on the specific scientific purposes.

Acoustics↗
PubMed1999

Use of corticosteroids for nasal allergy in children.

A literature review is presented regarding studies of systemic and side effects of corticosteroids for topical treatment in the airways. Systemic effects studied are plasma and urine cortisol, with and without cosyntropin stimulation test. Generally, doses lower than 400 microg had no discernible effects. All studies found were performed on adults. Side effects are, e.g. cataract, septal perforation, and bone growth retardation. The latter side effect is studied in children with asthma, e.g. with knemometry. Generally, doses of 400 microg a day or less of 'modern' corticosteroids did not reduce the growth rate. No report is found concerning septal perforation in children.

Adult↗
PubMed1998

Drug-induced changes in eustachian tube function.

Many studies have shown that antihistamines and decongestants are of little use in the treatment of acute otitis media and otitis media with effusion, or in the prophylaxis of these disorders. However, because some drugs can improve otitis media with effusion (glycocorticosteroids) and some can impair the opening function of the eustachian tube (atropine), it seems justified to continue studies of eustachian tube function and medication.

Adrenal Cortex Hormones↗
PubMed1997

Assessment and staging of nasal polyposis.

This paper deals only with "simple" nasal polyposis which is almost always found in both cavities of the nose. A computer-based questionnaire will be described. Objective methods are described, i.e. rhinostereometry, acoustic rhinometry, rhinomanometry, and nasal peak flow, and their value in estimating changes of the size of nasal polyps discussed.

Humans↗
PubMed1997

Reduced nasal airway resistance following uvulopalatoplasty.

Active anterior rhinomanometry was performed on adult healthy snorers before and after uvulopalatopharyngoplasty or laser uvulopalatoplasty. Significant reduction of the nasal airway resistance both before and after pharmacological decongestion of the nasal mucosa was found in a group of 46 patients. Oedema disappearing after surgery may be an explanation for the results.

Adult↗
PubMed1996

Nasal airway resistance after decongestion with a nasal spray or a bellows device.

Two methods for decongestion of the nasal mucosa were compared, a conventional nasal spray and a bellows device, the reproducibility of rhinomanometric measurements being investigated in both cases. Nasal airway resistance (NAR) was measured in 18 patients (during late autumn) before, 10 min, and 20 min after decongestion with an oxymetazoline solution from a bellows device, and the measurements were repeated one week later. About three months later (during spring) the measurements were repeated in the same 18 patients, but with a xylometazoline nasal spray being used for decongestion. With neither method were any differences in NAR found between 10 and 20 min after decongestion, or between any of the values (before or after decongestion) and the respective values obtained after one week. The NAR values of the undecongested total nose and the wider nose cavity were significantly higher during the late autumn than during the spring, as were also a few values after decongestion. We found no evidence that the bellows method is superior to the spray method in reducing NAR.

Administration, Intranasal↗
PubMed1995

Tachykinin-induced nasal fluid secretion and plasma exudation in the rat: effects of peptidase inhibition.

Substance P (SP) evokes fluid secretion and plasma extravasation when applied to the nasal mucosa of rats. SP and another tachykinin, neurokinin A (NKA), are degraded in vitro by neutral endopeptidase (NEP) and angiotensin-1-converting enzyme (ACE). In this study, NKA or SP were applied locally to the nasal mucosa of rats. Subsequent fluid secretion was measured by a filter paper technique. Plasma exudation was derived as the recovery of intravenous (i.v.) administered 125I-albumin from the fluid-containing filter papers. In order to inhibit enzymatic degradation of the tachykinins by NEP and ACE, the rats were treated with i.v. administered phosphoramidon or captopril respectively or their combination. SP evoked fluid secretion that was augmented by phosphoramidon and further enhanced by adding captopril. NKA evoked nasal fluid secretion less effectively than SP and the effect was unaffected by peptidase inhibition. SP, but not NKA, evoked increased plasma exudation but only after pre-treatment with phosphoramidon.

Angiotensin-Converting Enzyme Inhibitors↗
PubMed1994

Pharmacological background to decongesting and anti-inflammatory treatment of rhinitis and sinusitis.

A review is given of the literature concerning effects of oral and topical decongestants and anti-inflammatory drugs in rhinitis and sinusitis. Oral vasoconstrictors, effective in decongesting the nasal mucosa, need to be taken in doses that may induce disturbing systemic side-effects. Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) have weak effects in allergic rhinitis as compared with glucocorticosteroids. No controlled clinical trials of systemic glucocorticosteroids in sinusitis have been published. Four studies in which different glucocorticosteroids were administered topically for sinusitis have been performed, but these gave very weak support for any positive effects of such a treatment.

