Use of anabolic-androgenic steroids by athletes.
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Adolescent↗
Biomedical subjects
L Goldberg
Publications and source records attributed to L Goldberg.
Effect of an anabolic steroid education program on knowledge and attitudes of high school football players.
Six varsity high school football teams were assessed by confidential questionnaire regarding anabolic steroids, before and 2 weeks after an education intervention. The education program used the American College of Sports Medicine's position on the "use of anabolic androgenic steroids in sports." Two teams received a lecture and a four-page handout, two teams were given the handout only, and two teams were controls. Self-report of current use was 1.1% but 38.8% claimed availability of these agents. Although increased awareness of the adverse effects of anabolic steroid was found after the education program, no differences in attitudes toward the use of anabolic steroids occurred as compared to controls. Strategies designed to dissuade adolescent athletes from considering these drugs need to be developed.
Adolescent↗
A typology of psychiatric reactions to motor vehicle accidents.
Perhaps owing to their commonness, nonserious motor vehicle accidents, i.e. those not resulting in death or major bodily injury, have received scant systematic study in the psychiatric literature. However, patients presenting with lingering psychiatric distress following such accidents are seen commonly in practice. The authors reviewed the patterns of presentation and background circumstances in a series of 55 such cases, presenting at varying periods of time after the incident. They found such patients to cluster into four distinct groups. The most common presentation was that of a depressive syndrome, outnumbering those with features of posttraumatic stress disorder by 3:1.
Accidents, Traffic↗
Mineralization induced by beta-glycerophosphate in cultures leads to a marked increase in collagenase synthesis by mouse osteogenic MC3T3-E1 cells under subsequent stimulation with heparin.
The clonally derived mouse osteoblast-like cell line MC3T3-E1 was shown to produce latent collagenase (approximately 0.2 units/ml) under stimulation with either heparin or parathyroid hormone in confluent cultures. However, it was found that MC3T3 E1 cultures which were first induced to undergo mineralization by the addition of beta-glycerophosphate and were subsequently stimulated with heparin showed an approximately ten-fold increase in collagenase synthesis. MC3T3-E1 cell collagenase from a small sample of serum-free culture medium was purified 49-fold to a specific activity of 200 units/mg protein with a yield of 14% by heparin-sepharose affinity chromatography and ion-exchange high performance liquid chromatography. This new mineralization-primed cell culture system may be a valuable model for the study of osteoblast collagenase.
Alkaline Phosphatase↗
Aerobic fitness in patients with fibrositis. A controlled study of respiratory gas exchange and 133xenon clearance from exercising muscle.
Aerobic fitness was evaluated in 25 women with fibrositis, by having them exercise to volitional exhaustion on an electronically braked cycle ergometer. Compared with published standards, greater than 80% of the fibrositis patients were not physically fit, as assessed by maximal oxygen uptake. Compared with matched sedentary controls, fibrositis patients accurately perceived their level of exertion in relation to oxygen consumption and attained a similar level of lactic acidosis, as assessed by their respiratory quotient and ventilatory threshold. Exercising muscle blood flow was estimated by 133xenon clearance in a subgroup of 16 fibrositis patients and compared with that in 16 matched sedentary controls; the fibrositis patients exhibited reduced 133xenon clearance. These results indicate a need to include aerobic fitness as a matched variable in future controlled studies of fibrositis and suggest that the "detraining phenomenon" may be of relevance to the etiopathogenesis of the disease.
Adult↗
Gastrulation in the sea urchin is accompanied by the accumulation of an endoderm-specific mRNA.
Spatial diversification of the endoderm during gastrulation in the sea urchin Lytechinus variegatus was examined with an endoderm-specific cDNA clone. This cDNA clone, LvN1.2, was identified by a differential cDNA screen between the ectoderm and endoderm/mesoderm fractions from prism stage embryos. The LvN 1.2-kb mRNA was first detectable by Northern blots at the mesenchyme blastula stage just prior to gastrulation and then accumulated approximately 15-fold from gastrulation to the pluteus stage. In situ hybridization analysis demonstrated that the mRNA accumulated specifically in endoderm and was restricted to the hindgut-midgut regions. This restricted localization was apparent during gastrulation and predicted the morphological distinction between foregut and midgut eventually seen at prism and pluteus stages. Sequence analysis showed that the 189-amino acid open reading frame represented a novel protein. In vitro translation of synthetically produced LvN1.2 mRNA and Western blot analysis with antibodies to the protein sequence yielded the same 25-kDa polypeptide on SDS-PAGE. The LvN1.2 protein resided within discrete granules of the hindgut and midgut cells. These particles were concentrated to the luminal aspect of the cells, suggesting the LvN1.2 protein participates in the digestive function of this region of the gut.
Amino Acid Sequence↗
Metabolic evaluation of obese and nonobese siblings.
OBJECTIVE: To test the hypotheses that obese adolescents have a lower resting metabolic rate and less aerobic endurance than their nonobese siblings. DESIGN: Case-referent study of obese and nonobese siblings from the same kindred. SETTING: Tertiary referral center. PARTICIPANTS: Telephone screening of community volunteers resulted in a consecutive sample of 16 kindreds. Obese and nonobese siblings were similar in age, height, and pubertal status. Significantly more female subjects were in the obese group (p less than 0.01). MEASUREMENTS AND MAIN RESULTS: Body composition studies revealed that the obese siblings had higher body fat (p less than 0.001) but that fat-free mass was similar to that of the lean siblings. Resting metabolic rates determined by indirect calorimetry for the obese and nonobese pairs did not differ. Although the obese siblings appeared less fit when maximal oxygen consumption was measured in relation to total weight, maximal oxygen consumption did not differ when values were standardized for fat-free mass. CONCLUSIONS: The obese adolescents did not have a reduced resting metabolic rate. As in adults, the relationship between resting metabolic rate and fat-free mass was similar for obese and nonobese children and adolescents. Any decreased sport participation by the obese siblings was not due to inherent reductions in aerobic capacity.
Adipose Tissue↗
Carcinoembryonic antigen in basal cell neoplasms in black patients: an immunohistochemical study.
The development of skin cancer in black persons is rare, and basal cell epitheliomas are the most uncommon. Eight tumors were evaluated by routine histochemistry examination and immunoperoxidase staining for carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA). Our results demonstrate that half these tumors showed a positive reaction to this antigen, supporting the adnexal origin/differentiation of these lesions. Sixteen (16/18) similar tumors from white patients failed to show equivalent features. In addition, some of these CEA-positive tumors seem to demonstrate less aggressive behavior.
Adult↗
Sustained depression of the resting metabolic rate after massive weight loss.
To assess potential long-term effects of weight loss on resting metabolic rate (RMR), the RMRs of seven obese women were measured by indirect calorimetry before weight loss, during a protein-sparing modified fast, and for 2 mo while at a stable reduced weight. Body composition was also determined at each interval. RMR significantly decreased 22% (p less than 0.01) with initiation of the modified fast. RMR values during the modified fast and during the maintenance diet at stable reduced weight were not different and all were significantly lower than the prediet RMR. Loss of lean tissue could not account for the decrease because changes in RMR per fat-free mass paralleled the total RMR reduction. A sustained decrement in RMR accompanied weight loss and persisted for greater than or equal to 8 wk despite increased caloric consumption and body weight stabilization.
Adult↗
Treatment- and task-induced changes in interhemispheric EEG.
Fifteen male alcoholics treated for three weeks with phenobarbital, diazepam or placebo, the treatment being shifted in the fourth week to placebo in the medicament groups and to phenobarbital in the placebo one, were examined once a week. Frequency analyzed EEG recordings from both hemispheres at three activation levels (relaxation, vigilance, stress) were evaluated and left/right log power ratios formed to ascertain possible hemispheric preponderance, a total of 201600 ratios being evaluated. Blood levels, performance and self estimated mood modalities were obtained. Significant effects (1) of different types of treatment, (2) of a shift in type of treatment and (3) of shifts in activation level on frequency dependent hemispheric preponderance were ascertained and a relation to changes in clinical course of mood modalities was established.
Alcoholism↗
Exercise and prevention of coronary heart disease.
Exercise programs can be used to improve functional capacity, lower the myocardial energy cost of performing work, and favorably alter one's cardiovascular risk profile. In addition, a large body of data support the role of exercise in the primary prevention of coronary heart disease. Standardized exercise programs are safe and effective for a large majority of patients.
Coronary Disease↗
Metabolic myopathies: evaluation by graded exercise testing.
Exertional muscle pain and fatigue are common complaints; some patients with these symptoms have a metabolic myopathy. We have performed graded exercise testing with analysis of expired ventilation on 13 individuals with various kinds of metabolic myopathies. Their results differed from normal and reflected the underlying biochemical abnormality. Patients with disorders of the mitochondrial electron transport chain demonstrated marked limitations in aerobic metabolism and a greatly reduced maximum oxygen consumption. During intense exertion, normal individuals increase carbon dioxide generation due to buffering of lactic acid. This did not occur in patients with McArdle disease, in whom the respiratory exchange ratio (carbon dioxide production/oxygen consumption) did not rise above 1.0 at maximum exercise. These results indicated a deficit in anaerobic metabolism. Pyruvate dehydrogenase complex allows pyruvate produced from carbohydrate metabolism to enter the citric acid cycle. Patients with this enzyme deficiency showed an initially normal pattern followed by an abrupt cessation in carbohydrate dependent aerobic metabolism at higher work loads. During high-intensity exercise, progressive anaerobic metabolism was not accompanied by additional oxygen consumption. Finally, results from a patient with carnitine palmitoyl transferase deficiency revealed an early dependence on carbohydrate metabolism. The ventilatory threshold occurred at a low percentage of maximal oxygen consumption, reflecting the limited availability of lipid substrates for aerobic metabolism. Detection of some muscle metabolic abnormalities can be made on small biopsy specimens. However, definitive diagnosis of the defect nearly always requires studies on fresh or frozen muscle tissue obtained by an open biopsy. The decision on how the tissue should be processed and which metabolic studies should be performed frequently needs to be made before the biopsy is obtained. Thus, a noninvasive method to initially characterize patients with potential metabolic disorders is useful. Exercise testing with expired gas analysis can indicate the presence of a metabolic myopathy and results can then be used to direct the appropriate biochemical evaluations.