Anti-Inflammatory Agents↗
PubMed1994

Search for the human papillomavirus in nasal polyps, using a polymerase chain reaction-method.

Viral etiology of nasal polyps was postulated as many as 40 years ago, but so far, no study has shown an association or causal relation between any specific virus and nasal polyps. By using the polymerase chain reaction (PCR) technique, nasal polyps from both 10 patients with intolerance to nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAID intolerance) (e.g., Aspirin) and from 10 patients with no history of NSAID intolerance were studied for the presence of papillomavirus DNA. Nasal mucosa from 10 patients who had undergone surgery for septoplasty served as controls. The PCR test used covers approximately 30 different types of human papillomaviruses. In this test, all tissue samples studied were found negative for papillomavirus DNA.

Adult↗
PubMed1993

Comparison of allergic rhinitis and vasomotor rhinitis patients on the basis of a computer questionnaire.

From 1 July 1990 to 31 December 1991, all patients referred to the Allergy Section of the ENT Department, University Hospital, Lund, Sweden, (n = 678) answered a 134-item questionnaire presented on the screen of a personal computer by pressing Y (for yes) or N (for no) on the keyboard. The objective of this study was to compare the questionnaire responses from patients with allergic rhinitis (AR) with those of patients with perennial nonallergic rhinitis or vasomotor rhinitis (VMR). Nasal blockage was the predominant symptom in the VMR group, whereas the AR patients mainly suffered from eye irritation, sneezing, and, to some extent, rhinorrhea. Concomitant asthma was more prevalent in the AR group than in the VMR group, whose histories were characterized by symptoms associated with airway infections. About 60% of both groups reported problems with such nonspecific airway irritants as cigarette smoke and perfumes. With respect to the diagnostic reliability of the history, in the AR group the order of accuracy (according to the skin prick test results) of reported hypersensitivity to allergens was as follows: cat > timothy > birch > dust mite > mugwort. A history of hypersensitivity to molds as a cause of symptoms was of no diagnostic value. The findings suggest that there are several differences in the medical histories of AR and VMR patients that merit further investigation.

Adult↗
PubMed1992

Beta-agonists and surfactant in eustachian tube function.

The presence of surface tension lowering substances (surfactants) is demonstrable in the Eustachian tube (ET) and the middle ear, both in animals and in humans. In the lungs, beta-adrenoceptor agonists stimulate the secretion of surfactant; and it has been suggested that beta-agonists have a similar effect both in the ET and the middle ear, because opening of the ET is facilitated by the non-selective beta-agonist, isoprenaline in the rat, and by the beta 2-agonist, terbutaline, in humans. Two studies are described: In one, children with otitis media with effusion took terbutaline or placebo twice a day for two weeks and no significant differences were found between the effects of the two treatments; in the other study, it was shown that surfactant markedly facilitated the opening of the Eustachian tube. Lung surfactant prepared from pigs and instilled as a single dose into the middle ear of healthy rats reduced the air pressure necessary to open the Eustachian tube by as much as 15-20% for as long as the experiments lasted (i.e., around one hour). Thus, possibilities of facilitating the opening of the Eustachian tube do in fact exist.

Adrenergic beta-Agonists↗
PubMed1991

The spontaneous course of nasal obstruction in patients with normal nasal airway resistance.

Sixty-seven patients, candidates for septoplasty in the years 1976-1978 because of nasal obstruction and deviated nasal septum, but not having surgery because their nasal airway resistance was normal, were reviewed in 1982 and again in 1989. Between 1982 and 1989, 6% of the patients became free of their respective nasal complaints, and 18% of their nasal obstruction, the corresponding overall figures for the period between 1976 and 1978, and 1989, being 20 and 36%. In fact, the majority of the patients were suffering from vasomotor rhinitis and because in so many cases nasal obstruction tends to disappear as time goes on, a conservative waiting policy would seem to be an appropriate approach to treatment.

Adult↗
PubMed1991

Surface tension of secretions from eustachian tube and middle ear.

The surface tension of secretions from the pharyngeal orifice of the eustachian tube in eight rabbits was analyzed with a modified maximum-bubble pressure method. Measurements were made before, during, and after intravenous injections of isoprenaline (10 micrograms/kg). Surface tension was found to be 57.6 +/- 0.9 (mean +/- SEM) mN/m before injections, and was not significantly changed by isoprenaline. The surface tension in middle-ear secretions from children with secretory otitis media was also determined, the serous type of secretion measuring 62.0 +/- 1.4 mN/m (n = 8), and the mucoid type 70.7 +/- 2.6 mN/m (n = 9). In another ten humans, measurements of tears were performed, and the surface tension was found to be 59.9 +/- 2.2 mN/m. This bubble technique promises to be useful for the evaluation of surface tension when the available sample volume is very small.

Adult↗