Adolescent↗
Prolonged continuous versus intermittent oral acyclovir treatment in normal adults with frequently recurring genital herpes simplex virus infection.
In Year 1 of this two-year trial, patients with six or more genital herpes recurrences in the past year received suppressive treatment with either acyclovir, 400 mg, or placebo, orally twice daily for one year, and physician-documented recurrences were treated with open-labeled acyclovir, 200 mg, orally five times per day for five days (acute treatment). In Year 2, patients received open-labeled acyclovir treatment either with daily suppressive therapy or intermittent acute therapy. Among 683 patients who completed two years of treatment, 348 received continuous suppressive treatment for two years, 276 received acute treatment in Year 1 and suppressive treatment in Year 2, 24 received suppressive treatment in Year 1 and acute treatment in Year 2, and 35 received acute treatment for two years. Patient groups receiving intermittent acute acyclovir treatment experienced means of 7.0 to 12.6 recurrences/year during treatment as compared with 1.4 to 1.9 recurrences/year among groups receiving continuous suppressive treatment. No patients who received acute treatment remained recurrence-free for two years as compared with 29 percent of patients receiving continuous acyclovir suppression for two years. There was no evidence of cumulative toxicity detected by clinical, hematologic, or blood chemistry evaluations performed monthly in Year 1 and quarterly in Year 2. Suppressive oral acyclovir therapy remained effective and well-tolerated in this two-year trial.
Acyclovir↗
Does aerobic conditioning cause a sustained increase in the metabolic rate?
We measured the metabolic rate by indirect calorimetry for 90 minutes following exercise in six healthy individuals. Ten and 30 minutes of cycling at 80% of maximal intensity produced comparable increases in the resting metabolic rate, (37% and 32%, respectively) immediately after exercise. However, by 30 minutes following exertion, the metabolic rate was not different from control values. The total additional caloric use during the 90 minutes of recovery was similar for the two exercise durations, and the mean increment in recovery energy expenditure was 11.4 +/- 7.1 kcals. The majority of caloric use with exercise is during the activity. Recovery energy expenditure following usual aerobic training results in only a minor contribution to total energy use.
Adult↗
Affective symptoms and adrenoleukodystrophy: a report of two cases.
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Adrenoleukodystrophy↗
Assessment of exercise intensity formulas by use of ventilatory threshold.
Guidelines for training heart rate (HR) during aerobic exercise are often determined by predictive formulas. Measurement of the heart rate at ventilatory threshold (VT) by expired gas analysis provides a direct index of the upper limits of conditioning intensity. We evaluated 115 nonsmoking, healthy adults with measurement of peak oxygen uptake to classify groups as low- (n = 45), average-(n = 45), and high (n = 25) -fitness. Heart rate at VT was compared with the approximate midpoint (77 percent) of recommended training intensity as estimated by the Karvonen equation, predicted maximal (220-age), and measured maximal HR formulas. No significant difference among the various HR formulas at 77 percent and HR at VT were found for high-fitness individuals. Among the low- and average-fitness groups, the Karvonen formula at 77 percent was significantly higher (p less than 0.001) than HR at ventilatory threshold. Predicted and measured maximal HR at 77 percent were not above the VT among the low- and average-fitness individuals and are appropriate for training intensity. However, the Karvonen formula appears to overestimate heart rate intensity among those of low and average fitness and may be excessive for these groups.
Anaerobiosis↗
Changes in lipids after weight training.
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Humans↗
Exercise conditioning and intraocular pressure.
We studied the intraocular pressure response to short-term maximal aerobic exertion before and after exercise conditioning in ten healthy sedentary volunteers. Before exercise conditioning, mean intraocular pressure +/- S.E.M. decreased by 5.9 +/- 0.6 mm Hg after short-term maximal aerobic exercise, returning to baseline in a mean of 37 +/- 4 minutes. After four months of exercise conditioning, this ocular hypotensive response was significantly dampened, with a mean intraocular pressure reduction of only 1.6 +/- 0.4 mm Hg after short-term maximal aerobic exercise (P less than .01). Additionally, a significant reduction in baseline intraocular pressure occurred, with a mean intraocular pressure of 14.3 +/- 0.7 mm Hg before exercise conditioning, declining to a mean intraocular pressure of 13 +/- 0.9 mm Hg (P less than .02) after four months of physical training. Exercise conditioning may significantly reduce baseline intraocular pressure and attenuate the hypotensive response to short-term maximal aerobic exercise.
Adult↗